Novorapid Insulin and Diabetes: Components, Efficacy, Side Effects, and Nursing Assessment

This article discusses the components of Novorapid insulin, its efficacy in diabetes type 1, side effects, and nursing assessment. It also emphasizes the importance of medication administration and the 5 rights of medication administration. Additionally, it sheds light on the physical and emotional challenges faced by patients with diabetes type 1.

Running Head: NOVORAPID INSULIN AND DIABETES
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Diabetes Type 1
Health Variations
Student Details

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Table of Contents
Part A....................................................................................................................................................2
Answer 1...........................................................................................................................................2
Answer 2...........................................................................................................................................2
Answer 3...........................................................................................................................................3
Answer 4...........................................................................................................................................3
Answer of 5.......................................................................................................................................4
Answer of 6.......................................................................................................................................4
Answer 7...........................................................................................................................................4
Answer 8...........................................................................................................................................5
Answer 9...........................................................................................................................................5
Answer of 10.....................................................................................................................................5
Answer 11.........................................................................................................................................6
Part B.....................................................................................................................................................6
Answer 1...........................................................................................................................................6
Answer 2...........................................................................................................................................7
References.............................................................................................................................................8

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Part A
Answer 1
There are eleven components of insulin medication
1. Should record date and the time
2. In which form doses are provided
3. How many dosages of drug administration
4. dosage strength (like 150 mg or 200 mg)
5. Duration of therapy
6. duration of drug administration
7. Indication for use
8. name of drug
9. Route of administration
10. Signature of the registered nurse and doctor
11. The angle at which medicine is injected
The components are important to prevent the medication errors, medication
administration-related confusions, and to administer the right medication to a right patient at
right time and right doses (Ching, Long, Williams, & Blackmore, 2013)
Answer 2
Aspart insulin has the highest efficacy in the patient with diabetes type 1. The patient in
the given case study admitted to the emergency ward with a high blood sugar level and
hyperglycemia. Aspart insulin injected subcutaneously exhibit good results immediately after
injected (Wojciechowski, Niemczyk-Szechowska, Olewińska, Jaros, Mierzejewska,
Skarżyńska-Duk, & Ryś, 2015).

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Type 1 diabetes is caused due to the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas. Novorapid insulin attached to a receptor of the beta subunits on the
fat and muscle cells and stops the glucose production from the liver. This insulin exhibit rapid
action in case of diabetes type 1 than other types of insulin products. Novorapid produces
more fast action compared to other soluble human insulin (Walls, Hockberger, & Gausche-
Hill, 2017)
Answer 3
The onset of action of Novorapid insulin takes place within ten to twenty minutes of
injection. The duration of action of this insulin is found to be between 3 to 5 hours and the
onset of action reported 10 to 20 minutes. Aspart insulin should be administered shortly
before or after the meal. Injecting Aspart insulin before 15 to 20 minutes of meal exhibit
improvement in after-meal control (Bullock, & Manias, 2017)
Answer 4
Hypoglycaemia is defined as the condition caused by the very low levels of blood sugar
or glucose. It is often related to the treatment diabetes. However there are various conditions
that may cause hypoglycaemia such as fever. This health conduction is not itself a disorder, it
is as indicator of a health issue. The treatment associated with hypoglycaemia includes
fatigue, pale skin, anxiety, hunger, irritability, shakiness, irregular heart rhythm, tingling
sensation and crying out during sleep. It can be caused by medication, excessive alcohol
consumption, some critical illness like liver problem, insulin overproduction, and hormone
deficiency. It usually occurs after eating food and sometime when the person does not eat.
The hypoglycaemia occurs after meal called reactive or postprandial hypoglycaemia
(Bakatselos, 2011). The treatment of hypoglycaemia includes carefully managing the diabetes
plan, continues monitoring glucose. The immediate action should be taken in case of

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hypoglycaemia are treating the raised blood glucose level, the insulin treatment can be
assisted by using medication like sulfonylureas. Some of the common sulfonylureas are
glimepiride, glipizide, and glibenclamide. For the person with hypoglycaemia diet may play a
crucial role to treat the health condition. The person with diabetes should not skip meals; stop
consuming alcohol, eating on time, eating food with less dimple sugar (WebMD, 2018). Side
effects of Novorapid insulin includes hypos, pain, hives, redness, bruising, itching or swelling
at injection site. Severe symptoms of Aspart medication are disorientation, seizures,
convulsions or fits, and loss of consciousness (NPS medicinewise, 2018).
Answer 5
Before administration of any medicine understating the drug is essential to provide safe
care to the patient and to prevent any medication errors like administrating a medicine with
similar names or same packaging, the medication that is not used commonly. A nurse can
play an important role prevent most of the medicine errors by checking the right medication,
right patient, right doses and right time at which the medicine should be administered (Potter,
Perry, Stockert, & Hall, 2016).
Answer 6
The five main rights of medication administration are
1. Right Dose
2. Right drug
3. Right time
4. The right patient
5. Right route of administration
Importance of these 5 rights are:

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 Following this rule allow the nurses to provide a better care to their patient with more
safety and care
 To prevent the risk of medication errors like the wrong patient and wrong route
(Carayon, Wetterneck, Rivera-Rodriguez, Hundt, Hoonakker, Holden, & Gurses,
2014)
Answer 7
The preferred size of insulin pen needle should be of 4mm because the long-sized
needle may reach to the muscle as the patient is not fat and young. The longer the size of a
needle may cause more pain and the patient may feel fear. Needle with this size is sufficient
to deliver the drug successfully to the expected tissues (Aronson, Gibney, Oza Bérubé,
Kassler-Taub & Hirsch, 2013).
Answer 8
Nursing Assessment
A nurse should examine the patient for an allergic reaction after injecting the insulin as
various people are allergic to this type of medication. The medicine should be checked
carefully to ensure that the correct medicine is being provided to the patient. The prescribed
needle should be used to the patient for avoiding any error. A nurse should also ensure that
the patient is comfortable or not, so the right time should also be considered during the
administration of the medicine (Dougherty & Lister, 2015)
Answer 9
Lower abdominal part is the best site to inject the insulin in Ben’s case because here
this body part is easier to reach and the nurse can easily make skin fold at this place. It has
been found that at the site the insulin is absorbed more quickly. The skin fold of 1 or 2 inches
reduces the risk of injecting the injection into muscles. The best angle preferred for the

NOVORAPID INSULIN AND DIABETES
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patient is the 90-degree angle as it is the most common and easiest angle to deliver the
medicine in the folded skin (Gelder, 2014)
Answer 10
The data should be recorded or documented on the electronic medication administration
record. The information should be included are
 Correct dose for the patient
 Any adverse reaction observed
 Right down the injection or bottle found to be damaged
 The needle size used to inject the medicine
 The quantity of the medicine
 At what angle the medicine is delivered
 At what time the insulin is injected
Keeping records is necessary to make sure that the only prescribed medication is
provided and according to the recommended method. If any complication will be raised in the
future these record can help to identify the reason for that health condition or medication
errors (Cleary-Holdforth, & Leufer, 2013).
Answer 11
 blood glucose level or blood sugar level should be observed after delivering the
medicine and blood ketone level should also be checked
 The nurse practitioner should check any side effects caused by the medication and any
other complication the patient shows (American Diabetes Association, 2015).

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Part B
Answer 1
The physical challenges a patient may face low blood flow to the retina, Delayed
emptying the food from the stomach, bloating, nausea, Heartburn, Kidneys damage, foot,
legs, or toe ulcer may also be caused in a patient with diabetes because of low blood flow to
that area. The patient may also feel fatigue and due to this he may not be able to do exercise
(Wilkinson, Whitehead, & Ritchie, 2014)
Answer 2
The patient with diabetes type 1 may also feel alone and angry. He may also forget to take
medicine on time, and behavioral changes might be there. Patients with this type of
disorder often develop thoughts like ‘i have never consumed sugar and used to exercise
daily then why this happens to me". This type of thought may cause stress and anxiety,
and tired due to frequent sugar check-ups and other tests associated with diabetes (Balfe,
Doyle, Smith, Sreenan, Brugha, Hevey, & Conroy, 2013)

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References
American Diabetes Association. (2015). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015
abridged for primary care providers. Clinical diabetes: a publication of the American
Diabetes Association, 33(2), 97.
Aronson, R., Gibney, M. A., Oza, K., Bérubé, J., Kassler-Taub, K., & Hirsch, L. (2013).
Insulin pen needles: effects of extra-thin wall needle technology on preference,
confidence, and other patient ratings. Clinical Therapeutics, 35(7), 923-933.
Bakatselos, S. O. (2011). Hypoglycaemia unawareness. Diabetes research and clinical
practice, 93, S92-S96.
Balfe, M., Doyle, F., Smith, D., Sreenan, S., Brugha, R., Hevey, D., & Conroy, R. (2013).
What’s distressing about having type 1 diabetes? A qualitative study of young adults’
perspectives. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 13(1), 25.
Bullock, S. & Manias, E. (2017). Fundamentals of pharmacology. (8th ed.). Australia:
Pearson Australia.
Carayon, P., Wetterneck, T. B., Rivera-Rodriguez, A. J., Hundt, A. S., Hoonakker, P.,
Holden, R., & Gurses, A. P. (2014). Human factors systems approach to healthcare
quality and patient safety. Applied Ergonomics, 45(1), 14-25.
Ching, J. M., Long, C., Williams, B. L., & Blackmore, C. C. (2013). Using lean to improve
medication administration safety: in search of the “perfect dose”. The Joint Commission
Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 39(5), 195-AP6.
Cleary-Holdforth, J., & Leufer, T. (2013). The strategic role of education in the prevention of
medication errors in nursing: Part 2. Nurse education in practice, 13(3), 217-220.

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Diabetes Australia (2015). Hyperglycaemia. Retrieved from:
https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/hyperglycaemia
Dougherty, L., & Lister, S. (2015). The Royal Marsden manual of clinical nursing
procedures. (9th ed.). West Wessex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Gelder, C. (2014). Best practice injection technique for children and young people with
diabetes. Nursing Children and Young People (2014+), 26(7), 32.
NPS (2017). Novorapid Flexpen 3 ml. Retrieved from: https://www.nps.org.au/medical-
info/medicine-finder/novorapid-flexpen-3-ml#side-effects
NPS medicinewise (2018). Novorapid flexpen 3 ml. Retrieved from:
https://www.nps.org.au/medical-info/medicine-finder/novorapid-flexpen-3-ml
Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing-E-Book.
(9th ed.). Missouri: Elsevier Health Sciences.
Walls, R., Hockberger, R., & Gausche-Hill, M. (2017). Rosen's Emergency Medicine-
Concepts and Clinical Practice E-Book. (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health
Sciences.
WebMD (2018). Hypoglycaemia: when your blood sugar gets too low. Retrieved from:
https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/diabetes-hypoglycemia#1
Wilkinson, A., Whitehead, L., & Ritchie, L. (2014). Factors influencing the ability to self-
manage diabetes for adults living with type 1 or 2 diabetes. International journal of
nursing studies, 51(1), 111-122.
Wojciechowski, P., Niemczyk-Szechowska, P., Olewińska, E., Jaros, P., Mierzejewska, B.,
Skarżyńska-Duk, J., & Ryś, P. (2015). Clinical efficacy and safety of insulin aspart

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compared with regular human insulin in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a
systematic review and meta-analysis. Pol Arch Med Wewn, 125(3), 141-51.