This assignment requires you to focus on the holistic care of a patient admitted to hospital with an acute presentation of a chronic condition and to demonstrate your ability to apply the clinical reasoning cycle to develop and plan nursing care.
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NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 Description/Focus:Care of the person with a medical condition Value:40% Due date:Friday 12thApril 2019 by 1300 ACST Length:1800 - 2000 words This assignment requires you to focus on the holistic care of a patient admitted to hospital with an acute presentation of a chronic condition and to demonstrate your ability to apply the clinical reasoning cycle to develop and plan nursing care. Select one of the following case scenarios: Mr. Peter Newman is a 44-year-old man admitted to the ward with infective exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).Mr Newman is a heavy smoker and social drinker. Mr Newman is a Fly-In-Fly-Out (FIFO) truck driver with a remote mining company and is finding it difficult to meet work responsibilities due to increasing breathlessness. Mr Newman lives with his wife Marcy and 2 teenage children in a southern capital city and works a 2 weeks on/2 weeks off roster. Or Miss Violet Paterson is a 77-year-old woman admitted to the ward following an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). Miss Paterson is currently in a stable condition. She has a history of primary hypertension and longstanding osteoarthritis. Over the last few months the arthritic pain has increased significantly, and both her blood pressure and osteoarthritis are impacting on her ability to meet her daily living needs. Miss Paterson lives alone in an apartment on the 3rdfloor (with no lift access) with her cat Molly and has no extended family. 1 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
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NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 Based on the information provided in the above case scenarios complete the following tasks. Task 1. Consider the patient What will you consider when preparing the care plan for your chosen patient? The chosen patient is Mr. Peter Newman who is aged 44 years and he admitted to the ward following an infective exacerbation of the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). In the preparation of a care plan for Mr. Peter, I would consider multiple factors to ensure that provision of a holistic, individualised, and patient-centred type of care for the achievement of a positive outcome. The first thing I would consider is breathing pattern since COPD is a respiratory disease that is associated with persistent obstruction of the bronchial airflow. COPD presents with chronic dyspnea associated with the limitation of expiratory airflow which significantly fluctuates less. The primary causes of airway obstruction may change from mucous plugging, inflammation of the airway, narrowing of airway Lumina( It should be Lamina the plural of Lumen, the spaces between the airways)and airway obstruction. This may be possible since chronic bronchitis presents with widespread airway inflammation, marked cyanosis, airway blockage, and increased mucoid sputum production. Based on the pathophysiology of COPD, I think it would be essential for me to consider the breathing pattern of Mr. Newman (Adeloye et al., 2015). The second key component I would consider when preparing the care plan would be oxygenation or oxygen saturation of the patient. From the case study, Mr. Newman 2 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 presents with complains of having difficulties in meeting his responsibilities at the place work following increased breathlessness. The issue of increased breathlessness is a key indicator that he has low levels of oxygen in the body. This can result to other complications such as respiratory acidosis due to reduced oxygen levels. Therefore, I would be crucial to consider his oxygen saturation in the preparation of the care plan (Caramori, Kirkham, Barczyk, Di Stefano, & Adcock, 2015). The third factor I would consider in the preparation of Mr. Newman’s care plan his knowledge on the causes, pathophysiology, risk factors, and management or preventive strategies or interventions for COPD. Some of the causes and risks factors of COPD are cigarette smoking, asthma, age above fourth years, genetics, occupational exposure to chemicals and dusts, and genetics (Caramori et al., 2015).According to the case study, Mr. Newman is a social drinker and heavy smoker which is one of the primary causes and risks factor for COPD. He also works with a remote mining company whereby he is exposed to dusts and other chemicals present. Based on this, Mr. Newman’s condition seems to have been exacerbated by some of these conditions, that is, prolonged exposure of dusts and heavy smoking. It would therefore be essential to consider his level of knowledge as a far the management and prevention of COPD are concerned (De Marco et al., 2013).It is essential since the patient is one of the key components in nursing care. It is important when the patient has adequate knowledge on their condition since they contribute to the management and outcome of the nursing care. 3 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 Another factor I will consider in the preparation of Mr. Newman’s nursing care plan is nutrition which is crucial for his health. A patient with COPD generally presents with reduced appetite, lack of energy, fatigue, swelling of legs, feet, or ankles, and unintended loss of body weight. Additionally, a patient with COPD may have difficulties maintaining his adequate nutritional intake as required. As the medical condition progresses, he may develop cachexia. It would be crucial to consider the aspect of nutrition to ensures improved nutritional status of the patient and other related complications which may lead to poor diseases prognosis (De Marco et al., 2013). The last aspect I will consider in the preparation of a care plan for Mr. Newman is functional status. This will involve the assessment of his ability to performance his activities of daily living and responsibilities at the work without any difficulties or requiring assistance. In most instances, patients with COPD present with impaired functional status. Functional status is one of the multidimensional concepts, which primarily focuses on the ability of the patient to comfortably carry out the ADLs. Typically, COPD is accompanied by dyspnea which results in decreased physical ADLs and functional status. Consequently, impaired functional status results in compromised health of the patient. With reference to the case study, Mr. Newman finds it difficult to meet the responsibilities at work. Therefore, it would be vital to consider the element of nutrition when planning for Mr. Newman’s nursing care (Simpson & Jones, 2013). Task 2. Nursing assessments Identify three (3) nursing assessments you will conduct and explain why they are a priority for you. 4 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
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NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 1.Increased respiratory rate and breathing workload: This is a priority for me since it may have been caused by bronchoconstriction, airway obstruction, ineffective cough, inflammation, or obstruction of the airways. As a nurse, my priority such an instance is to maintain the patency of the ways through removal of any obstructing objects, suctioning of secretions, and intubation of the patient to ensures sufficient oxygen delivery (Donaldson, & Wedzicha, 2014).Additionally, prioritizing this issue will help in ensuring that the patient is in an optimal position in order to decrease the breathing workload. Sitting up in the bed will enhance appropriate lung expansion thus allowing for adequate expiration and inspiration. This will facilitate better gaseous exchange for the patient. 2.Reduced Oxygen saturation of less than 90 percent: This is a priority for me since it will enable provide supplemental oxygenation to the patient as appropriate. Ideally, the supplemental oxygen will increase the patient’s oxygen levels. With the case of COPD, I will intervene cautiously since he is unable to breath adequately, therefore, over-oxygenation is would be an essential concern since he may have lower baseline level of SPO2 (Donaldson, & Wedzicha, 2014).This is also a priority since low levels of oxygen in the body increases the risks of development of hypoxia thus resulting in life-threatening complications or conditions such as heart failure, acute respiratory failure, and hypercapnia. The assessment of patient oxygen is a priority since it will also facilitate rapid sequence intubation to prevent further exacerbation of the patient’s condition. 3.Unintended loss of body weight of 20 Kilograms within two weeks and reduced appetite: This is a priority since it is essential to ensure that the patient meets the 5 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 required nutritional intake based on the caloric needs of the body (Wedzicha et al., 2017).This will necessitate the implementation of oral care to prevent infections and protect the mucous membrane especially when the patient is on oxygen or is intubated. Additionally, this will ensure that the patient gets adequate nutrition as per body requirement thus giving him energy required in breathing and performing self-activities (Khan et al.,2014). Task 3. Care planning Identify three (3) priority nursing diagnoses for your chosen case scenario and explain why they are relevant. 1.Infective airway clearance related to allergic airways, bronchospasm, retained secretions, fatigue, and hyperplasia of the bronchial walls as evidenced by increased breathlessness. This is relevance because some degree of bronchospasm in COPD results in airway obstruction which can be controlled through appropriate interventions to clear the airway and ensure its patency for effective breathing. Management of this diagnosis would be essential in the prevention of other complications like hypoxia (Lewis, Collier, & Heitkemper, 2017). 2.Ineffective breathing pattern related to retained secretions, airway inflammation, and airway obstruction as evidenced by increased respiration rate. This is relevant since the patient presents with breathlessness which is an indicator of impaired pattern of breathing by the patient. This will necessitate the implementation of appropriate interventions for the promotion of lung expansion, liquification of secretions, and relieve Mr. Newman of dyspnea thus improving his pattern of breathing (Miravitlles et al., 2016). 6 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 3.Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement related to dyspnea and fatigue as evidenced by weight less, poor muscle tone, loss of muscle mass and aversion to eating and reduced interest in food. This is relevant since the patient is in Acute Respiratory Distress and he is anorectic due to dyspnea, medications, and sputum production (Rennard et al., 2013).Most patients with COPD habitually eat poorly despite the fact that respiratory insufficiency brings hypermetabolic state associated with increased caloric requirements. Noxious sights, smells, and taste are prime deterrents to a patient’s appetite thus producing nausea and vomiting due to increased respiratory difficulty (Wedzicha et al., 2017). Task 4: Patient education Identify specific education your chosen case scenario will require to effectively manage their condition post discharge. For an effective management of Mr. Newman’s condition after discharge, he will require education on the risk factors for the exacerbation of COPD, self-management strategies, importance of nutrition, importance of adherence to the prescribed medications, and when to seek medical attention or call a doctor (Wong et al., 2014).Provision of education on these topics will be essential in the preventive management and reduction of the frequency of more exacerbations. In discharge planning, it is critical to consider domestic arrangements and social support for Mr. Newman (Rennard et al., 2013). The first key element that will be essential in the case of Mr. Newman is the general information regarding COPD. He needs to be educated on the causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, prevention and management, and complications of COPD. This will equip him with adequate knowledge on the possible outcomes of the disease if he does not 7 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
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NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 comply with the prescribed medical regimens (Stoilkova, Janssen, & Wouters, 2013).).Having knowledge about the medical condition will be essential in the promotion of health since Mr. Newman will adopt life measures and habits which prevent the exacerbation of his health condition thus ensuring effectiveness of the implemented interventions or management approaches for his condition (Verbrugge, de Boer, & Georges, 2013). Mr. Newman will need to be enlightened on the guidelines and instructions for using the prescribed medications and the importance of adhering to the regimens. He will need to be advised on the use of the oxygen devices and inhalation, and plan for the management of the worsening of the symptoms (Katzung, 2017).He should be educated on when to contact a healthcare provider immediately or seek medical assistance. To do this, he should consider the presence of the following; chills or fever, shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, increased mucus, chest tightness, bloody, green, yellow, or smelly mucus, swollen ankles, feelings of increased heart beat, and irregular heartbeat (Menezes et al., 2014). Mr. Newman should be educated on stopping smoking and drinking since they are key risk factors to COPD and its exacerbation. He should ensure no one is smoking in his home compound and avoid other irritants such as dust, chemicals, and cigarette smoke to prevent further complications and ineffectiveness of the prescribed medications. He should also be enlightened on infection prevention by regularly washing his hands, avoiding crowded places, exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, and eating a balanced diet (Price et al., 2014).He should consume a diet containing plenty of vegetables and fruits, whole grains, fish, lean meats, and low-fat dairy products. Additionally, he should avoid foods which are high in sugar and fats. 8 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 Another important aspect that Mr. Newman should be enlightened on is stress management since stress can worsen COPD. He should do this by finding a quiet place and lie or sit in a comfortable position. He should also do breathing exercise for some minutes while closing his eyes. Pulmonary rehabilitation would also be essential to Mr. Newman since they will improve his condition thus making him feel better. Some of the programs for pulmonary rehab include breathing techniques, exercise, counselling, information on COPD, and assistance on quitting smoking (Jones et al., 2014). Task 5: Team care Identify and define the Allied Health team members that should be involved in the patient’s care during admission and in preparation for discharge The Allied Health Team Members who should be involved in the process of admission and discharge planning for Mr. Newman are nurses, physician, physiotherapists, dieticians or nutritionist, and social workers. The nurse is a qualified and professional healthcare provider who advocates and cares for patients or individuals from diverse ethic and religions origins and backgrounds and provides holistic support to the patients throughout the continuum of health and illness. Some of the roles of the nurse in this scenario include assessing and recording symptoms and medical history, collaborating with other members to effectively plan for patient care, advocating for the wellbeing and health of the patient, and monitoring and recording his signs (Fletcher & Dahl, 2013). Other roles of the nurse include administration of treatments and medications, operating medical equipment, providing advice and support to the patient, performing diagnostic tests, and educating him on the effective and appropriate management of his 9 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 condition (Wedzicha et al., 2017).A physician is professional who has practised medicines and is concerned with the promotion, maintenance, restoration of health, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the patient’s illness. A nutritionist is an individual who provides dietary advice to the patients in relation to his health. He or she will be required in this scenario to prescribe the most appropriate nutrients for the patient in the ward and before discharge to promote health (Simpson & Jones, 2013). A physiotherapist will be required to provide advice and exercise to the patient to promote healing and prevent further exacerbations. A social worker refers to an individual who provides social support to individuals, groups, communities, or families to enhance their social functioning and wellbeing. Since Mr Newman is a heavy smoker and a social drinker, a social worker will be required to enlighten him on the impacts of alcoholism and smoking to his health to promote health (Jones et al., 2014). 10 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
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NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 References Adeloye, D., Chua, S., Lee, C., Basquill, C., Papana, A., Theodoratou, E., ... & Chan, K. Y. (2015). Global and regional estimates of COPD prevalence: Systematic review and meta–analysis.Journal of global health,5(2). Caramori, G., Kirkham, P., Barczyk, A., Di Stefano, A., & Adcock, I. (2015). Molecular pathogenesis of cigarette smoking–induced stable COPD.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1340(1), 55-64. De Marco, R., Pesce, G., Marcon, A., Accordini, S., Antonicelli, L., Bugiani, M., ... & Pirina, P. (2013). The coexistence of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): prevalence and risk factors in young, middle-aged and elderly people from the general population.PloS one,8(5), e62985. Donaldson, G. C., & Wedzicha, J. A. (2014). The causes and consequences of seasonal variation in COPD exacerbations.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,9, 1101. Fletcher, M. J., & Dahl, B. H. (2013). Expanding nurse practice in COPD: is it key to providing high quality, effective and safe patient care?.Primary Care Respiratory Journal,22(2), 230. Jones, S. E., Green, S. A., Clark, A. L., Dickson, M. J., Nolan, A. M., Moloney, C., ... & Bell, D. (2014). Pulmonary rehabilitation following hospitalisation for acute exacerbation of COPD: referrals, uptake and adherence.Thorax,69(2), 181-182. Katzung, B. G. (2017).Basic and clinical pharmacology. McGraw-Hill Education. 11 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 Khan, J. H., Lababidi, H. M., Al-Moamary, M. S., Zeitouni, M. O., AL-Jahdali, H. H., Al-Amoudi, O. S., ... & Alorainy, H. S. (2014). The Saudi guidelines for the diagnosis and management of COPD.Annals of thoracic medicine,9(2), 55. Lewis, S. M., Collier, I. C., & Heitkemper, M. M. (2017).Medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems. Elsevier, Incorporated. Menezes, A. M. B., de Oca, M. M., Pérez-Padilla, R., Nadeau, G., Wehrmeister, F. C., Lopez- Varela, M. V., ... & PLATINO Team. (2014). Increased risk of exacerbation and hospitalization in subjects with an overlap phenotype: COPD-asthma.Chest,145(2), 297-304. Miravitlles, M., Vogelmeier, C., Roche, N., Halpin, D., Cardoso, J., Chuchalin, A. G., ... & Blasi, F. (2016). A review of national guidelines for management of COPD in Europe.European Respiratory Journal,47(2), 625-637. Price, D., West, D., Brusselle, G., Gruffydd-Jones, K., Jones, R., Miravitlles, M., ... & Bichel, K. (2014). Management of COPD in the UK primary-care setting: an analysis of real-life prescribing patterns.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,9, 889. Rennard, S., Thomashow, B., Crapo, J., Yawn, B., McIvor, A., Cerreta, S., ... & Mannino, D. (2013). Introducing the COPD Foundation Guide for Diagnosis and Management of COPD, recommendations of the COPD Foundation.COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,10(3), 378-389. 12 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 Simpson, E., & Jones, M. C. (2013). An exploration of self-efficacy and self- management in COPD patients.British Journal of Nursing,22(19), 1105-1109. Stoilkova, A., Janssen, D. J., & Wouters, E. F. (2013). Educational programmes in COPD management interventions: a systematic review.Respiratory medicine,107(11), 1637-1650. Verbrugge, R., de Boer, F., & Georges, J. J. (2013). Strategies used by respiratory nurses to stimulate self-management in patients with COPD.Journal of clinical nursing,22(19- 20), 2787-2799. Wedzicha, J. A., Miravitlles, M., Hurst, J. R., Calverley, P. M., Albert, R. K., Anzueto, A., ... & Sliwinski, P. (2017). Management of COPD exacerbations: A European respiratory society/American thoracic society guideline.European Respiratory Journal,49(3), 1600791. Wong, S. S., Abdullah, N., Abdullah, A., Liew, S. M., Ching, S. M., Khoo, E. M., ... & Chia, Y. C. (2014). Unmet needs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a qualitative study on patients and doctors.BMC family practice,15(1), 67. 13 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
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NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 Needs developmentSatisfactoryExcellent Ability to interpret & address tasks 1-5 (25) 5 marks per task 0 – 9 marks Poor interpretation of most if not all, of the case scenario tasks. Does not demonstrate safe practice, knowledge for care planning, assessment, and/or patient education. Unsatisfactory rationales or explanations for care planning and assessments and/ or limited ability to explain and justify nursing actions and education. Demonstrated limited critical thinking using the clinical reasoning cycle to address case scenario tasks. 10 - 19 marks Satisfactory interpretation of the case scenario tasks. Demonstrates sound knowledge of safe practice, knowledge for care planning, assessment and patient education. Rationales demonstrate satisfactory ability to explain or justify nursing action and education. Demonstrates an emerging level of critical thinking using the clinical reasoning cycle to address case scenario tasks. 20 - 25 marks Excellent interpretation of the case scenario tasks. Demonstrates excellent knowledge of safe practice, knowledge for care planning, assessment and patient education. All rationales demonstrate high level ability to explain or justify nursing action and education. Demonstrates a high level of critical thinking using the clinical reasoning cycle to address case scenario tasks. Academic Integrity - referencing (5) 0 – 2 marks Demonstrates little or limited ability to acknowledge the work of others. No or limited in-text citationsand/or incomplete reference listand/orinaccurate and/orincomplete referencing detailsand/or inconsistent referencing format. 3 – 4 marks Demonstrates a developing ability to acknowledge the work of others. Most ideas supported with appropriate in-text citations and there is a complete reference list. Some inconsistency, inaccuracyand/orincomplete details in CDU APA 6thformat. 5 marks Demonstrates high level ability to acknowledge the work of others. All ideas supported with appropriate and accurate in-text citations and there is a complete and accurate reference list. Minimal direct quotes (<3) No errors detected in CDU APA 6thformat. Academic integrity standards met at a high level. Evidence for practice0 – 2 marks3 – 4 marks5 marks 15 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
NUR250 Medical Surgical Nursing 2Assessment 1Semester 1 2019 - research (5) Less than 7 peer reviewed journals/evidence for practiceand/or More than 2 current text books cited. Some journals or texts are more than 10 years old. Numerous inappropriate resources in reference list. 7 - 10 relevant peer reviewed journals/evidence for practice. No more than 2 current text books cited. Journal articles and textbooks are no more than 10 years old. May have occasional inappropriate resources in reference list. Minimum of 10 peer reviewed journals/evidence for practice. No more than 2 current text books cited. Journal articles and textbooks are no more than 5 years old. No inappropriate resources in reference list. Presentation & Academic Writing (5) 0 – 2 marks Assignment is not on required template and/or not submitted as a word document. Font is not; Arial, Calibri or Times New Roman size 11 or 12 and/or Line spacing is not 1.5 Use of dot points or tables Does not demonstrate an appropriate level of written communication for nursing practice. Thoughts and ideas are disorganised, or content does not flow in a coherent manner. Frequent spelling and/or grammatical errors and/or OR Assignment is more than 20% over or under the stated word count 3 – 4 marks Less than 1-2 presentation guidelines not adhered to: - Assignment is not on required template and/or not submitted as a word document. Font is not; Arial, Calibri or Times New Roman size 11 or 12 and/or Line spacing is not 1.5 Use of dot points or tables Demonstrates an appropriate level of written communication for nursing practice. Content is generally well organised with coherent flow. Occasional spelling or grammatical errors and/or OR Assignment is 10 – 20% over or under the stated word count 5 marks Assignment is on required template and submitted as a word document. Font is either; Arial, Calibri or Times New Roman size 11 or 12 Line spacing is 1.5 No dot points Within the stated word count +/- 10% Meets written communication standards for nursing practice and academic literacy at a high level. Content is well organised with a coherent flow. Assignment is free from spelling and /or grammatical errors. 16 Double click here to fill in this footer Last name__ _student number_NUR250 S12019 Assessment 1
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