Nursing Theories and Models

This report covers the application of Roy adaptation model in nursing for patients with chronic kidney disease. It discusses the overview of chronic kidney disease, the role of Roy adaptation model in nursing care, and the adaptive responses and interventions for patients with chronic kidney failure.

NURSING THEORIES AND
MODELS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Overview of chronic kidney disease.......................................................................................1
Overview of Roy adaptation model .......................................................................................2
Roy adaptation model in nursing with aspect to chronic kidney failure ...............................2
Discussion ..............................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................7
Book and Journals..................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Nursing is defined as the autonomous and collaborative care of any person which is
specify in all age, families, groups and local to other communities. They used provide care and
give them quality of care to their patient in their setting and respected workplace. The nursing
practice is usually promote the health and quality of health, as per this, they care disabled and
dying people and promote safe environment within the workplace. The shape sector of healthcare
in various manner with their health policy and in patient and health management system which
provide is based on education and provide key role to nurses and nursing unit. In addition to this,
the Roy adaptation model used to defines that a person which is facing biopsychosocial being in
their continuous interaction with proper changing environment. This environment focus on
various contextual residual stimuli which elaborate the confrontation with their internal and
external environment. This report cover the various application of Roy adaptation model which
providing systematized based care in nursing that is depend on scientific knowledge with relation
to basic need of chronic kidney disease patient. Aghakhani and et. al., (2019).
MAIN BODY
Overview of chronic kidney disease
The chronic kidney disease are also called as chronic kidney failure, this help to describe
the loss of kidney function by various causes. The function of kidney usually depend on the body
filtration method where they used to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. In addition to
this, the impurities which is filtrated by kidney is excreted through urine. The chronic disease
reaches and advanced stage which is dangerous level of fluid, electrolytes and waste liquid
which is used to build in body. In that case, there is early stages of chronic kidney disease which
have higher sign and symptoms when the kidney function are going abnormal and create
complication. The treatment for chronic disease usually focus on various progression rate which
is slow in nature, in addition this is controlled the underlying causes. The chronic kidney disease
which is used to progress to end stage kidney failure. With relation to this, they are fatal without
artificial filtering which is called as dialysis or now day this will be tackle by doing surgery
which is based on kidney transplant. Ahmad and et. al., (2020).
There are various symptoms which is associated with chronic kidney failure disease. This
is also called as progressive disease because of their slow rate of development and this can
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damage the kidney in very slowing rate. The sign and symptoms which is linked with this
disease are such as Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of appetite, fatigue and weakness, sleep problem,
depend on individuals such as analysing the rate of urination, decrease the activity of brain and
act as dump, muscle cramps and twitches are normal in this case. Individuals may be facing chest
pain, high blood pressure which is called as hypertension and this can difficult to control. As per
this the sign and symptoms of kidney disease are often non specific which is caused by illness.
The kidney is highly adaptable and able to compensate for lost function which is probably used
in such a way which can cause damage. Jacques and et. al., (2019).
Overview of Roy adaptation model
The Roy adaptation model refers to as model which is used widely in order to identify of
conceptual foundation of nursing. The development of the model used to began in late 1970s. As
per this the nurses from the United State and also from other countries came at point to maintain
a single objective and they used Roy adaptation model as well as to understand the concept of
this model and their working role in nursing and how effectively this help to provide the quality
of health and quality of care to patient who is facing issue with their chronic kidney failure. In
addition to this, Roy defines various scientific and humanistic profession which create the
importance of their knowledge in aspect to contributing health need and well-being of people in
a specified community. There are several of loop as according to Roy adaptation model, in
context to this the purpose of nursing is to enhance the compliance and life expectancy of
patient. Patient who is facing issue with their kidney failure is usually notified and undergoing in
haemodialysis which experience with changes in many life as per the daily basis.
Roy adaptation model in nursing with aspect to chronic kidney failure
In this, kidney disease is usually enhance in each year as per the epidemic proportion,
constituting a public health problem in several countries in order to know the number of patient
who face the issue of chronic kidney disease. In addition, they are undergoing in dialysis with a
particular treatment. Whereas chronic kidney disease id defined as the decrease in the number of
glomerular filtration rate that is associated with loss of regulation, endocrine and excretory
function which is associated with kidney. In context to treatment the major of people undergo
under the condition of haemodialysis. As per the various therapy which consist in the removal of
nitrogen waste which is originated from blood and removal of extreme fluid which is
accumulated in the body tissue. The regimen of continuing the treatment which is based on
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proper medication and this is depend on receiving the renal dialysis to maintain the structure and
life expectancy of patient. Chronic kidney disease and haemodialysis resist directly with the
person who is facing issue have automatically change the perception of life. Thus, this service
provided in order to improve the quality of life and the physical limitation and also it used to
improve the social life. In addition to this, they provide quality of care, quality of health and
quality of life that is based on physical and mental as per the view point of patient. Law and et.
al., (2019).
This is taken as approach by Roy adaptation model of nursing which usually guide the
patient and style of nursing with those who is facing issue regarded with chronic kidney disease.
The patient are undergoing in dialysis which help to provide and support for their life. In this,
there adaptation of the disease in order to eradicate the issue and develop new form of improved
life by quality of care. In addition, the use of nursing theory such as Roy adaptation model of
nursing has usually develop an study which present efforts to validate maximum of theories of
work organisation. The proper production of knowledge and use of skill which is achieved by
nursing in their specific terms is develop and better relationships that indicate the strong
relationships between patient and their family member by view point of nurses. This is important
in order to know the fact and various evidence which apply in nursing practice.
The Roy adaptation model is an theoretical model which is propose by Roy in nursing to
improve the issues that is generally faced by number of people during taking the services. In this,
the individuals is perceived as a holistic adaptive system, as per this the issues are adaptive in
nature and provide efficient response. The impact of environment in essential in order to
maintain the quality of system and care in a particular healthcare. The environment condition is
responsively good and also influence the condition which is surrounded and affect the person
development and proper behaviour in term of every aspect. Health of any person is revealed as a
state and process which is become as an integrated and whole person. In order to this, lastly, the
main aim of nursing are seen as the promotion of adaptive responses of the particular individuals
in the universe of the mode which defined four adaptive model. The four adaptive model which
is involves with this are physiological mode, self concept, role playing and interdependence. This
all developed by a structure of framework which help to assess the behaviour which is
formulated by proper stimulus. The nursing practice is accompanied by the nursing process and
as per this, nursing process is elaborated in Roy adaptation model in their six step such as
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behavioural stimuli assessment, evaluation of stimuli, nursing diagnose, goal setting, this also
create various intervention in term of caring and measuring the issue and evaluation. McAndrew
and et. al., (2020).
The assessment of the individuals behaviour has consist of various actions and their
responses are specific in nature and create number of circumstances. The stimuli used to trigger
number of responses in order to know classification which is divided such as focal, contextual
and residual. The focal stimuli are those which is not confront the section of individuals. The
contextual stimuli are all those which create effect or say that contribute in focal stimulus. The
residual stimuli is defined as individuals features which create an impact which is positive or
negative in situation. As per various ways that is obscure and it is hard to analyse the
measurement. Menekli and et. al., (2017).
In the third phase of nursing diagnose which reflect and judgement of the nurse on the
level of adaptation of the patient. This may indicate the positive adaptation or issue which is
create problem in adaptation. The first step which is regards to improve the positive life process
and promote adaptation. As per all the basic adaptive issue are refers as major region of interest
in adaptation which is used to describe the deviation in various core of positive adaptation
indicators, as per all Roy identifies a typology of indicators of positive adaptation and adaptive
problem that being linked with various base of four adaptive mode. Utley (2017).
As per this goal setting is consider as fourth step and the goal are the final behaviour
which can be achieved during time by the individuals. The fifth step is called as intervention
which usually elaborate the process selection of nursing care. Lastly, the final step used to
determine the evaluation which involves judgement which is effective for nursing intervention
on the behaviour approach of human system. Moreover, there are continuous change in the life
of patient after the proper treatment of chronic kidney failure and this can be handle by
intervention such as haemodialysis and dialysis treatment which is prior in taken at this
condition. The importance of validating nursing theories in their clinical practice which process
the study which is based on various identification of the elements. The determination of
components which is based on Roy theoretical model in patient which laying and covering the
condition of undergoing haemodialysis in various centre of dialysis. Dialysis is an important
factor for those who is belong to number of section and enhance the life expectancy of any
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patient who is facing issue with their kidney and the disease is chronic and critical in nature.
Poonara Goswami, D. N. P. (2020).
Discussion
There is an Brazilian society of nephrology which survey and reveal the number of
percentage of patient who is facing disease with kidney. The male patient are undergoing dialysis
is 57percent which age is 60 years and more. From this all, a similar study was found which is
related with intradialytic complication, where the sample was constituted by 61 percent which
come under the age of 25 years to 80 years. In another study it was found that there is 51 percent
of the subject are married and rest 60.6 percent had 2 to 10 years education and other such as 85
percent are religious orientation. These fact is usually deviate the study and their outcomes.
Suchy and et. al., (2018).
Regrading Roy adaptation model, there are various adaptive issue which is more than 75
percent. As per this it create the intracellular fluid retention with approx percentage of 99.4.
hyperkalemia approx 64.6, hypothermia which is about 54 percent and edema which is lies
between 54 to 55 percent. This is determined by study which was completed by institute of
nephrology, Brazil. Above all, hyperkalemia is not instant during the chronic kidney disorder in
their stage. This is caused by various circumstance such as worsening of nephropathy, causing
intense oliguria and also depend on amount of potassium which is intake during food and other
matter. With proper medication this help to replace the salt. They have also ability to minimize
the potassium and use the drug which is helpful to retain the potassium and many more. In
addition to this, the potassium secretion is always occur through kidney and the terminal stage of
chronic excretion of this ion is limited. Thus, in an attempt to maintain the proper balance of
potassium, the patient which help to intake the ion from the plasma potassium which have
accurate level and cause various critical circumstance which include cardiac arrhythmias. So,
controlling of water through the water balance recommend and monitor a diet for the low
potassium which is relate with potassium for these patient are generally key activities of nursing
team. So, nursing professional are usually promote patient adherence in the therapeutic regimen
which is established, however, it is known as this fluid and diet restriction is difficult to be
obtained. Hypothermia is consider in Roy's physiology mode regarding the basic need in the
section of protection. This was purely related to the focal stimulus cardiopulmonary bypass. As
per this, the body temperature must be below than 36 degree Celsius. Thus, it maintain the
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patient body temperature which is approx around 37 degree Celsius is an major intervention of
the nursing team in order to provide relaxation to these client. Rhoades and et. al., (2020).
There are twenty two adaptive issue according to Roy adaptation model. In this this
problem are well identified in patient who is going under the condition of haemodialysis which is
frequently used. Some of them are intracellular fluid retention, hyperkalemia, edema and
tolerance which useful for the performing in daily activities. These all problem are inserted in the
physiological mode of Roy adaptation model.
According to Roy adaptation model nursing care involves various continuous interaction
with basis of environment and this is needed to be focus on the need to change the adaptation
issue of patient in positive way. Moreover, the application of this model is used to care of patient
with their chronic kidney disorder which is associated with patient. Usually this theory or model
used to contribute some of point in the promotion of individuals adaptation and integrity. Overall
the use of this theory use in nursing process gives scientific credibility to the nursing profession
and generally it help to support the section of healthcare. Shilo (2020).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, Roy adaptation model is used to determine the various
problem which is associated with nursing care of any patient. In this the individuals is facing
issue with various chronic kidney disease which is predominately eradicate by using the Roy
adaptation model which is based on physiological aspect. This provide an aspect of intervention
for those who is facing issue with several nephron disorder. The nursing care is important in
order to retaliate the disease as soon as possible by creating new path of treatment or
intervention. Overall, to manage the kidney disease the dialysis and other treatment option are
used.
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REFERENCES
Book and Journals
Aghakhani and et. al., (2019). The effect of Roy’s adaptation model-based care plan on the
severity of depression, anxiety and stress in hospitalized patients with colorectal
cancer. Journal of hayat, 25(2), 208-219.
Ahmad and et. al., (2020). Interactive mental health assessments for Chinese Canadians: A pilot
randomized controlled trial in nurse practitioner‐led primary care clinic. Asia‐Pacific
Psychiatry, e12400.
Jacques and et. al., (2019). Filters in the coping process of people with schizophrenia: A
constructivist grounded theory study. Journal of psychiatric and mental health
nursing, 26(5-6), 142-152.
Law and et. al., (2019). Effects of footwear midsole thickness on running biomechanics. Journal
of sports sciences, 37(9), 1004-1010.
McAndrew and et. al., (2020). A theoretical lens through which to view the facilitators and
disruptors of nurse-promoted engagement with families in the ICU. Journal of Family
Nursing, 26(3), 190-212.
Menekli and et. al., (2017). Use of Roy adaptation model in nursing care of a case
obesity. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 25(3), 237-246.
Poonara Goswami, D. N. P. (2020). GENETICS & GENOMICS. Clinical Journal of Oncology
Nursing, 24(1), 81-87.
Rhoades and et. al., (2020). Influencing factors on left ventricular assist device adaptation: a
systematic review. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Cardiopulmonary and Acute
Care, 49(5), 501-511.
Shilo, A. E. (2020). Experiences, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Female Adjunct Clinical
Instructors Teaching Male Pre-licensure Nursing Students (Doctoral dissertation,
Endicott College).
Suchy and et. al., (2018). Does changing newborn bath procedure alter newborn temperatures
and exclusive breastfeeding?. Neonatal Network, 37(1), 4-10.
Utley, R. (2017). Care and Caring Frameworks. Frameworks for Advanced Nursing Practice and
Research: Philosophies, Theories, Models, and Taxonomies, 57-70.
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