Nursing - Assignment (PDF)

Running head: NURSING ASSIGNMENT
NURSING ASSIGNMENT
Name of the student:
Name of the University:
Author note:

NURSING ASSIGNMENT1
Introduction:
Healthcare associated infection is defined as the infections that the patients get during
receiving treatment or medical surgery in a healthcare organization and most of the incident of
HAI is preventable (Al-Tawfiq et al., 2013). Incompliance with hygienic practice has been
identified as the most common cause of HAI (Almaguer-Leyva et al., 2013). Salama et al.
(2013), have indicated that nosocomial infection is one of the most frequent infection which is
associated with poor compliance with hand hygiene practice. 1.7 million patients develop HAI in
US per year and in Canada more than 200,000 patients suffer from HAI each year and 8000 of
these patients die due to lack of adequate measures (who.int, 2018). According to Niyonzima,
Brennaman & Beinempaka (2018), hand hygiene guidelines and complying with the hand
hygiene practice is the most valuable and cost effective way to reduce the risk of HAI. Therefore,
it is required to conduct research on effectiveness of hand hygiene practice in reducing
healthcare associated infection to introduce strategies to implement hygienic practice in
healthcare organization. This report aims to provide information regarding effectiveness of hand
hygiene through the review of previous literatures.
PICO Statement:
Effectiveness of hand hygiene practice among healthcare workers in reducing healthcare
associated infection as compare to unhygienic practice.
Population (P): Healthcare workers
Intervention (I): Hand hygiene practice
Comparison (C): Unhygienic practice
Outcome (O): Reduction in healthcare associated infection
Search strategy:

NURSING ASSIGNMENT2
In order to find out the relevant literatures, electronic databases have been searched such
as St. Lawrence College database, Google scholar and PubMed. Related key terms have been
used, for example, healthcare associated infection, hand hygiene, nosocomial infection,
effectiveness of hand hygiene practice, HAI statistics and hand hygiene compliance of healthcare
workers. Several inclusion criteria has been set in order to make the search compact and select
the most relevant literatures. The inclusion criteria include, relevancy of content, articles should
be in English language and peer reviewed, completely accessible and published during 2010-
2018. Only 10 articles have been found to meet all the inclusion criteria, therefore, these 10
articles have been used further to collect information about effectiveness of hand hygiene
practice in reducing healthcare associated infections.
Literature chart:
Authors
& year
Research
question
/purpose
Concepts Philosophical Perspectives Methodology Setting & Design
(incl. study
location,
sample/sampling
description & data
collection
approach)
Findings
Ontology Epistemology
Al-
Tawfiq
et al.,
(2013)
Evaluate
the assess
hand
hygiene
complian
ce
through
multiface
ted
approach
and
evaluate
the rate
of device
associate
d
infections
.
Examine
the
experienc
e of
improvin
g hand
hygiene
complian
ce with
multitude
of
interventi
on and
reduction
in HAI.
Realist Quantitative Descriptive
time series
study.
Study was
conducted in 350
bed community
healthcare in Saudi
Arabia. Data have
been collected from
October 2006 to
December 2011.
Increase
in hand
hygiene
complian
ce from
385 in
2006,
65% in
2010 and
85% in
2011.
Reductio
n in rate
of HAI
from
0.42 in
2006 to
0.08 in
2011.
Marimut Evaluate Evaluate Relativist Qualitative Review of 7 relevant studies Significa

NURSING ASSIGNMENT3
hu,
Pittet &
Harbarth
, (2014)
the
studies
associate
with
improve
ment in
hand
hygiene
and
reduction
in MRSA
rate.
the
previous
informati
on and
explore
the
controver
sies.
previous
literatures.
have been reviewed. nt
reduction
in
MRSA,
some
open
issues
need
further
investiga
tion.
Monistr
ol et al.,
(2012)
Examine
the effect
of HH
complian
ce and
consumpt
ion of
alcohol-
based
hand rub
and rate
of HAI
and
MRSA.
Evaluate
the
experienc
e of
increasin
g HH
complian
ce and
reduction
in HAI.
Realist Quantitative Prospective
before-after
interventional
study.
1531 HH
opportunities have
been observed at
Hospital
Universitari Mutua
Terrassa, Spain. 725
in pre-period and
780 in post-period.
450 opportunities
were observed
during follow-up
after 1 year.
Improve
ment in
HH
complian
ce from
54.3% to
75.8%
and
reduction
in HAI
and
MRSA
density.
Niyonzi
ma,
Brenna
man &
Beinem
paka,
(2018)
Evaluate
the
availabili
ty and
complian
ce of HH
facility
among
healthcar
e
workers.
Examine
the
experienc
e of
health
workers
with HH
complian
ce.
Realist Quantitative Descriptive
cross-
sectional
study.
287 opportunities
were observed at
Mbarara Regional
Referral Hospital in
southwestern
Uganda and SPSS
has been used for
data analysis.
Inadequa
te HH
resources
, but
increase
in HH
complian
ce from
25.4% to
33.8%.
Paul et
al.,
(2011)
Identify
the
prevalenc
e of
bacterial
contamin
ation
through
doctor’s
hand in
medicine
and
dermatol
ogy
wards.
Examine
contributi
on of
doctors in
bacterial
contamin
ation.
Realist Quantitative Observational
study.
232 beds from
medicine and
dermatology ward
and 44 doctors of a
healthcare
institution have been
recruited. Data has
been collected from
1st February to 30th
November, 2009.
Contami
nation on
doctor’s
hand
during
entry-
59.1%
and exit-
90.9%.
Pincock
et al.,
(2012)
Review
the
compone
Represent
believes
and
Relativist Qualitative Review of
multimodal
strategies.
8 Components of
bundle strategy have
been proposed and
Impleme
ntation of
bundle