NGO and Social Movement

This essay explores the role of Development NGOs in providing foreign aid and enhancing global cooperation. It discusses the arguments for and against Development NGOs being agents of foreign aid and vehicles of cooperation.

Running Head: NGO and Social Movement 0
NGO and Social Movement

NGO and Social Movement 1
Development NGOs: Agents of foreign aid or vehicles of cooperation?’
Non-Governmental organizations (NGO) were established in 1945 with the creation
of Inter-governmental institutions. It is an extremely broad term and is applied to a range of
different organizational forms, which is hard to define. However, they are typically viewed as
non-profit, civic society, and voluntary based. This essay shall seek to focus on the main
arguments, which support Development NGOs being an agent of foreign aid. It helps in
providing all beneficiaries through monetary aid, constant funding, lack of affiliation, and
promotion of development making them non-bias (Reinalda, 2016). It can be stated the
argument that foreign aid is a secondary purpose behind cooperation and the lack of
Development NGOs in capacity building. This essay shall also make effort to address the
reason of DNGOs as vehicles of cooperation. It helps in the involvement of the government
throughout the planning, the influence of alliance, embracing the Global South, and
involvement in the early stages of aid allocation (Kim, 2016). However, the discussion has
also been made on lack of substantial influence on states, ignorance to the core issue, and the
impact of globalization. In the following, an effort has been made to state that Development
NGOs are advancing mostly from foreign aid, to the understanding that cooperation is
important to global assistance and enhancing the global sphere.
Non-Governmental Organizations
NGOs over the last 71 years have become identified to play a significant role in the
global arena for aid. The authors presumed that NGOs are mainly concerned with
Humanitarian and Development Aid. They are also identified to be engaged in
environmental, human rights, and development issues across the globe. Western donors
primarily fund NGOs, because of the accessibility to the flexible and alternative channel of
funding. It also contributes to grassroots participation and higher chances of local-level
participation. It highlights that NGOs are cost-effective to donors and seek them as the best
alternative to public sector service delivery, making them ideal vehicles of support in
developing societies (Schech, Mundkur, Skelton & Kothari, 2015).
Developmental NGOs
Development NGOs aim to advance and develop a state, because of disaster or
conflict, as well as engaging in intervention. In addition, project planning, micro-financing,
and providing services that are not associated with the intervention. Such an ideal alternative

NGO and Social Movement 2
help Ecuador’s indigenous movement among 1995 and 2001 to identify various ways of
planning, organizing, and legislative around cultural relationship and state formation.
Although, Development NGOs are related with three categories in the external environment
such as foreign aid reform, economic globalization, an increase of Southern NGO in order to
improve a beneficiary state (Montes-Guerra, De-Miguel, Pérez-Ezcurdia, Gimena Ramos &
Díez-Silva, 2015).
Agents of Foreign Aid
Delivering and obtaining foreign aid is one of the important functions of Development
NGOs, primarily provides resources from donors to recipients. It contributes to growth in
spending due to theories of foreign aid being the base to monetary growth and development
of a state (Bendell, 2017). This was analyzed through the observation of improved economic
growth & development and boost to the overall capital. It ultimately leads to benefits that
reach the poor within the state and enhancing their quality of life. It is normally related to
economic supplies delivered by multinational organizations, bilateral donors, private donors,
or official government donors. The utilization of foreign aid as an investment in emerging
countries has overstepped official development assistance, which tends to decrease in donor
governments. The multilateral development banks propose the incentives for investments
from the commercial sector (Copestake, O’Riordan & Telford, 2016).
Vehicles of Cooperation
It was established when NGOs started to move away from delivering poor amounts of
foreign aid, towards encouraging global cooperation in this arena. In 1990, NGOs began to
become the desired vehicle for growth and development aid internationally. However, there
has been a rise in finance and NGOs (Mitchell, 2014). It has been seen that due to withdraw
from foreign aid and enhanced cooperation, future development from NGOs generates two
alternatives i.e. Donor Governments are engaged in multilateral aid and cooperation, and
multinational corporations such as World Bank and United Nations, are involved in
expansion and partnership. Hence, people and agencies have different approaches, thinking,
ideologies, and means of intervention, practices, and norms. It recommends and suggests that
there is potential from advancement from financial aid to development, but it is not
guaranteed (Mawdsley, Savage & Kim, 2014).

NGO and Social Movement 3
Development NGOs and Foreign Aid
Foreign Aid is significant for comparing aid types and majorly focuses on monetary
assistance. As donors believe that NGOs are progressively more skilled and efficient,
compared to states when increasing development and providing monetary aid. In 2004, it was
evaluated that NGOs were accountable for $23 billion of total aid provided, which is around
one-third of foreign development aid. It also states that Development NGOs are one of three
organizational areas, which are responsible for providing aid for future development
(Nwaogu & Ryan, 2015).
Additionally, within this timeframe, Bangladesh Rural Advanced Committee (BRAC)
was conducting many projects with funding evaluated at $240 million from donors. By
observing these statistics, it has been estimated that there was an increase of 35,000 foreign
aid transactions, taken place in 2004. These statistics strengthen the belief that Development
NGOs are agents of foreign aid as many confuse the lack of aid as grassroots help. These
statistics show that money provided by donors is distributed among other areas such as well-
being and infrastructure. Therefore, foreign aid plays an important role of Development
NGOs, which is constantly being utilized (Weaver, 2017).
To begin, Development NGOs will not restrict foreign aid and due to their high
demand, they are continuously searching for more funding. NGOs become the most preferred
sector from the 1990’s onwards in the development sector. Development NGOs are
commonly on the look for new aid-funded contracts for implementation of projects and
humanitarian assistance. In order to attain funding, Development NGOs involve with
comparable bilateral donors will deliver sufficient materials and funding for completion.
NGOs need the funding and resources to provide infrastructure conflict or disaster and
medical care. Hence, the constant search for funding for aid contracts is an ideal alternative
for Development NGOs, which delivers all types of foreign aid (Hlavacs, 2014).
Development NGOs are looked upon positively due to the lack of affiliation with any
economic providers making them equitable. NGOs are perceived to be independent of many
geopolitical interests of a state, which shows agendas to be independent and accessible. It
also highlights that donors are more probable to support an NGO, which does not have a
negative impact in providing foreign aid, as they will not be related with the reputation.
Additionally, there can be a chance to increase responsibility for NGOs and foreign aid,
through a contribution for beneficiaries in the North and South commitment. This allows

NGO and Social Movement 4
private donors the capability for ‘free reign’ over the amount of aid, which they can provide.
This is important for Development NGOs as they have the capability to provide aid where
they may make them key advocates for foreign aid (Dupuy, Ron & Prakash, 2016).
Foreign Aid as a main objective for Development NGOs is becoming a secondary
purpose. The new concept of foreign aid is becoming more concentrated on enhancing
cooperation among beneficiaries and donors. They also explain that as foreign aid declines,
new forms of global cooperation are becoming progressively significant in the management
of cost and benefits of integrated markets. Westerners put their focus on economic
development despite the distribution of aid, which highlights data over beneficiaries and a
need for change. It is irrelevant how much foreign aid is provided within the international
framework if NGOs are unable to identify that only providing foreign aid will be useless.
Hence, both academics highlight that NGOs are identifying the monetary interests over aid,
and utilizing this to adapt to more growth and development by way of aid. This demands an
improvement of cooperation and expansion by Development NGOs, which recommends that
they are not an agent of foreign aid (Acht, Mahmoud & Thiele, 2015).
The supply of foreign aid to the south is important, as there is a substantial lack of
international and Development NGOs among capacity building. Capacity building term can
be defined as the personal and economic development of beneficiaries. This is poor despite
the encouragement of strong financial interdependence of institutions in the South, and the
nature of development work. All types of NGOs are starting to favour the maximization of
opportunities, over the state and aid development, income, and profile of the donors. It is
significant for beneficiaries to develop as aid is being provided. It is evident that financial
benefit is more significantly provided while personal and economic aid is not, mainly because
of the lack of monitoring and results, which it can provide. This is because of personal
incentives of the ‘people on the ground’ and donor funding despite helping the beneficiaries
resulting in Development NGOs, which no longer be agents of foreign aid (Dietrich &
Winters, 2015).
Several Development NGOs disregard the primary needs from foreign aid resulting in
lack of support for locals. The local residents identify that NGOs address only the immediate
needs of the beneficiaries, without being made aware of the cause (Brière, Proulx, Flores,
Laporte, 2015). They are stressing the need for the institutions to remain for an extended
period. Additionally, it is pointed out there are cases when NGOs does not provide the

NGO and Social Movement 5
foreign aid, as the donors assume what is required from the people and societies who seek it.
Although in most of the cases foreign aid is being provided as it is wasted and not provide
effectively and efficiently. However, there is foreign aid, it is not being utilized to its best and
it is stated that Development NGOs are not effective representative of foreign aid and that
cooperation among other NGOs and donors would give better results (Lancaster, 2015).
Development NGOs and Cooperation
As international cooperation develops among NGO and states, the contribution is
needed in issues to which they have to intervene. The emergence of rules-based global
cooperation, such as the WTO or the Kyoto declaration on global warming, reveals cases
where NGOs will be engaged in regulations and decisions. The contribution made by
Development NGOs will leads to greater insight into the smaller decisions, allowing more
direct and targeted aid, using donor funding. This will create improved satisfaction from
NGOs as well as beneficiaries. Adapting to the rules-based global cooperation for NGOs will
enhance participation in favour of building trust and providing financial aid to those states,
which provide funds. The increased involvement of Development NGO encourages
multilateral cooperation and domestic respect of democratization, allowing global public
domain and regional cooperation (Suárez & Gugerty, 2016).
Partnership and association among organization and states generate global
cooperation through NGOs. A system was initiated in 1997 for NGOs to move away from the
unequal North and South relationship and towards an international alliance and cooperation.
This gives a chance for NGOs to involve with forces such as organization and donors, which
are more influential. This capability removed the criticism that NGOs had that they were
observed as “Ladles in the global south Kitchen”, signifying that they were just pawns in the
international scale (Straubhaar & Davis, 2018). NGOs become ‘vehicles of cooperation’ by
acting as instruments of contribution in development and aiding change within government
programmes. Providing the ability to work together in order to grow and provide aid,
Development NGOs are seen as vehicles of cooperation because of their increased
contribution in effective partnership with states (Cooper, 2015).
NGOs signify vehicles of cooperation through a partnership with organizations in the
Global South. The United Nations High Commission for Human Rights (UNHCHR) focus on
the points that alliance improves local ‘ownership’ of aid initiatives. As well as it, also help in
adapting aid to a more suitable local level through readdressing power imbalance between the

NGO and Social Movement 6
North and South. However, Development NGOs have become more involved with
negotiating interests with other states on a global level as well as building the rights and
framework. This development has been hindered over the years because of the decrease in
climate change, which is a global issue and focuses on foreign aid. It has been evident by
United Nations High Commissions for Human Rights that through increased association with
the Global South, Development NGOs as vehicles of cooperation are on the increase and will
help beneficiaries better together than on their own. This is due to collective funding, positive
reputation, and objectives (Harangozó & Zilahy, 2015).
Popular Development NGOs, which seek to engage governments through planning,
organizing, and delivery of aid to beneficiaries, for example, the Department for International
Development (DFID). The United Nations High Commission for Human Rights along with
DFID suggested that through donor support and transparency, it improves the
democratization process and can increase the policy coordination in beneficiary states. This
can be accomplished through international cooperation among Development NGOs and other
aid institutions. It has been stated from UNHCHR and DFID documentation that there is a
push for international institutions engagement to improve recipient states, which cannot
solely through providing financial aid. As the Government involvement is more and NGO
sinking their roots deeper into a beneficiary’s society, the companies are able to create an
independent, reliable, and profound support base for exchanging roles in the state that are
providing foreign aid. Hence, through increased involvement of NGO and beneficiaries and
improved relationship with governments, Development NGOs are perceived as vehicles of
cooperation with providers of foreign aid (Poskitt & Shankland, 2015).
Globalization is increasing at a very fast pace due to the incorporation of states
majorly through trade and travel, so Development NGOs have to adapt and grow along with
the incline of globalization, which potentially restrict the capability of cooperation. They
highlight that globalization is a significant factor in the development NGOs industry in order
to influence economic growth and development, enhance donor funding and cooperation
among state and institutions. Hence, various academic highlight that Development NGOs are
prepared to do this, as some do not want to develop to suit the market so that they can be
suitably adjusted to the globalization. This is likely because of beneficiaries not trusting the
institutions due to affiliation with foreign aid. While there is potential for Development
NGOs to improve a wider group of association outside of their current donors, which are
likely to be more hesitant because of bad image or conflict among donors. It will be difficult

NGO and Social Movement 7
as Development NGOs ability to be vehicles of cooperation among donor and states, which
will limit their ability to be representative of foreign aid (Mawdsley, 2017).
Development NGOs helps in providing aid through development and support, as there
are some factors, which focus on one need rather than ignoring the other factors. It has been
stated that in order for NGOs to develop and grow they must make agendas and cooperate to
work together as a team for achieving the long-term goal. This states the ‘selfishness’ of
NGOs, not concentrating on the broader issues of the state, such as legislation, corrupt
governments, but more importantly immediate providing of foreign aid. In various states such
as El Salvador and South Africa, NGOs sought to negotiate space in combination with social
and political movements to improve cooperation and maintaining collaborations among the
organizations. This proved potentially valuable against some restrictive governments
throughout the global South. As there are instances of success, there are several states, which
are in need of NGO cooperation with governments, mainly due to the range of corruption. As
because of the increased cooperation and collaboration, states need to deal with donors and
governments to provide significant aid and because of this Development NGOs, do not prove
to be vehicles of cooperation presently (Cordoba & Jansen, 2016).
Similarly, to the previous point, NGOs lack influence, resulting in influential powers,
which is being prominent within the state. This result in incapability to help for a longer term
if a state is corrupt or is experiencing global warming, poverty, or famine effects. NGOs
themselves are unlikely to make much of an impact of various issues such as poverty and
scarcity as they can be deal within the short term (Girei, 2016). Sustainable development
goals and climate change are international negotiations, which are developing in intensity
with the support of NGOs. As these factors are on a global scale and are influenced
negatively by the inaccuracy of Development NGOs confusion. They are potentially focussed
on providing foreign aid after conflict and increased international cooperation post-disaster.
As when then the organization are unable to identify recipients or are unable to provide
foreign aid, which hinders the chance of international cooperation. Then they lack the ability
to be vehicles of cooperation and possibly limit themselves to providing efficient and
efficient foreign aid (Prontera, 2016).
NGOs were become prominent on the global level, becoming involved in many more
states and helping the development of the global south. It also highlights that foreign aid is in
the declining stage and bringing about the chance for an international revolution, which is

NGO and Social Movement 8
built around standards of aid and negotiations despite missing funds and resource transfer.
Through evaluation throughout this essay, Development NGOs are developing towards
vehicles of cooperation. This conclusion was made through considering the positive
relationship of Development NGOs towards Foreign aid and vehicles of cooperation, for
example, the incapability to reject aid, as this is a primary belief to all Development NGOs.
Additionally, the group understanding involves that foreign aid is more than financial
sustainability. As Development NGOs, seek to provide various aid post-conflict. However,
through analysis, it shows that Development NGOs are not representative of foreign aid; they
hold core values among development towards vehicles of cooperation. However, there is a
way to go beyond this so that it can be achieved completely. This could be done through
contribution with the government, as well as, increased responsibility, and maintain
sustainability with the key partners.

NGO and Social Movement 9
References
Acht, M., Mahmoud, T. O., & Thiele, R. (2015). Corrupt governments do not receive more
state-to-state aid: Governance and the delivery of foreign aid through non-state
actors. Journal of Development Economics, 114, 20-33
Bendell, J. (2017). Terms for endearment: Business, NGOs and sustainable development.
London: Routledge.
Brière, S., Proulx, D., Flores, O. N., & Laporte, M. (2015). Competencies of project
managers in international NGOs: Perceptions of practitioners. International Journal
of Project Management, 33(1), 116-125
Cooper, M. (2015). The theology of emergency: Welfare reform, US foreign aid and the
faith-based initiative. Theory, Culture & Society, 32(2), 53-77
Copestake, J., O’Riordan, A. M., & Telford, M. (2016). Justifying development financing of
small NGOs: impact evidence, political expedience and the case of the UK Civil
Society Challenge Fund. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 8(2), 157-170
Cordoba, D., & Jansen, K. (2016). Realigning the political and the technical: NGOs and the
politicization of agrarian development in Bolivia. The European Journal of
Development Research, 28(3), 447-464
Dietrich, S., & Winters, M. S. (2015). Foreign aid and government legitimacy. Journal of
Experimental Political Science, 2(2), 164-171
Dupuy, K., Ron, J., & Prakash, A. (2016). Hands off my regime! Governments’ restrictions
on foreign aid to non-governmental organizations in poor and middle-income
countries. World Development, 84, 299-311
Girei, E. (2016). NGOs, management and development: Harnessing counter-hegemonic
possibilities. Organization Studies, 37(2), 193-212
Harangozó, G., & Zilahy, G. (2015). Cooperation between business and non-governmental
organizations to promote sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 89, 18-31

NGO and Social Movement 10
Hlavacs, H. (2014). Enhancing the position estimates of unmanned aerial vehicles by
cooperation. International Journal of Pervasive Computing and
Communications, 10(3), 255-275
Kim, Y. (2016). How NGOs influence US foreign aid allocations. Foreign Policy
Analysis, 13(1), 112-132
Lancaster, C. (2015). Foreign Aid in the Twenty-First Century: What Purposes?. In Foreign
Aid and Foreign Policy: Lessons for the Next Half-Century, 12(2), 39-60
Mawdsley, E. (2017). Development geography 1: Cooperation, competition and convergence
between ‘North’and ‘South’. Progress in Human Geography, 41(1), 108-117
Mawdsley, E., Savage, L., & Kim, S. M. (2014). A ‘post‐aid world'? Paradigm shift in
foreign aid and development cooperation at the 2011 B usan High Level Forum. The
Geographical Journal, 180(1), 27-38
Mitchell, G. E. (2014). Why will we ever learn? Measurement and evaluation in international
development NGOs. Public Performance & Management Review, 37(4), 605-631
Montes-Guerra, M. I., De-Miguel, A. R., Pérez-Ezcurdia, M. A., Gimena Ramos, F. N., &
Díez-Silva, H. M. (2015). Project Management in Development Cooperation. Non-
Governmental Organizations. Innovar, 25(56), 53-68
Nwaogu, U. G., & Ryan, M. J. (2015). FDI, foreign aid, remittance and economic growth in
developing countries. Review of Development Economics, 19(1), 100-115
Poskitt, A., & Shankland, A. (2015). Innovation, solidarity and South-South learning: The
role of civil society from middle-income countries in effective development
cooperation, 16(5), 34-67
Prontera, A. (2016). Subsystem politics and policy coherence in development cooperation:
Evidence from four EU Member States. Comparative European Politics, 14(3), 298-
318
Reinalda, B. (2016). Non-State Actors in the International System of States. In The Ashgate
Research Companion to Non-State Actors, 14(3), 15-30

NGO and Social Movement 11
Schech, S., Mundkur, A., Skelton, T., & Kothari, U. (2015). New spaces of development
partnership: Rethinking international volunteering. Progress in Development
Studies, 15(4), 358-370
Straubhaar, J., & Davis, S. (2018). Drumming and digital inclusion: music, identity
formation, and transformative empowerment in Afro-Brazilian community
development NGOs. Development in Practice, 28(3), 374-387
Suárez, D., & Gugerty, M. K. (2016). Funding civil society? Bilateral government support for
development NGOs. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit
Organizations, 27(6), 2617-2640
Szent-Ivanyi, B., & Lightfoot, S. (2016). Determinants of civil society influence: The case of
international development and humanitarian NGOs in the Czech Republic and
Hungary. Comparative European Politics, 14(6), 761-780
Weaver, M. (2017). Strategic alliances as vehicles for international growth. The Blackwell
Handbook Of Entrepreneurship, 11(6), 387-407
Bibliography
Acht, M., Mahmoud, T. O., & Thiele, R. (2015). Corrupt governments do not receive more
state-to-state aid: Governance and the delivery of foreign aid through non-state
actors. Journal of Development Economics, 114, 20-33
Bendell, J. (2017). Terms for endearment: Business, NGOs and sustainable development.
London: Routledge.
Brière, S., Proulx, D., Flores, O. N., & Laporte, M. (2015). Competencies of project
managers in international NGOs: Perceptions of practitioners. International Journal
of Project Management, 33(1), 116-125
Cooper, M. (2015). The theology of emergency: Welfare reform, US foreign aid and the
faith-based initiative. Theory, Culture & Society, 32(2), 53-77
Copestake, J., O’Riordan, A. M., & Telford, M. (2016). Justifying development financing of
small NGOs: impact evidence, political expedience and the case of the UK Civil
Society Challenge Fund. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 8(2), 157-170

NGO and Social Movement 12
Cordoba, D., & Jansen, K. (2016). Realigning the political and the technical: NGOs and the
politicization of agrarian development in Bolivia. The European Journal of
Development Research, 28(3), 447-464
Dietrich, S., & Winters, M. S. (2015). Foreign aid and government legitimacy. Journal of
Experimental Political Science, 2(2), 164-171
Dupuy, K., Ron, J., & Prakash, A. (2016). Hands off my regime! Governments’ restrictions
on foreign aid to non-governmental organizations in poor and middle-income
countries. World Development, 84, 299-311
Ecker-Ehrhardt, M. (2017). Self-legitimation in the face of politicization: Why international
organizations centralized public communication. The Review of International
Organizations, 23(3), 1-28
Farrington, J., & Lewis, D. J. (2014). Non-governmental organizations and the state in Asia:
Rethinking roles in sustainable agricultural development. Newyork: Routledge.
Fowler, A. (2016). Non-governmental development organisations’ sustainability, partnership,
and resourcing: futuristic reflections on a problematic trialogue. Development in
Practice, 26(5), 569-579
Girei, E. (2016). NGOs, management and development: Harnessing counter-hegemonic
possibilities. Organization Studies, 37(2), 193-212
Gualini, E. (2017). Institutional capacity building as an issue of collective action and
institutionalisation: some theoretical remarks. In Urban governance, institutional
capacity and social milieu, 26, 43-58
Harangozó, G., & Zilahy, G. (2015). Cooperation between business and non-governmental
organizations to promote sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 89, 18-31
Hlavacs, H. (2014). Enhancing the position estimates of unmanned aerial vehicles by
cooperation. International Journal of Pervasive Computing and
Communications, 10(3), 255-275

NGO and Social Movement 13
Keijzer, N., & Lundsgaarde, E. (2018). When ‘unintended effects’ reveal hidden intentions:
Implications of ‘mutual benefit’discourses for evaluating development
cooperation. Evaluation and program planning, 68, 210-217
Kim, Y. (2016). How NGOs influence US foreign aid allocations. Foreign Policy
Analysis, 13(1), 112-132
Lancaster, C. (2015). Foreign Aid in the Twenty-First Century: What Purposes?. In Foreign
Aid and Foreign Policy: Lessons for the Next Half-Century, 12(2), 39-60
Mawdsley, E. (2017). Development geography 1: Cooperation, competition and convergence
between ‘North’and ‘South’. Progress in Human Geography, 41(1), 108-117
Mawdsley, E., Savage, L., & Kim, S. M. (2014). A ‘post‐aid world'? Paradigm shift in
foreign aid and development cooperation at the 2011 B usan High Level Forum. The
Geographical Journal, 180(1), 27-38
Mitchell, G. E. (2014). Why will we ever learn? Measurement and evaluation in international
development NGOs. Public Performance & Management Review, 37(4), 605-631
Montes-Guerra, M. I., De-Miguel, A. R., Pérez-Ezcurdia, M. A., Gimena Ramos, F. N., &
Díez-Silva, H. M. (2015). Project Management in Development Cooperation. Non-
Governmental Organizations. Innovar, 25(56), 53-68
Nwaogu, U. G., & Ryan, M. J. (2015). FDI, foreign aid, remittance and economic growth in
developing countries. Review of Development Economics, 19(1), 100-115
Poskitt, A., & Shankland, A. (2015). Innovation, solidarity and South-South learning: The
role of civil society from middle-income countries in effective development
cooperation, 16(5), 34-67
Prontera, A. (2016). Subsystem politics and policy coherence in development cooperation:
Evidence from four EU Member States. Comparative European Politics, 14(3), 298-
318
Reinalda, B. (2016). Non-State Actors in the International System of States. In The Ashgate
Research Companion to Non-State Actors, 14(3), 15-30

NGO and Social Movement 14
Schech, S., Mundkur, A., Skelton, T., & Kothari, U. (2015). New spaces of development
partnership: Rethinking international volunteering. Progress in Development
Studies, 15(4), 358-370
Straubhaar, J., & Davis, S. (2018). Drumming and digital inclusion: music, identity
formation, and transformative empowerment in Afro-Brazilian community
development NGOs. Development in Practice, 28(3), 374-387
Suárez, D., & Gugerty, M. K. (2016). Funding civil society? Bilateral government support for
development NGOs. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit
Organizations, 27(6), 2617-2640
Szent-Ivanyi, B., & Lightfoot, S. (2016). Determinants of civil society influence: The case of
international development and humanitarian NGOs in the Czech Republic and
Hungary. Comparative European Politics, 14(6), 761-780
Telò, M. (2014). European union and new regionalism: competing regionalism and global
governance in a post-hegemonic era. Europe: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Weaver, M. (2017). Strategic alliances as vehicles for international growth. The Blackwell
Handbook Of Entrepreneurship, 11(6), 387-407