Nipah Virus: Risk of Next Pandemic and Outbreaks Analysis

This report analyzes the risk of Nipah virus associated with the next pandemic and identifies the location and circumstances surrounding each of the six major outbreaks. It also discusses the classification, characteristics, physical structure, mode of transmission, and effects on host cells, along with common symptoms and diagnostic tests.

Nipah Virus

Table of Contents
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................3
Main body.............................................................................................................................................3
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................4

Introduction
Microbiology and epidemiology are the study of the microbes in detail that what are their
morphology, growth factors and diseases associated with them. Epidemiology is the scientific study
of the spread and control of the diseases. Due to the emergency COVID -19 concern about the other
virus’s impact is increased, which possess the same ability to break through and become the global
pandemic. Disease outbreak is the occurrence of the disease cases in the excess of the normal
expectation. The diseases outbreak case numbers vary according to the disease-causing agents.
Disease outbreak is basically caused by the infection, transmitted through person-to-person contact,
environment to person, animal to person. NIPAH VIRUS is the bat born virus that causes the Nipah
virus infection in the humans and other animals. This causes the disease with the higher mortality
rate, there are the numerous disease outbreaks caused by the Nipah virus occur in the different
location with six outbreaks. In this report risk of the Nipah virus associated to the next pandemic
risk is going to analyse along with this identification of the location and circumstances surround
each of the six major outbreaks. There in the report detail classification and characteristics and
physical structure as well as their mode of the transmission and its effects on the host cells.
Common symptoms, diagnostic tests are evaluated in this report related to the Nipah virus infection
(Das and Geetha, 2019).
Main body
The NIPAH VIRUS is generally a zoonotic virus that is transmitted from animal to human and
can also be transferred through the infected food or it can also be transferred through the direct
contact between people. Among the infected peoples, it usually causes a broad range of the diseases
which is generally from asymptomatic infection to the vey acute respiratory disease and can be fatal
encephalitis. The nipah virus can cause severe illness among animals such as bats, pigs that results
in the significant economic reduction for the farmers. Moreover, the Nipah virus has generally
caused very few known outbreaks across Asia. In addition to this, virus can infect a broad range of
the animals as well as causes most severe illness and the deaths among public leads to making a
major public well-being concern. It is estimated till now that the cases fatality rate is at 40 to 75%
and it can vary according to the outbreak, more depending upon the local abilities for an
epidemiological surveillance as well as the management of clinical practices. In this, in the
pteropodidae family the fruit bats are generally the natural host of the Nipah virus. In order to cure
this infection, there is no vaccination or treatment available for both the animals as well as the
humans. And, in human the supportive care is the only primary treatment which can help the people
to fight with this infectious virus. The human infections can range from asymptomatic infections to
acute respiratory infections, fatal encephalitis and the seizures. The contaminated people initially
can develop the symptoms which generally involves pains, illness, sickness, sore throat, myalgia
and so on. The symptoms can be followed by the drowsiness, some neurological signs, dizziness, an
altered consciousness, all these can indicate an acute encephalitis. Many of the people can also
experiences an atypical pneumonia and can also involves most severe respiratory issues such as
acute respiratory distress. In addition to this, the seizures as well as encephalitis can occurs in most
severe cases that leads to progressing the coma within 24 to 48 hours (Rajan, 2021).
In Nipah virus, the incubation period is from 4 to 14 days but it is also reported about 45
days of the incubation period. In most of the cases, the people make full recovery, although some
are left with residual neurological conditions after encephalitis. In this, some cases are of relapse are
also have been reported. As such there is no drug available but it is recommended to the patients
who are suffering from such illness to provide an intensive supportive care so as to treat the
neurological complications as well as the severe respiratory illness. The infection of the Nipah virus
can be diagnosed during illness or after recovery. The various unique tests which are available to
diagnose the Nipah virus. During the early stages of the disease, the laboratory testing can be
conducted using the very real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from nasal as well as throat
swabs, the cerebrospinal fluid, blood and urine. Later in the course of the illness and after recovery,

testing of the antibodies is generally conducted using the test called as ELISA (enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay). An early finding of the Nipah virus contamination can be more challenging
due to the non-specific early symptoms of the illness. Furthermore, the early exposure as well as
finding are more critical to elevate the chances of the survival among the infected people so as to
barricade the transmission to other people as well as to bring about the outbreak responses impacts.
The Nipah virus should be considered for the people who are having symptoms reliable with the
contamination of Nipah virus that they been in the location where the infection of Nipah virus is
more common like the areas of Bangladesh or India (Panja and Jana, 2020).
The Nipah virus is a paramyxovirus is a developing viral infection which usually causes
severe respiratory disease and deadly encephalitis among the humans. The viral infection is a
negatively sense, the single stranded, as well as non-segmented and an enveloped Ribonucleic acid
virus can possess a helical symmetry. From 3’ to 5’, the genome of RNA involves a consecutive
arrangement of the six genes such as nucleocapsid, phosphoproteins, matrix, fusion of
glycoproteins, attachment of glycoproteins as well as the long polymerase. The nucleocapsid,
phosphoproteins and the long polymerase attached to the viral Ribonucleic Acid forming the virus
of ribonucleoproteins. The glycoproteins as well as the fusion of glycoproteins are more responsible
for the attachment of the virions and the subsequent host cell entry. A newly developed fusion
glycoproteins is generally cleaved into the two subunits by the host protease such as fusion 1 and
fusion 2 glycoproteins. In the subunit of fusion 1 glycoproteins, the fusion peptide usually drives
the viral as well as the host cellular membrane fusion for the entry of the virus. The protein matrix
can mediate the morphogenesis as well as the budding. In addition to this, the antibody of the
glycoprotein is quite crucial for the neutralization of the Nipah viral infection. The target cell is
entered through the synchronised efforts of the fusion as well as the involved glycoproteins, after
binding by the enveloped Henipaviruses consisting the Nipah virus. The interactions among the
class B viral receptors on the host cells and the Nipah virus glycoproteins generally activates the
more confirmational modifications in the latter, which can further lead to the activation of fusion
glycoproteins and the membrane fusion as well. the Nipah virus can generally infects its host cells
via the two glycoproteins such as the attached glycoproteins as well as the fusion glycoproteins. The
attached glycoproteins can facilitate the attachment to the host cell surface receptors and the fusion
glycoproteins can makes fusion of virus cell membranes for a cellular entry (Kamath, Hegde and
Ajila, 2018).
Conclusion
Nipah virus is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus. It is a zoonotic
virus which means that it is initially spreads among the animals as well as the humans. The animal
host reservoir for the Nipah virus, is a fruit bat also called as the flying fox. The Nipah virus is
genetically related to the Hendra virus, another henipavirus called to be carried by the bats as the
bat species were quickly singled out for the investigation and the flying foxes were subsequently
identified as the reservoir. It is concluded from the above report that the infected fruit bat can spread
the diseases to the people or animals such as bats, pigs. It is stated above that the infection can be
transmitted from one another if the infected person can come in contact with another person or
animals.

References
Books and Journals:
Das, A. and Geetha, R.V., 2019. Knowledge and awareness of Nipah virus among general
public. Drug Invention Today, 11(9).
Kamath, J., Hegde, S. and Ajila, V., 2018. Nipah virus: South India in panic mode. Indian journal of
occupational and environmental medicine, 22(3), pp.177-178.
Mukundan, S. P., Rajayya, A. and Zakkariya, K. A., 2020. Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak 2018: The
Need for Global Surveillance of Zoonotic Diseases. In International Case Studies in the
Management of Disasters. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Panja, P. and Jana, R. K., 2020. Optimal Control of a Nipah Virus Transmission Model.
In Mathematical Modeling and Soft Computing in Epidemiology (pp. 127-146). CRC Press.
Rajan, S., 2021. A Pathway to Differential Modelling of Nipah Virus. In Handbook of Research on
Disease Prediction Through Data Analytics and Machine Learning (pp. 164-184). IGI Global.
Shi, J., Sun, J., Hu, N. and Hu, Y., 2020. Phylogenetic and genetic analyses of the emerging Nipah
virus from bats to humans. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 85, p.104442.
Singh, D. K., Ahuja, R. and Singh, N. K., 2018. Study the effects of Nipah Virus-A
Review. International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs (IJDRA), 6(3), pp.45-52.