Nursing Management and Health Care - Case Study

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Abstract
Background
According to estimates, up to 1% of persons in high-income economies will get a leg ulceration
at a certain point in life. A preponderance of ulcerations is caused by circulatory abnormalities;
venous ulceration (which account for about 70% of lesions) and arterial ulcers (which account
for the remaining 30% of ulcers) are caused by insufficient blood flow to the legs (around 22
percent of ulcers). Therapies for arterial leg ulcers focuses on improving arterial blood flow, such
as by removing arterial obstructions (either pharmaceutically or surgically). Such arterial
ulceration may recover if the vascular circulation is reinstated and wound management
procedures are followed. Dressings and topical treatments are an important aspect of wound
management for arterial ulcers, however there are a lot of them, and it's unknown how they affect
ulcer treatment.
Objectives
To investigate as to if topical treatments and wound dressings have an effect on the recovery of
artery ulceration. And assess the rates of healing and the consequences. A comparative of wound
dressings and topical treatments accessible.
Research Objectives
Is there an impact of using Topical agents (ointments and creams) and wound dressings used to
treat arterial leg ulcers healing?
Methodology
Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and PubMed were used to conduct a
systematic review on pertinent scholarly resources on descriptive study. Six (6) investigation
articles involving cross-sectional and descriptive methodologies was methodically chosen and
assessed through diverse resources. Thereby, publications on arterial leg ulcers topical agent and
dressing wound management were retrieved from 2000 to 2021 were included, whilst also
resources older than 2009 were excluded.

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Nevertheless, a clinical trial from 1991 was chosen as it was in line with the inclusive criteria,
and some other publications which did not rely upon that research problem were excluded. Size
of sample was not limited hence individuals represented with arterial leg ulcer off all ages and
sex were included in the study.
Results
When the ketanserin subgroup was contrasted to the control cohort, lesion recovery was shown
to be faster in the ketanserin cluster. Another experiment stated that no participants encountered
adverse effects (complications) during follow-up (six weeks, poor confidence information). Yet
another study examined topical administration of blood derived concentrated growth factor
(CGF) versus conventional dressings (polyurethane films or foaming), which were either
administered weekly over 6 weeks by 61 people having non-healing ulceration.
Conclusion
The fraction of information available to assess whether the topical medication or dressing used
influences overall recovery of arterial ulcerations is inadequate.
Key words: Arterial leg ulcer, Wound healing, topical agents, dressings, creams, ointments

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Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
Nursing centers upon promoting the healthcare initiatives which every patient life or pursues.
Within such perspective, management strives to avoid illnesses & encourage disease readaptation
processes across the life cycle, as well as to fulfill the minimum human demands and achieve
maximum autonomy in everyday tasks. As a result, nursing care assists individuals in managing
community health resources while also emphasizing the need of playing a central function
throughout the unit (Fonseca et al., 2012; As a consequence of the growth of human longevity
and also the associated frequency of chronic conditions including such leg ulcers, healthcare
patients' demands are becoming more exacting and complicated (Van, Grypdonck and Defloor,
2009). The management of chronic wounds represent a serious societal concern due to its scope,
intricacy, & expense. Most leg ulcers are believed to affect 8–10 million people globally,
whereas pressure sores affect 7–8 million (Fonseca et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2003).
Limb ulcers are a frequent chronic ailment which can irritating and has a detrimental effect on
individual 's wellbeing. According to a comprehensive study, 1.1 percent to 0.12 percent of
overall adult populace is affected by lower-leg ulceration (Graham 2003). Venous insufficiency
(impaired blood circulation in the venous), vascular illness, and diabetes are the most common
causes of ulceration. Despite venous illness causes overall preponderance of leg ulcers, a
considerable proportion of persons with ulcerations (approximately 22 percent) have artery
insuFiciency. Heterogeneous aetiologies account for over 15% of leg ulcers, such as those
caused by arterial and venous illness or diabetic combined arterial pathology (Fonseca et al.,
2015; Broderick, Pagnamenta, and Forster, 2020). A restriction of blood flow to the skin causes
arterial leg ulcers. A constriction of the arteries in the legs could perhaps represent the reason
(atherosclerosis). It's critical to distinguish amongst arterial and venous leg ulcers because
compression treatments, which is the basis of management for venous leg ulcers, might cause
skin necrosis (or possibly amputation) when used on arterial leg ulceration (O'Meara 2012 ;
Fonseca et al., 2015)

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A medical history is used to diagnose arterial insufficiency, also known as peripheral arterial
disease (PAD). The more frequent complication is discomfort, that might emerge while moving
and exercising. Periodic claudication develops when cramping discomfort with in leg comes
following activity but disappears once the limb is rested. Such complaints may worsen to the
point where the individual is in discomfort particularly while they are at repose (Fonseca et al.,
2015; Broderick, Pagnamenta, and Forster, 2020).
Diagnostics are frequently performed to determine the existence or lack of vascular disease in
order to measure what significant blood circulation is present in the leg. The ankle brachial index
is usually the initial test (ABPI, ABI). If the ABI ratio is less than 0.7, compression intervention
is not recommended, and the patient would be directed to a vascular expert that would request
supplementary testing, including either duplex ultrasonography and arteriography (Grey 2006).
The ABI criterion is normally around 0.6 and 0.7, while there is significant heterogeneity in the
literary works. Diagnosing PAD in persons having diabetes is difficult since neuropathic
conditions may hide symptoms and non-compressible arteries could provide fallacious ABI
results (Brownrigg 2016).
The cornerstone of treating arterial insufficiency would be to enhance overall blood flow, hence
surgical to circumvent or eliminate the obstruction is sometimes necessary. Owing to individual
desire, age, or overall health, and according to diffused distal arterial disease, in which the
arteries to be repaired are extremely tiny, that might not be achievable for certain individuals
(Grey, Harding and Enoch, 2006; Hedayati et al., 2015). Wound healing, exercising to enhance
blood circulation to the leg, pharmacological treatments, and physical therapy including such
hyperbaric oxygen are all non-surgical possibilities (Grey, Harding and Enoch, 2006; Hedayati et
al., 2015).
There are indications suggesting managing chronic wounds like leg ulcers puts a significant
psychological strain upon health professionals, particularly whenever the lesions do not recover
(Morgan and Moffatt, 2008; Posnett et al, 2009). Regrettably, such cost has rarely been
adequately investigated, with the exception of a universal acknowledgement of leg ulcer
treatment have an effect on individual patients, health care systems, and society as a whole.
There was also conclusive evidence indicating leg ulcer therapy has shifted from patient-centered

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to task-oriented (Persoon et al, 2004; Parkinson, 2006; Morgan and Moffatt, 2008).
Notwithstanding, wound management throughout general and leg ulcer treatment in particular
remain among of the highest prevalent referrals to community nursing (Rubi et al, 2003;
Eleftheriadou et al, 2019).
1.1 Study Justification
With the increasing burden of Leg ulcer management among healthcare individuals worldwide,
contemporary treatment methods are available in wound management, there is little to poor
literature available in the scientific community, despite the fact that a variety of dressings and
topical treatments are available, there is presently no evidence supporting their impact on the
pace of recovery in arterial ulcers.
1.2 Aim
The main objective of this research is to systematically review on comparison of dressing and
topic agents in the wound healing of arterial leg ulcer.
1.3 Research Objectives
1. Critical evaluation of existing literature on the available dressing and topical agents used in
wound healing
2. To evaluate topical treatments and wound healing in terms of recovery speeds and patient-
centered consequences.
3. Appraisal of the effective dressing and topical agents used in wound healing of arterial leg
ulcer
1.4 Research question
Is there an impact of using Topical agents (ointments and creams) and wound dressings used to
treat arterial leg ulcers healing?

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1.5 Significance of the study
Atherosclerotic ulceration with in lower limbs may lead to major consequences such as
infections, gangrene, resection, and fatality. It is critical to minimize arterial ulcers as well as
thus address its fundamental circulation flow deficit as soon as possible. Improved circulation,
cautious wound debridement, and pain management are all nursing aims. To prevent an ulcer
from infection, manage exudate, improve autolytic debridement, minimize pain, and promote a
supportive therapeutic milieu, employ occlusive treatments. Dressings and topical treatments are
an important aspect of wound management for arterial ulcers, however there are a lot of them,
and it's unknown how they affect healing process. With the paucity of literature emphasizing the
best therapeutic management of atrial leg ulcers, this systematic review would analyze existing
dressing and topical agents utilized in managing wounds. On the contrary novel clinical trials
accessing efficacy and usage of topical agents and dressing would also be evaluated which could
provide key insights in drawing conclusive suggestions on the effective management strategies
that could be employed in the clinical setting.

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Chapter Two
Literature Review
1.0 Introduction
This section will offer a comprehensive overview of the aetiology, pathophysiology, and current
dressings and topical medicines used in clinical practice for arterial ulcers. There will also be a
glimpse at the prevalence of the disease, the influence of promoting health in terms of
prevention, and the consequences of poor ulcer care on prognosis. Additional evidence would be
gathered through a study of existing medical literature that takes into account current nursing
procedures. Ultimately, the existing literature on the effectiveness of currently used treatment
approaches will be thoroughly examined.
1.1 Arterial leg ulcers and pathophysiology
A decreased arterial blood flow to the lower leg causes arterial ulceration. Atheromatous diseases
of both the large and medium arteries is the most prevalent cause. Diabetes, vasculitis,
thromboangiitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, sickle cell disease and thalassaemia are some of the
other conditions that may lead to atheroma development. Concurrent hypertension causes further
harm to the vascular system by damaging overall intimal layers of the artery. Tissue hypoxic and
tissue injury come from a decline in arterial blood flow. Tissue damage and ulcer development
may be exacerbated by thrombotic and atheroembolic events (Grey, Harding, and Enoch, 2006).
Ischemia of the dermis and underlying tissues may develop from arteriolar or arterial blockage,
which could progress to ulceration. Diabetes with macrovascular or microvascular diseases,
Atherosclerosisand/or vasculitis may all cause an ischemic leg, which can contribute to ulcers
(Sarkar and Ballantyne,2001).
The pathogenesis of an ischemic leg ulcer encompasses three pathways:
Extra - mural strangling (1) Mural hypertrophy or accumulation (2) Intramural blood flow
restriction
Extramural strangulation is caused by scar and radiodermatitis, which cause fibrotic bands
surrounding the arterioles, resulting in tiny but chronic ischemic ulcers. Mural thickening or

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intimal plaque accretion, as in atherosclerosis, could cause a reduction in blood circulation till
atherothrombosis, embolism, or a superimposed infection can cause full blockage, culminating in
ulceration. Changes throughout blood viscosity, platelet adhesiveness, and/or fibrinogenesis, as
in vasculitis, could obstruct the small vessels, actually results in leg ulceration.
There is frequently a significant comorbidity, and the precise etiology cannot always be
pinpointed. Owing to tissues ischemia and efflux of fibrin-like components, many acute types of
vasculitis, as well as certain subacute and chronic variants, are prone to induce leg ulcers (Sarkar
and Ballantyne,2001).
1.2 Assessment methods
There is presently insufficient significant literature which indicates on validated techniques built
particularly to acquire measurements on arterial ulcers (Beaumier et Al., 2021). Originally, the
vascular circulation to the legs were assessed manually examining the patient the palpitations on
the feet. Nevertheless, because of the mediocre predictive accuracy of such an assessment
(Moffatt 1995), objective evaluations particularly ones listed hereunder are now suggested. A
health history is taken and the blood flow to the limb is assessed to provide a prognosis (Taylor
1993). Pain is the most prevalent associated grievance. This discomfort might arise during
physical activity like walking. Intermittent claudication occurs when cramping discomfort in the
leg comes after activity and disappears when the limb is rested. This may proceed to the point
where the distance necessary to cause discomfort decreases, and the patient finally reports of
discomfort even while at rest. This is known as'rest ache.' This discomfort may not be felt by
those with neuropathy, such as diabetics. To establish the existence or absence of vascular
disease, laboratory testing are often performed. Ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) and
doppler arterial waveform analysis are two examples.
1.3 Management of Arterial leg ulcers
Limb salvage and Wound healing remain the predominant goals of therapeutic interventions.
The goals of treatment are to address the root etiology of the ulcer and promote wound healing
utilizing the most up-to-date recommendations and wound management modalities (Suman