Nucleotides and Types of Mutations in Protein Synthesis

This article discusses the different types of mutations that occur during protein synthesis due to errors in nucleotides. It explains missense, nonsense, silent, insertion, deletion, duplication, and frameshift mutations, along with examples of each type of mutation and their impact on protein function. The article also highlights the importance of protein synthesis and the challenges faced by cells due to faulty protein formation.

Running head: NUCLEOTIDES
Nucleotides
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author note:

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Error occurrence
Biological reaction is remarkably precious. As investigated by researchers, like any other
biological processes, protein synthesis is not error-free (Bond et al. 2016). The error observed
during single amino acid substitution caused by the error in mRNA transcription. This
phenomenon takes place if any mutation occurred in the DNA Temple during the transcription
process. Error observed during incorrect splicing of introns (Bond et al. 2016). These errors
amplified during protein translation and challenging cells with faulty protein.
During the process of translation, when the information transfer from the gene to protein,
there are ranges of error occurred in the translation. First error observed is the amino acid
interacted with wrong synthesize and an amino acid (Lefevere 2016). The second error observed
when the amino acid complexes with correct synthetase but reacts with the wrong tRNA.
Consequently, the faulty protein formed within cells (Lefevere 2016).
• Missense :
Missense mutation observed when new nucleotide alters the one nucleotide of codon so as to
produce altered codon (Gutt 2014). For example, in sickle cell anemia, 6th amino acid glutamic
acid replaced with Valine.

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figure : Missense mutation
source: (Gutt 2014).
• Nonsense:
The mutation occurred when the premature stop codon introduced in the DNA sequence, which
resulted in a nonfunctional protein. For example, Duchene muscular dystrophy the nonsense
mutation occurred in dystrophin protein (Venuti 2018).

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Figure: Nonsense mutation
Source: (Bond et al. 2016)
• Silent mutation:
A silent mutation is a change in the sequence of nucleotide without altering the overall function
of the protein. For example, codon AAA is altered with ACA does not affect the function of the
protein (Venuti 2018).
Figure: silence mutation
Source: (Bond et al. 2016)
• Insertion:
One or more nucleotide added in the DNA sequence is called an insertion mutation. it is often
occurred in the microsatellite region of DNA due to DNA polymerase slipping.

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Figure: insertion mutation
Source: (Bond et al. 2016)
• Deletion:
One or more nucleotide deleted in the DNA sequence is called deletion mutation.
The deletion observed during the cystic fibrosis and Turner syndrome (Lefevere 2016).

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Figure: insertion mutation
Source: (Lefevere 2016).
• Duplication:
The certain stretch nucleotide of DNA can be duplicated is called duplication. This duplication
may give rise to specific phenomena. Charcot-Marie-Tooth is the most common example of this
mutation (Lefevere 2016).

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Figure: duplication
Source: (Lefevere 2016).
• Frame shift:
The mutation occurred when the insertion and deletion occurred in the DNA sequence. Tay-
Sachs is the common example of it (Bond et al. 2016).
Figure: frameshift
Source: (Bond et al. 2016).

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References:
Bond, D.M., Albert, N.W., Lee, R.H., Gillard, G.B., Brown, C.M., Hellens, R.P. and Macknight,
R.C., 2016. Infiltration-RNAseq: transcriptome profiling of Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration
of transcription factors to discover gene function and expression networks in plants. Plant
methods, 12(1), p.41.
Gutt, E. A. (2014). Translation and relevance: Cognition and context. Routledge.
Lefevere, A. (2016). Translation, rewriting, and the manipulation of literary fame. Routledge.
Venuti, L. (Ed.). (2018). Rethinking translation: Discourse, subjectivity, ideology (Vol. 2).
Routledge.