Diabetes Type 2 and its Risk Factors

This presentation provides information on the risk factors and complications of type 2 diabetes. It discusses the impact of excess belly fat, high cholesterol levels, and smoking on the development of diabetes. The presentation also highlights the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle and provides interventions to reduce the risks of type 2 diabetes.

Nursing
Name
Institution

Diabetes Type 2
 Individuals with excess belly fat are highly likely to suffer from type 2 diabetes.
 Additionally, high cholesterol levels are very common among patients with type 2
diabetes.
 Furthermore, fasting BGL above 7mmol/L increases the risks of type 2 diabetes.
 Finally, smoking and eating fast foods increases the risks of diabetes by 30-40%
(Chang, 2012).
 Based on the above it is evident that Mr. Joni is at a high risk of developing this
complication.

Evidence Showing Risk of
Complication
 From the provided case study we are informed that Mr. Joni smokes at least a pack of
cigarettes weekly.
 Smoking raises the risks of having type 2 diabetes by approximately 30-40%.
 The more the number of packets one smokes, the higher the risks of developing this
condition.
 Diabetic people who smoke have a problem controlling the disease due to trouble with
insulin (Chang, 2012). .

Cont…
 His blood pressure is very high at 142/96mm/Hg.
 Reports suggest that almost 80 percent of individuals with type 2 diabetes have high
blood pressure (ACCORD Study Group, 2010).
 Normal BMI should not exceed 30.
 From Joni's weight(93kg) and height(1.7m) his BMI is calculated as 32.2 which is an
indication of obesity.
 The risk of having type 2 diabetes is higher in obese patients (Eckel et al., 2011).
 Mr. Joni also has a fasting BGL of 9.6mmol/L which is extremely high.

Pathophysiology of Type II Diabetes
 The body either counterattacks the effects of insulin or produces insufficient insulin.
 Insulin is the hormone that controls the concentration of glucose in the cells.
 When insufficient insulin is produced by the body, it becomes difficult to maintain
normal levels of glucose (Kahn et al., 2014).
 Therefore, controlling diabetes becomes difficult.

Cont…
 Some of the symptoms of type 2 diabetes may include (Kahn et al., 2014):
 Fatigue
 Increased frequency of urination
 Unintended loss of weight
 Increased thirst
 Increased frequency of hunger and
 Infection

Cont…
 Diabetes can affect many organs in the body including the kidney, heart, nerves, eyes,
and blood vessels (Kahn et al., 2014).
 Mr. Joni may develop heart diseases and diseases related to blood vessels.
 This may be the reason he uses Metoprolol to control his blood pressure that may
increase due to tightened blood vessels.
 He may also experience neuropathy as a result of this complication.
 Kidney damage and eye damage are other potential consequences (Kahn et al., 2014).
He uses Allopurinol to for kidney stones that may develop.
 Joni may also experience some hearing impairment.

Reducing Risks of Having Diabetes Type 2
 The chances of having type 2 diabetes can be lowered by maintaining a healthy
lifestyle (Rawal et al., 2012).
 In the case of Mr. Joni, the following two goals can help reduce the risks of the disease.
 Firstly, he needs to lose weight because his weight and BMI are unhealthy.
 Secondly, he needs to eat healthy food and avoid the takeaways that he frequently
takes.

Interventions
 There are several interventions that can help Joni to lose weight. They include (Rawal
et al., 2012):
 Obtaining the patient’s history
 Lifestyle changes. This may include changes in diet and exercise patterns.
 Building confidence and motivation.
 Medication may also be required for some patients.

Cont…
 Healthy eating is also important in preventing obesity.
 Joni should avoid food rich in calories and fat and instead consume food rich in fiber.
 Interventions to ensure healthy eating may include (Rawal et al., 2012):
 Nutrition screening and assessment.
 A nurse leading by example.
 Designing a nutrition care plan.

References
 Chang, S. A. (2012). Smoking and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & metabolism
journal, 36(6), 399-403.
 ACCORD Study Group. (2010). Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes
mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(17), 1575-1585.
 Eckel, R. H., Kahn, S. E., Ferrannini, E., Goldfine, A. B., Nathan, D. M., Schwartz, M. W., ...
& Smith, S. R. (2011). Obesity and type 2 diabetes: what can be unified and what needs to be
individualized?. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(6), 1654-1663.
 Kahn, S. E., Cooper, M. E., & Del Prato, S. (2014). Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2
diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future. The Lancet, 383(9922), 1068-1083.
 Rawal, L. B., Tapp, R. J., Williams, E. D., Chan, C., Yasin, S., & Oldenburg, B. (2012).
Prevention of type 2 diabetes and its complications in developing countries: a
review. International journal of behavioral medicine, 19(2), 121-133.