Nucleotides and Types of Mutations in Protein Synthesis

Running head: NUCLEOTIDES
Nucleotides
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author note:

1
NUCLEOTIDES
Error occurrence
Biological reaction is remarkably precious. As investigated by researchers, like any other
biological processes, protein synthesis is not error-free (Bond et al. 2016). The error observed
during single amino acid substitution caused by the error in mRNA transcription. This
phenomenon takes place if any mutation occurred in the DNA Temple during the transcription
process. Error observed during incorrect splicing of introns (Bond et al. 2016). These errors
amplified during protein translation and challenging cells with faulty protein.
During the process of translation, when the information transfer from the gene to protein,
there are ranges of error occurred in the translation. First error observed is the amino acid
interacted with wrong synthesize and an amino acid (Lefevere 2016). The second error observed
when the amino acid complexes with correct synthetase but reacts with the wrong tRNA.
Consequently, the faulty protein formed within cells (Lefevere 2016).
• Missense :
Missense mutation observed when new nucleotide alters the one nucleotide of codon so as to
produce altered codon (Gutt 2014). For example, in sickle cell anemia, 6th amino acid glutamic
acid replaced with Valine.

2
NUCLEOTIDES
figure : Missense mutation
source: (Gutt 2014).
• Nonsense:
The mutation occurred when the premature stop codon introduced in the DNA sequence, which
resulted in a nonfunctional protein. For example, Duchene muscular dystrophy the nonsense
mutation occurred in dystrophin protein (Venuti 2018).