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Renal Anatomy and Physiology (PDF)

   

Added on  2021-02-21

14 Pages3386 Words230 Views
Nursing

Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................31.1 Renal anatomy and physiology........................................................................................31.2 Pathophysiology in relation with chronic renal failure....................................................41.3 Difference between chronic and acute renal failure.........................................................51.4 Renal replacement therapy...............................................................................................62.1 Side effects and nursing consideration in relation with medication. ...............................62.2 Results of GFR and Hb blood test....................................................................................73.1 Teach-back method..........................................................................................................83.2 Managing the chronic renal failure by educating individual regarding fluid intake........8CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTIONNursing is an effective technique within the health care sector in order to focus on careand support. This in turn helps in maintaining and recovering the quality of life and recover theoptimal health of the individual. This study will highlight, renal anatomy and physiology. It will also take intoconsideration pathophysiology in relation with chronic renal failure. This study will alsodemonstrate renal replacement therapy. It will also highlight, side effects and nursingconsideration in relation with medication. Furthermore, it will evaluate the results of GFR andHb blood test. This study further helps in managing the chronic renal failure by educatingindividual regarding fluid intake. MAIN BODYPART 11.1 Renal anatomy and physiology.According to Chalmers (2019), Renal anatomy of the kidney is divided into majorstructures such as inner renal medulla and outer renal cortex. These structures take shape of 8 to18 cone shaped renal lobes. Each renal contains renal cortex is surrounded with the portion ofmedulla which is referred to as renal pyramid. Kidney is found in vertebrates and is a two beanshaped organ. The left kidney is at T 12 to L3 vertebrae. Kidney receive blood from the renalarteries and the blood exits into paired renal veins. Kidney helps in regulating the concentrationand volume of fluid in the body. Kidney helps in detoxifying various harmful substances,production of erythropoietin and increase in absorption of calcium. Kidney also helps insecreting renin that helps in balancing blood pressure and electrolyte in the body. This alsoresults in chronic renal failure which results in permanent partial loss of how the kidney works.This results in high blood pressure and diabetes (Renal System & Kidney Anatomy, 2014). Thekey function of kidney is excretion and filtration of waste products from the body. Nephrons and VesselsNephrons is one of the functional units of kidney that cleanse the blood and effectivelybalance the circulation (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 2019). The afferent arterioles formhigh pressure capillaries for about 200 μm in diameter known as glomerulus. Cortex

It is the outer portion of the kidney which is between renal medulla and renal capsule. Itcontains majority of length of nephrons and also filters fluid from the body. Ureter It is a tube that effectively carries urine from kidney to the urinary bladder. Two types ofureter are there in kidney (Beachey, (2017)). One attached to each kidney. Lower half is in pelvicarea and the upper half is in abdomen. Urinary bladder It is a muscular sac in pelvis area near pubic bone. Urine is formed in kidney and istravelled down through two tubes known as ureters to bladder. 1.2 Pathophysiology in relation with chronic renal failure.Chronic kidney disease is referred to as progressive deterioration of the renal function inthe body. There are various symptoms which develop slowly in advanced level which in turnresults in nausea, vomiting, muscle twitches, water retention, under nutrition, cramps, pruritus,dysgeusia, etc. This happens because renal tissue loses function and results in variousdeformities. Pruritus is a troublesome complication is an unpleasant sensation that provokes theurge to scratch (Pathophysiology of chronic renal failure, 2003). Melanie Johnson was feelingtired, general pruritus and nausea. She was suffering from severe headaches and palpitationsfrom over 5 years. Chronic kidney disease results in diminishing the renal reserve andinefficiency which in turn results in renal failure i.e., end stage renal disease (Mårtensson &Bellomo, (2017)). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is effectively used to check how well is thekidney working. There is a decline in Glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This in turn results infiltration of macromolecules and protein (Nishi, Bergamaschi & Campos, (2015)). It helps inestimating the circulation of blood through the glomeruli every minute. Glomeruli helps infiltering the waste from the blood. This in turn results in chronic kidney failure. At the age of55-59 years old the normal range of Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is 174 and the range isbetween 48-149. The GFR of the Melanie Johnson is said to be 10ml/min/1.73m2 which statesthat she is in critical situation of chronic disease failure and kidney dysfunction. MelanieJohnson has been suffering from severe headaches and palpitations. She has been consumingIbuprofen and naproxen for headaches over 12 years without considering any medical consultation. Endstage renal disease results in loss of kidney capability because of progressive chronic kidney failure

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