Diabetic Retinopathy: Diagnosis, Medication Management, and Nursing Role

This document provides information about diabetic retinopathy, including its diagnosis, medication management, and the nursing role in its treatment. It discusses the primary medical diagnosis, medication management, nursing diagnoses, and the inter-professional plan of care. It also highlights the importance of prevention and treatment strategies for diabetic retinopathy.

NURS 2024 Assessment 1 case
report

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
PRIMARY MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS.............................................................................................1
MEDICATION MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................2
NURSING DIAGNOSES................................................................................................................3
Nursing problem related to medical diagnosis............................................................................3
Nursing problem related medication management.....................................................................3
NURSING ROLE AND INTER-PROFESSIONAL PLAN OF CARE..........................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION
Identification: Mr. Hank Jackson is 64 year old recently retired truck driver who is
legally blinded in the left eye. Mr. Hank Jackson lives all alone at his home and is a bachelor. He
also has one daughter who tends to live interstate from the relationship he had in 20’s. He tends
to live within a single layer home. Mr. Hank Jackson appears to be overweight and also have
flushed facial look. He also uses glasses at the time of reading.
Situation: Mr. Hank Jackson has been currently diagnosed with the diabetic retinopathy.
He has blurred and patchy vision.
Background: Mr. Hank Jackson tends to have a medical history which tends to include
type 2 diabetes mellitus which has been diagnosed 5 years back. He also has a history of
Hypertension which was diagnosed 7 years back.
Assessment: The health care practitioners has prescribed Mr. Hank Jackson Metformin
500mg and Metoprolol 50mg both twice every day. The General practitioner tends to indicate
that, Mr. Hank Jackson tends to have suboptimal blood pressure.
Response: Diabetes is under control, despite of the recommended dietary control and
medication management. The blood pressure verified was 159mmHg/96mmHg and the glycated
haemoglobin i.e., HbA1C has not been less than 8% ever. This study will also focus on carrying
primary medical diagnosis with nursing problems related with the medical diagnosis.
PRIMARY MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS
Diabetic Retinopathy is referred to as a diabetic complications which largely affects the eyes. It
is usually caused due to damage of the blood vessels. It is a light sensitive tissue with occurs at
the retina which is at the back of the eye (Solomon and et.al., 2017). Diabetic Retinopathy in turn
largely results in blindness and the key risk factors associated with the Diabetic Retinopathy are
tobacco smoking and Diabetes.
The risk associated with the Diabetic Retinopathy can be reduced by early detection, blood
pressure, blood glucose, etc. It is recognised to be as the microvascular disease. It mainly results
in the vision loss which eventually leads top thickening of the retinal area. One of the key sign of
the diabetic retinopathy is mainly related with the blood vision, impairment associated with the
colour vision, dark strings, colourless spots, etc. The blindness in turn is usually characterized by
the hyperglycaemia, pericyte loss, microaneurysms, basement membrane thickening, IRMA and
preretinal neovascularisation (Ting and et.al., 2017). Mr. Hank Jackson is legally blinded in the
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left eye which is mainly due to Diabetic Retinopathy. The patient has glucose control tends to be
considered to be very useful in the prevention of Diabetic Retinopathy among the individual
person (Hwang and et.al., 2015). The key symptoms of the Diabetic Retinopathy are floaters,
vision loss, fluctuation vision, impaired set of colour vision. Within the specific case scenario,
tends to describe their vision to be blurred and patchy. This can be due to Diabetic Retinopathy.
MEDICATION MANAGEMENT
The health care practitioners has prescribed Mr. Hank Jackson Metformin 500mg and
Metoprolol 50mg both twice every day. There are various set of medications which in turn are
considered to be very useful in the treatment of the Diabetic Retinopathy. The patient must use
Metformin 500mg with proper exercise and medication because it is considered to be very useful
in controlling the high blood pressure (Duh, Sun. and Stitt, 2017). This is usually used for the
patients who in turn tends to have type 2 diabetes. It helps in controlling diabetes which
eventually tends to reduce the degree the high level of risk with heart stroke. Metformin 500mg
is used with various other medications as well as with the insulins. It is very useful in controlling
blood sugar levels and helps in treating patients with type 2 diabetes. The key side effects
associated with the Metformin 500mg are heart burn, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, bloating,
diarrhoea, gas, weight, constipation, etc. which in turn are considered to be as the key side
effects associated with the Metformin 500mg. The patient must in turn focus on limiting the use
of alcohol and also must inform the doctor about the medical history, allergy and surgery before
taking Metformin 500mg.
Metoprolol 50mg on the other hand is another medication which in turn is used by Mr. Hank
Jackson. Metoprolol 50mg in turn is taken with/ without any set of medications in order to treat
Hypertension of the patient (Semeraro, and et.al., 2015). It is very useful in lowering high degree
of blood pressure which is useful in preventing strokes and heart attacks. This is one of the most
effective medication which helps in treating chest pain and is very useful in improving the
survival after the heart attack. The key side effects associated with the Metoprolol 50mg are
Drowsiness, reduced sexual ability, trouble in breathing dizziness, tiredness, light-
headedness, diarrhea, fainting, slow heartbeat, blue toes and fingers, sudden weight gain, mood
swings, confusion, depression, welled ankles, mood changes, etc. in turn are considered to be as the
key side effects which in turn largely influence the various side effects of the patient (Nentwich, and
Ulbig, 2015). There are various set of allergic reactions associated with Metoprolol 50mg are
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itching, trouble breathing, dizziness, rash, etc. The key precautions associated with the
Metoprolol 50mg it is very crucial for the patient to mention to the doctor to what all things you
are allergic to. Telling the doctor about the complete medical history of Hypertension and Type 2
diabetes (Gulshan and et.al., 2016). The patient must not get indulge in substance products which
in turn will result in more dizziness and drowsiness.
NURSING DIAGNOSES
Nursing problem related to medical diagnosis.
Patients who tend to have diabetic retinopathy in turn tends to have the good diabetic control
which eventually is considered to be one of the most effective measure which in turn helps health
care practitioners in the prevention of various medical problems (Ishibazawa and et.al., 2015).
Workplace violence and hazards in turn are considered to be one of the key nursing problems
which eventually leads to better care results and outcomes. Shortage of staff and frequent change
in the technology in turn is considered to be as one of the most challenging task which in turn is
highly associated with the medical diagnosis. Medical diagnosis in turn are considered to be as
actual problem focused which are highly associated with the ineffective breathing problem,
blurred vision, high blood pressure, anxiety, acute pain, etc. Risk of unstable glucose, risk of
infection, risk associated with the distributed sensory perception, risk associated with the injury
and risk related with ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management in turn are considered to be
as one of the key problems related with the nurses at the time of medical diagnosis of Diabetic
Retinopathy. Mr. Hank Jackson in turn has to take this medication twice the day before sipping
any meal.
Nursing problem related medication management.
Careful management of the patient in turn is considered to be as one of the most effective
measure which in turn helps in the prevention of the vision loss. Diabetic patient in turn are
largely accompanied with the level of hypertension. This in turn might eventually results in
various set of drug related problems. In the specific case scenario, diabetes mellitus is a type
which is accompanied by the various comorbidities (Stitt and et.al, 2016). This eventually results
in key risk related with the drug related problems. Within the given case scenario, Mr. Hank
Jackson has been suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus and also hypertension and also has
diabetic retinopathy. This in turn becomes difficult for the patient to evaluate the best
medication for Mr. Hank Jackson.
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NURSING ROLE AND INTER-PROFESSIONAL PLAN OF CARE
Inter- professional approach is considered to be one of the most collaborative health care plan
which in turn is considered to be very useful in the prevention of the medical errors (Lee, Wong,
and Sabanayagam, 2015). It is considered to be very useful in the prevention of the medical
errors and is also considered to be very useful in improving the care experience of the patient.
This is one of the most collaborative approach which is very useful in delivering the best health
results at a minimum cost. Inter- professional approach is very prominent because it helps
hospital and health organizations in saving money and also helps in shoring up the operational
inefficiencies and workflow redundancies. This approach in turn is considered to be very useful
in developing the personal relationship between the health care practitioners and Mr. Hank
Jackson patient. It is very useful in improving the education, care of the patient and also results
in better care outcomes.
Diabetes Specialist nurses in turn is considered to be very useful in providing good care to the
patients Practice nurses, doctors, diabetes specialists, and care professionals in turn tends to work
together within the team in turn helps in maintaining, providing clinical support, and also tends
to focus on supporting people who tends to have diabetes (What Is Diabetic Retinopathy?, 2020).
Diabetes Specialist nurses in turn tends to focus on preventing, detecting and effectively
managing the Diabetic Retinopathy conditions which in turn is considered to be very useful in
managing the conditions of the disease and in turn is very useful in enhancing the life of the Mr.
Hank Jackson.
There are various other range of medications which in turn are highly used for the clinical
practice with the various set of clinical trials. These medications in turn are highly classified
into VEGF antibodies and antibody fragments. An ophthalmologist in turn can directly focus on
effectively treating retinopathy with the lasers. There are various set of surgical procedures such
as vitrectomy which in turn helps in preserving vision and focus on further making vascular
changes. Injecting medicine into the eye, panretinal photocoagulation, vitrectomy, etc. in turn are
considered to be as one of the key factors which in turn helps in providing effective
recommendation strategies which helps in providing better care results and outcomes (Lee,
Wong, and Sabanayagam, 2015). The key preventive measures for the Diabetic Retinopathy is to
effectively focus on managing diabetes and must also focus on engaging within the moderate
aerobic activity. The health care practitioners must in turn focus on recording and monitoring the
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various blood sugar levels. Continuously carrying out glycosylated hemoglobin test tends to
focus on reflecting on reflecting on the various average blood sugar levels (Nentwich, and Ulbig,
2015). The patient must in turn focus on keeping the cholesterol and blood pressure under
control by eating healthy set of food and focus on exercising on the regular basis by losing
excess weight. However, smoking tends to highly increase the risk of diabetic complications
which also includes diabetic retinopathy. In the specific case scenario, Mr. Hank Jackson must
focus on visiting the doctor and get the eyes treated because the vision of the patient is patchy
and blurry.
CONCLUSION
From the above conducted study it has been summarized that, Mr. Hank Jackson has been
currently diagnosed with the diabetic retinopathy. He has blurred and patchy vision. He also
tends to have the history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and Hypertension. The Diabetic Retinopathy
can be reduced by early detection of blood pressure and blood glucose. The patient must use
Metformin 500mg with proper exercise and medication because it is considered to be very useful
in controlling the high blood pressure. It has been concluded that, Metoprolol 50mg is very
useful in lowering high degree of blood pressure which is useful in preventing strokes and heart
attacks. Medical diagnosis is considered to be as an actual problem which is highly associated
with the ineffective breathing problem, blurred vision, high blood pressure, anxiety, acute pain,
etc. Moreover, Inter- professional plan care is very effective as it helps in reducing medical
errors and is very useful in improving the education, care of the patient and also results in better
care outcomes.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Duh, E.J., Sun, J.K. and Stitt, A.W., 2017. Diabetic retinopathy: current understanding,
mechanisms, and treatment strategies. JCI insight, 2(14).
Gulshan, V and et.al., 2016. Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for
detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs. Jama, 316(22), pp.2402-2410.
Hwang, T.S and et.al., 2015. Optical coherence tomography angiography features of diabetic
retinopathy. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 35(11), p.2371.
Ishibazawa, A and et.al., 2015. Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic
retinopathy: a prospective pilot study. American journal of ophthalmology, 160(1), pp.35-44.
Lee, R., Wong, T.Y. and Sabanayagam, C., 2015. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic
macular edema and related vision loss. Eye and vision, 2(1), p.17.
Nentwich, M.M. and Ulbig, M.W., 2015. Diabetic retinopathy-ocular complications of diabetes
mellitus. World journal of diabetes, 6(3), p.489.
Semeraro, F and et.al., 2015. Diabetic retinopathy: vascular and inflammatory disease. Journal of
diabetes research, 2015.
Solomon, S.D and et.al., 2017. Diabetic retinopathy: a position statement by the American
Diabetes Association. Diabetes care, 40(3), pp.412-418.
Stitt, A.W and et.al, 2016. The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic
retinopathy. Progress in retinal and eye research, 51, pp.156-186.
Ting, D.S.W and et.al., 2017. Development and validation of a deep learning system for diabetic
retinopathy and related eye diseases using retinal images from multiethnic populations with
diabetes. Jama, 318(22), pp.2211-2223.
Online
What Is Diabetic Retinopathy?. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available through<
https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetic-retinopathy >
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