Leadership and Management: Theories, Development, and Importance

This article discusses the theories of leadership and management, the importance of leadership development programs, and the roles of leaders and managers in organizations. It explores the traits of effective leaders, the contingency theory of leadership, and the significance of leadership training.

Organisations:
Leadership and
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
Leadership and management theories..........................................................................................1
Leadership Development Programme.........................................................................................6
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Leadership and management is a term which place significant role towards the success of
business but both the terms are different from each other. A leader is the one who motivates and
encourage their subordinates to attain prominent goals and objectives within the particular period
of time. Along with this leaders also provide suitable area to their subordinates for their efficient
performance. Away with this managers are those individuals who develop prominent strategies
schemes policies and procedure regarding the organisation and also communicate several tasks in
prominent way (Renz, 2016). Despite from this there are various types of leadership theories that
are adopted by company to encourage or motivate their staff members towards achieving suitable
task efficiently.
This report is in the context of Public Health England which is an executive agency and the
healthcare department situated in UK as it incorporated in April 1st 2013. For this the leader and
manager of Public Health England putting faces on offering healthy working environment and
conditions to the Employees in order to enhance their performance level. In addition to this
leader carries out hard and soft skill as well to run business in a smooth manner. Besides this
leaders also organised training and development program for their employees in order to enhance
their learning and knowledge which is helpful in their performance that is beneficial for
company. The purpose of leader and manager is to satisfy the requirements of employees as
workforce is the one who helps in achieving prominent goals and objectives with the help of the
motivation level. They also put emphasis on coordinating and co-operating the whole assignment
of project effectively for completing work within the specified period of time. Moreover this
report is discussed about NHS leadership program that is helpful in enhancing the effectiveness
and efficiency of business.
MAIN BODY
Leadership and management theories
Leadership refers to the combination of skills which an individual carries itself in order to
motivate encourage and influence other individuals according to them and also considered as an
capability to initiate and manage prominent actions for the achievement of targets and objectives
(Bush, Bell and Middlewood, 2019). Management defines as a Process of developing and
maintaining situations in which subordinates achieve their goals and objectives full stop
1

management consider all the prominent activities concerning the planning to achievement of
expected goals within the specific period of time. It is analysed that an effective leader and
manager plays an important role to take organisation towards success in growth. In relation with
Public Health England their managers make sure that prominent activities are carried out by
employees effectively and timely which influences their productivity and profitability. Moreover
they also evaluate the overall performance of subordinates with suitable standards for prominent
improvement which leads to provide excellent service to customers. For this the leaders of Public
Health England encourage their employees to work ok with their full potential regarding the
achievement of goals and objectives. Along with this the leaders also make sure that the needs of
employees are fulfilled which motivate them to work in effective manner and also attend
profitability for the company improvised manner (Thorpe, 2016). By concerning this company
opt participative leadership style which is useful in attaining objectives at stipulated time period.
In this organisation give rights to employees in order to provide their prominent suggestions and
opinion by taking actively participate in decision making process which is useful in developing
moral and confidence of subordinates. It is also helpful for them to bring innovative ideas that
attract most of the customers and directly influences their sales and profitability. It is also helpful
for company to offer qualitative services prospective customers that become beneficial for
company concerning their market performance and position and increase their market share also.
Role of leader: Leaders of the individual who provide guidance and instruction to their staff
concerning the implementation of activities an effective and efficient manner (Gopee and
Galloway, 2017). For this leaders motivate all the Associates of company to achieve suitable
objectives within the stipulated time period. In relation with this the prominent roles are
discussed as under:
 Decision maker: It is considered as the most important role which is performed buy
leaders as it is useful for organisation to enhance their overall performance level. Along
with this leaders take prominent decision by examining whole situation that is beneficial
for employees and Organisation as well (Rothaermel, 2016). It is significant for leaders to
have proper communication and presentation skills among them as it is useful in carrying
their perspective to other individuals and also helps in sharing their ideas with employees
in effective manner.
2

 Vision developer: It is considered as another role which is performed by leaders in order
to set prominent standards goals and vision that are achievable within the define time
period. The vision is developed by leaders that are concerned with the objectives and
strategies of an organization. If the leaders are willing to take critical decisions then and
all the prominent activities regarding the operations of company are developed and
observed by them as it runs in smooth manner.
Role of managers:
 Allocation of resources: It is significant for the higher authorities effectively use all the
prominent and available resources in effective manner as it helps in reducing overall cost
and increasing profitability for company (Bush and Glover, 2016). Due to this in
becomes easy for company to maintain their equal demand and supply among their
customers. It is helpful for company to offer timely services to consumers and develop
positive reputation within the market area.
 Monitoring and evaluation: The role of manager is to monitor the overall performance
of employees to analyze that each activity is performed in effective manner or not. Along
with this higher authorities analyze performance of employees with their expected
standards and also take corrective actions concerning their employees it positively
influence their productivity and performance of organization (Armstrong, 2016). For this
the managers of Public Health England analyze the activities on the repetitive manner as
it is useful in giving targets and objectives in the particular time period.
Similarities among leadership and management
In the leadership and management, there are several similarities in their working style
that is discussed as under:
 Managers and leaders both work regarding the achievement of organisational goals in the
particular time period to meet prominent targets of an organisation.
 Both managers and leaders put emphasis on encouraging staff members by offering them
financial and nonfinancial benefits which is useful in boosting morale of employees that
leads to motivate them to achieve desired goals of company. In relation with Public
Health England there top management encourage their subordinates on continuous basis
that helps them to gain positive result it is beneficial for both company and employees as
well.
3

 There are several techniques that are used by leaders and managers to analyze
performance of employees as in which offering feedback to Staff members is useful in
enhancing live performance and improving efficiency of company (Cherry and Jacob,
2016). For this the managers and leaders of Public Health England uses 360 degree
performance technique in order to examine the performance of employees as here,
performance criteria is judged by many people including peers managers colleagues
customers clients and so on.
 They both are the foundation of company and create functional structure in order to
provide positive environment to subordinates that leads to reduced absent within the
company and improve performance of employees.
 Both of them are concerned for the organizational objectives and give their prominent
efforts to achieve their targets within the specific time period.
 Both of them also responsible for allocating resources in effective manner so that the
organizational activities are carried forward in smooth and prominent way. They also
focus on effectively utilizing resources it is useful in cutting down cost and earning high
profit margin.
Theories of leadership
Leadership is a procedure of arranging the power and force of people or a group
regarding the achievement of prominent goals and objectives. In relation with this there are
several leadership theories that is obtained by company to enhance their productivity and desired
goal in effective manner. The leadership theories are defined under that is obtained by public
health England to achieve their objectives.
Trait theory: This theory defines that each individual need to possess the personality features
and traits in it that are inherent since their birth to become an effective leader as leaders are born
not made. It describe that leaders are born with their qualities that is useful in developing them as
a leader and their traits include creativity, values, intelligence, sense of responsibility and so on.
Trait theory focuses on analyzing physical social and mental elements of situation to gain
knowledge regarding various characteristics that are common among leaders (Willis, Clarke and
O'Connor, 2017). This theory includes various categories and traits with it that are discussed as
under:
4

 Personal traits: Leaders carry various personalities with them as these are divided under
honesty, patience, innovation, reliability, motivation, agreeableness, extraversion and
many more.
 Task related traits: This trait include various features with that like initiative,
determination regarding work, decisiveness, business specialist and many more.
 Physiological traits: This factor includes appearance, weight, height, color complexion
and so on of the leader.
 Intellectual traits: It is significant for leader to have intellectual skills in them as it is
helpful to deal with situations in effective manner. These traits include knowledge skills,
decisiveness intelligence ability to judge emotional attribute and so on.
 Social characteristics: This trait plays an important role regarding the maintenance of
healthy relations with other employees that prevails in the organization. For this some
characteristics include socially Active, Corporation and so on.
In addition to this, there are many traits that are considered in this theory including creativity
flexibility uniqueness and so on. Despite of this it has prominent demerit as it does not consider
environmental elements that does not remain same. Along with this it is analyzed that all the trait
characters are developed by training and learning which is termed as the drawback of this theory.
In relation with Public Health England their leaders and managers opt this theory as it is helpful
in determining the personality of subordinates and effective manner and with this help
organization is capable enough to assign responsibilities by considering the personality type of
employees and their interest level which is helpful for them in achieving goals and targets.
Contingency theory: The theory put emphasis on particular variables that are concerned with
environment and allies which particular leadership style is suitable to the condition. According to
this theory there is no specific leadership style that suits on all the situations as according to the
conditions leaders need to change the leadership Styles as well (Solomon, Costea and Nita,
2016). It is analysed that this theory is the extension version of trait theory which means human
traits and their behaviour are changed accordance with the situation. It is analysed that leaders
express their skills only when they feel that their subordinates will give prominent response to
them. To support this theory various models are developed and from which one of the prominent
are discussed as underneath:
5

Hersey Blanchard situational theory: It defines that leadership styles relies on the
understanding and development of employees. In terms of this, it includes four prominent styles
that are as follows:
 Telling: It describe that it is significant for company to tell each and everything regarding
the authority and activities which should be performed by employees. In relation with
Public Health England they offer training sessions to their employees and provide
guidance regarding their activities operations task policies that are performed by them.
 Selling: Here, leaders give emotional and social support to their employees in order to
retain them for longer period of time that leads to improve their output level. The leaders
of Public Health England encourage their employees by giving them financial and non
financial support which leads to enhance their productivity and performance (Herman,
2016). It is also helpful for company to improve their efficiency and profitability in an
efficient manner.
 Delegating: This factor define that it is significant for company to assign authority to
their subordinates by determining prominent skills and ability which assist them to
execute and perform the job in effective manner. By considering public health England
their leaders make sure that work is assigned to the employees according to their skills
and interest level which motivate them to achieve it within the stipulated time period.
 Participating: It describes the democratic leadership style in which employees also have
the right to take actively participate in the decision making procedure. Public Health
England allows the employees to take participate in decision making process of company
as it leads to improve their moral and confidence with positively influence the sales and
profitability of an organization (Oshagbemi, 2017).
By considering the overall discussion it is analysed that selecting contingency theory for
company is helpful to cope up with the respective and deal with uncertain situation as well.In
addition to this it is also helpful for company to enhance their performance and profitability.
Leadership Development Programme
Importance of leadership training
Leadership training is a procedure in which leaders communicate with their team members
and employees which is helpful in attaining suitable goals and objectives in the stipulated time
period full stop for these leaders make sure that they know there team Associates in well manner
6

which helpful in improving the efficiency and achieving common goals. By considering the
changing environmental conditions it is significant them to give training to the Employees and
give shared values in effective manner. According to public health England their management
should be responsive and ensure regarding their decisions which meet the challenges of the
executive. There should be proper planning about the roles of employees which is helpful in
giving proper outcomes in the given time period (Hallinger, 2018). Leader should be more
connected with subordinates by developing good relations with them as it is useful in developing
the moral and motivation level of employees and increase their confidence level. Therefore it is
considered as the important part in the company is it helps in ensuring prominent leadership skill
is implemented especially with the program that is presented by Employees with real scenario.
So it is important that leader should focus on each and every candidate as it helps them in
analysing there good leadership skills.
Importance of Development
Development of organisation and employees is also considered as an important factor that
sustains them for longer period of time. For this the management of Public Health England need
to develop new policies and adopt dynamic environment as it helps them in enhancing their skills
and development of workforce. For the overall development of company the top executive
conduct proper training for their employees in order to increase their capacity and competencies
that leads to attain suitable objectives effectively. For this there are several types of leadership
training which provide self leadership individual achievement and helps in achieving prominent
changes (Hamlin, 2016). Despite from this direct leadership is also useful and motivating
individuals regarding the achievement of result. The leaders of Public Health England need to
develop requirements of individual and create customise program for them which is useful in
enhancing their weak points and encourage them regarding the improvement of their
performance. Moreover the leadership training leads to increase the working culture and make
sure the bond of employees are maintain within the critical situations. Girl for the development
of employees is important as it brings out permanent result for the benefit of company and
motivates subordinates to achieve given task.
Leadership development programme for Public Health England
For the overall development of Public Health England “The Rosalind Franklin
programme” as it considered for clinic and managers from the middle of Healthcare system that
7

is inspired to lead the complex departments and the system. For this the prominent objective is to
give shape and id-id and skills two other individuals by the leader which become more sliced and
capable enough to take care of the health system at each level. Despite from this they can
improve the Healthcare system and offer Intensive Care to the required individuals. The Rosalind
Franklin programme leads to support various participants in order to make them more
outstanding innovators from the team members. There are some confirmations regarding this
which describe the outstanding leadership including the compassion collaboration and inclusion
that applies for the performance of company. For this there are various kinds of module present
for the organisation which are helpful for employees to asking fundamental issues and offer
prominent answers to help them. This program leads by the NHS leadership Academy in the
senior Healthcare leadership program.
Eligibility for the program
In describe the group which considered those people who are working within the
traditional team that relies on the structure of the company. Despite from this, the eligibility
criteria for individualleads the person in its pathway all the services that are across from the
administration or system. It considered the managers clinic staff and the leaders that are pursuing
the PG training program and it is determined that this program is eligible for them. Professional
is the one who leads team as the experienced professional that exist on the temporary basis and
then realigning again regarding the specific problems (Oplatka and Arar, 2017). This group
include those Hooghly training projects and initiatives regarding the operations of reward points
among other professional groups and require balancing suitable operational and strategic
requirements. This program is for those individuals who manage the ongoing project for the
company and develop prominent budget improve effectiveness of strategy that helps in providing
prominent guidance and support regarding the achievement of goals and objectives.
Structure and training method
This program includes 6 other module with itself and also provides detailed explanation
regarding the pros and cons and effectively management of the system and work. In addition to
this there is 3 days back to back workshop is organized and other training program that is helpful
for individuals to learn something innovative for themselves and their skills as well. At the end
of each program the motive of workshop is to ensure that each candidate develop their skills and
knowledge in prominent way with effective outcomes. Despite from this it also offer 4 facilitated
8

groups which are across the ninth month in the 8 people group. Moreover 120 hours of online
group study is conducted in which interested candidates can register their name and take classes
to improve their skills. Lastly there has been the submission of 5,000 assignments during the
course work to make sure that each candidate develop prominent knowledge and skills for their
better performance and for this exam is conducted to determine the knowledge that is gained by
individual during the workshop.
Results of the workshop
After the completion of this program it is determined that individuals develop their skills
and abilities to manage their team in an effective manner. Despite from this it is also useful in
improving the individual leadership and Management that assist to attain desired goals and
objectives in the stipulated time period. The main purpose behind the workshop is to determine
the weak points among the individuals and improve them with the help of training and online
courses that are given by experts in order to enhance their skills to manage the environmental
conditions and organizational culture in effective manner (Baltaci and Balcı, 2017). This
assignment provides various aspects that lead to increase the thinking capacity by ensuring the
prominent desired objectives in the well defined manner. For this there are different factors that
encourage leaders to manage their work in order to bring effective result for them. Therefore it is
important for individual to analyze the requirement of this program and need to attend according
to their weak points and need.
Evaluate the benefits of this leadership program For individual
For individual it offer clear vision and sense to analyze their strength and weaknesses and
also put emphasis on various areas like leadership practices that leads develop themselves in
order to cut down their weakness and overcome all the relevant problems in effective manner.
Despite from this it improve the personal impact that facilitate the driving forces of team and
encourage the organization as well. It is also helpful in developing prominent system which put
emphasis on the individual and culture (Thorpe and Gold, 2016). Therefore individuals are
capable enough to develop prominent ideas and their thought with the help of this Course work
as it give them ability to think in different manner with the use of leadership approaches that
bring out prominent results that is beneficial for them and company as well. It also develop deep
understanding regarding the concept of system leader and for this it require to behave differently
9

according to the situation and overcome the problems in effective manner. Despite from this, it
offer strong network to attain desired outcomes according to the standards of company. For organization
This program is beneficial for the company to overcome all the relevant issues and improve
their strategies that leads to calibrate and develop prominent changes regarding the achievement
of expected result in smooth manner. Therefore, it leads to reduce wastage and effectively use
the available resources. This program is useful in providing success by participating and also
brings positive result that helps in attaining expected outcomes effectively (Swanwick and
McKimm, 2017). Despite from this it also improve the ethical and social values of individual.
For the organization like Public Health England this program is helpful and developing their
power religion and national support and make their leaders more influential. Along with this it
helps in improving the working capability to improvise the plan and make permanent changes for
the expansion of company. Therefore this program is useful in improving the leadership practices
and put positive impact on the culture of organization and person centered care for company.
CONCLUSION
By considering the above discussion it is determined that leadership and Management both
are important for the development and growth of company and to sustain their market position.
For this there are many companies present in the business environment and it is significant for
the respective company to manage and control their activities that are ongoing and present
organization and must have proper leadership and Management. Along with this it becomes the
responsibility of top level authority to develop plan and bring effective leaders to encourage and
motivate their work force for the accomplishment of desired outcome within the stipulated time
period. For this both managers and leaders plays an important role to enhance the performance of
individuals by properly communicating and eliminating conflict that leads to bring effective
result within the short time period. In relation with this there are various types of theory and
management style that is present in the organization and managers need to choose prominent
theories for the better result.
Despite from this there are various types of leadership training that is present in business and
for the development of organization managers and leaders need to conduct it to improve the
skills and make employees more capable regarding their performance. For the respective
company “The Rosalind Franklin programme” is obtained that is useful in order to provide
10

guidance and support to leaders and managers regarding the prominent outcome. Moreover there
are various course works are available for the leaders and managers by which they can put
emphasis on their weakness and capable enough to develop relations with employees for the
effective result. Lastly it is described that this program is beneficial for the individual and
Organisation as well improve their culture and knowledge as well.
11

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Armstrong, M., 2016. Armstrong's handbook of management and leadership for HR: Developing
effective people skills for better leadership and management. Kogan Page Publishers.
Baltaci, A. and Balcı, A., 2017. Complexity leadership: A theorical perspective. International
Journal of Educational Leadership and Management. 5(1). pp.30-58.
Bush, T. and Glover, D., 2016. School leadership and management in South Africa. International
journal of educational management.
Bush, T., Bell, L. and Middlewood, D. eds., 2019. Principles of Educational Leadership &
Management. SAGE Publications Limited.
Cherry, B. and Jacob, S.R., 2016. Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, & management.
Elsevier Health Sciences.
Gopee, N. and Galloway, J., 2017. Leadership and management in healthcare. Sage.
Hallinger, P., 2018. Surfacing a hidden literature: A systematic review of research on educational
leadership and management in Africa. Educational Management Administration &
Leadership. 46(3). pp.362-384.
Hamlin, B., 2016. Evidence-based leadership and management development. In Gower
handbook of leadership and management development. (pp. 223-246). Routledge.
Herman, R.D., 2016. Executive leadership. The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership
and management. pp.167-187.
Oplatka, I. and Arar, K., 2017. The research on educational leadership and management in the
Arab world since the 1990s: A systematic review. Review of Education. 5(3). pp.267-307.
Oshagbemi, T., 2017. Leadership and Management in universities: Britain and Nigeria (Vol.
14). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
Renz, D.O., 2016. The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John
Wiley & Sons.
Rothaermel, F.T., 2016. Strategic management: concepts (Vol. 2). McGraw-Hill Education.
Solomon, I.G., Costea, C. and Nita, A.M., 2016. Leadership versus management in public
organizations. Economics, Management and Financial Markets. 11(1). p.143.
Swanwick, T. and McKimm, J., 2017. ABC of clinical leadership. John Wiley & Sons.
Thorpe, R. and Gold, J., 2016. Leadership and management development: the current state.
In Gower handbook of leadership and management development. (pp. 29-48). Routledge.
Thorpe, R., 2016. Gower handbook of leadership and management development. CRC Press.
Willis, S., Clarke, S. and O'Connor, E., 2017. Contextualizing leadership: Transformational
leadership and Management‐By‐Exception‐Active in safety‐critical contexts. Journal of
Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 90(3). pp.281-305.
12