Nutrition for Global Health (Doc)
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Running head: NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
Name of the student:
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NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
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Author note:
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1NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
Table of Contents
1. Introduction:................................................................................................................................2
2. Discussion....................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Health, Social and Economic Consequences of Nutrition problem:.....................................2
2.2 Cause of Malnutrition:...........................................................................................................4
2.3 Factors Influencing Nutrition Condition:..............................................................................6
2.4 Actions to address Maternal Nutrition Problems:.................................................................7
2.5 Nutrition Programme for the Pregnant Mothers:...................................................................7
2.6 Link of the Programme with Other Programmes and Recommendation:.............................9
3. Conclusion:..................................................................................................................................9
Reference:......................................................................................................................................10
Table of Contents
1. Introduction:................................................................................................................................2
2. Discussion....................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Health, Social and Economic Consequences of Nutrition problem:.....................................2
2.2 Cause of Malnutrition:...........................................................................................................4
2.3 Factors Influencing Nutrition Condition:..............................................................................6
2.4 Actions to address Maternal Nutrition Problems:.................................................................7
2.5 Nutrition Programme for the Pregnant Mothers:...................................................................7
2.6 Link of the Programme with Other Programmes and Recommendation:.............................9
3. Conclusion:..................................................................................................................................9
Reference:......................................................................................................................................10
2NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
1. Introduction:
Nutrition is the building block of healthy life and well-being. It is important to have
balanced diet in order to maintain healthy lifestyle. A balanced diet should contain every
component of nutrition such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals (Dumlu et al.
2014). Unhealthy diet, that means a diet in which there is deficiency or overdose of nutrients,
could lead to serious health issues. Malnutrition is one of the biggest issues related to nutrition
and due to poor nutritional condition in modern day; many people are suffering from such
nutrition issue (Mehta et al. 2013). Health issues related to nutrition can affect any generation or
population such as new born, children adults and old aged people as well. However, the pregnant
mothers are more prone to such nutrition issue as it could affect not only the health of the mother
but also the foetus. If the mother is suffering from malnutrition, it can cause difficulties in
survival of the foetus. The poor nutrition condition of the pregnant mother affects the delivery
condition of the mother as well. Adequate nutrition is important for the pregnant mother as it
affects the growth of body and brain of the foetus. It can lead to poor health condition so that the
baby could bear physical or mental challenges (Lee et al. 2013). The paper will discuss briefly
about the consequence of nutritional issues, various factors influencing the nutritional condition
of pregnant mothers and impact of different nutritional programmes.
2. Discussion
2.1 Health, Social and Economic Consequences of Nutrition problem:
Healthy pregnancy is important in order to give birth of a healthy baby. Poor nutrition
condition of the pregnant mother affect the health condition of the foetus to an extent. Maternal
1. Introduction:
Nutrition is the building block of healthy life and well-being. It is important to have
balanced diet in order to maintain healthy lifestyle. A balanced diet should contain every
component of nutrition such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals (Dumlu et al.
2014). Unhealthy diet, that means a diet in which there is deficiency or overdose of nutrients,
could lead to serious health issues. Malnutrition is one of the biggest issues related to nutrition
and due to poor nutritional condition in modern day; many people are suffering from such
nutrition issue (Mehta et al. 2013). Health issues related to nutrition can affect any generation or
population such as new born, children adults and old aged people as well. However, the pregnant
mothers are more prone to such nutrition issue as it could affect not only the health of the mother
but also the foetus. If the mother is suffering from malnutrition, it can cause difficulties in
survival of the foetus. The poor nutrition condition of the pregnant mother affects the delivery
condition of the mother as well. Adequate nutrition is important for the pregnant mother as it
affects the growth of body and brain of the foetus. It can lead to poor health condition so that the
baby could bear physical or mental challenges (Lee et al. 2013). The paper will discuss briefly
about the consequence of nutritional issues, various factors influencing the nutritional condition
of pregnant mothers and impact of different nutritional programmes.
2. Discussion
2.1 Health, Social and Economic Consequences of Nutrition problem:
Healthy pregnancy is important in order to give birth of a healthy baby. Poor nutrition
condition of the pregnant mother affect the health condition of the foetus to an extent. Maternal
3NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
malnutrition affects the physical and mental development of the foetus. The baby could be
susceptible to various severe diseases, for example, neural tube defects, heart disease, problems
related to low weight and many others. Poor nutrition condition of the pregnant mothers is
responsible for the low IQ level of the child. Even due to the maternal malnutrition condition, the
mother could give birth to a physically or mentally challenged baby (Agarwal et al. 2013). The
mothers are also susceptible to various health related issues. One of the main issues is the
occurrence of anaemia. Anaemia is mainly caused due to the lack of iron and folic acid and it
could leads to the risk of haemorrhage, which is the main reason of high mortality rate during
pregnancy. 40% of the pregnant woman is suffering from anaemia due to the lack of iron (Morsy
and Alhady 2014). Calcium deficiency is another risk factor of maternal mortality. Malnutrition
is the main cause of infections during pregnancy as it reduces the immunity of the pregnant
mother. Another health issue related to the malnutrition is reduction in breast milk production.
Inadequate feeding of breast milk can cause severe health issue such as stunting growth to the
newborn.
There are many social consequences occur due to malnutrition in the pregnant mothers. It
is one of the biggest causes of reducing the rate of well-being in the society and affects the
healthy lifestyle of the individual. The poor nutrition status of the newborns is responsible for the
poor nutrition status of the society and the population. Maternal malnutrition plays an important
role in diminishing the health status of the women in the society. Inadequate nutrients results in
the low IQ of the children. Study has shown that, most of the children with stinting growth delay
to get admission in the school (Chertoff 2015). They may results in the less educated adults and
could suffer from earning problem or unemployment in future. Such incidents affect the overall
social status of the population. High infant and maternal mortality rate of a population is due to
malnutrition affects the physical and mental development of the foetus. The baby could be
susceptible to various severe diseases, for example, neural tube defects, heart disease, problems
related to low weight and many others. Poor nutrition condition of the pregnant mothers is
responsible for the low IQ level of the child. Even due to the maternal malnutrition condition, the
mother could give birth to a physically or mentally challenged baby (Agarwal et al. 2013). The
mothers are also susceptible to various health related issues. One of the main issues is the
occurrence of anaemia. Anaemia is mainly caused due to the lack of iron and folic acid and it
could leads to the risk of haemorrhage, which is the main reason of high mortality rate during
pregnancy. 40% of the pregnant woman is suffering from anaemia due to the lack of iron (Morsy
and Alhady 2014). Calcium deficiency is another risk factor of maternal mortality. Malnutrition
is the main cause of infections during pregnancy as it reduces the immunity of the pregnant
mother. Another health issue related to the malnutrition is reduction in breast milk production.
Inadequate feeding of breast milk can cause severe health issue such as stunting growth to the
newborn.
There are many social consequences occur due to malnutrition in the pregnant mothers. It
is one of the biggest causes of reducing the rate of well-being in the society and affects the
healthy lifestyle of the individual. The poor nutrition status of the newborns is responsible for the
poor nutrition status of the society and the population. Maternal malnutrition plays an important
role in diminishing the health status of the women in the society. Inadequate nutrients results in
the low IQ of the children. Study has shown that, most of the children with stinting growth delay
to get admission in the school (Chertoff 2015). They may results in the less educated adults and
could suffer from earning problem or unemployment in future. Such incidents affect the overall
social status of the population. High infant and maternal mortality rate of a population is due to
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4NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
the poor nutrition condition of the pregnant mothers. Undernourished infants and mothers are
more susceptible to the communicable diseases. It causes increase in the rate of transmissible
disease in the society. The population has to suffer from the consequence and such incidents
results in the cost to society in order to take care of the suffering people.
The improved nutrition condition is important to live a healthy life and poor nutrition
condition affects the health of individual and the well-being of the society. Despite of affecting
the social and health status, malnutrition has strong influence on the economic condition of a
population. Productivity and development of the nation is directly related to the health status of
the nation. Slow growth or stunt growth due to poor nutrition condition of pregnant mothers
reduces the productivity of the nation thus reduce the profitability as well. Low rate of literacy
due to malnutrition leads to high rate of unemployment in the nation, which directly affects the
economic condition of the nation. In such health condition a nation has to spend more money for
the health care purpose, which affect the economy of the nation. Malnutrition reduces the rate of
growth of the country. According to statistics, 2 to 3 percent of the Gross Domestic Product is
the economic cost of malnutrition in the developed countries and in the nation that is highly
affected with malnutrition; the economic cost is 16% approx (Horton and Steckel 2013).
2.2 Cause of Malnutrition:
Malnutrition is caused by many factors. The main causes of malnutrition are as followed-
Lack of healthy diet is one of the main causes of malnutrition. A proper diet must
contain appropriate amount of nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and
minerals. Most of the people do not have idea about nutrients and proper diet. In poor
the poor nutrition condition of the pregnant mothers. Undernourished infants and mothers are
more susceptible to the communicable diseases. It causes increase in the rate of transmissible
disease in the society. The population has to suffer from the consequence and such incidents
results in the cost to society in order to take care of the suffering people.
The improved nutrition condition is important to live a healthy life and poor nutrition
condition affects the health of individual and the well-being of the society. Despite of affecting
the social and health status, malnutrition has strong influence on the economic condition of a
population. Productivity and development of the nation is directly related to the health status of
the nation. Slow growth or stunt growth due to poor nutrition condition of pregnant mothers
reduces the productivity of the nation thus reduce the profitability as well. Low rate of literacy
due to malnutrition leads to high rate of unemployment in the nation, which directly affects the
economic condition of the nation. In such health condition a nation has to spend more money for
the health care purpose, which affect the economy of the nation. Malnutrition reduces the rate of
growth of the country. According to statistics, 2 to 3 percent of the Gross Domestic Product is
the economic cost of malnutrition in the developed countries and in the nation that is highly
affected with malnutrition; the economic cost is 16% approx (Horton and Steckel 2013).
2.2 Cause of Malnutrition:
Malnutrition is caused by many factors. The main causes of malnutrition are as followed-
Lack of healthy diet is one of the main causes of malnutrition. A proper diet must
contain appropriate amount of nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and
minerals. Most of the people do not have idea about nutrients and proper diet. In poor
5NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
population, people do not have access to proper nutrients. Such situations lead to
malnutrition.
Malnutrition can cause by the symptoms of any disease. For example, low intake of food
due to dysphagia, in which a person face difficulties in swallowing food can lead to
malnutrition (Crary et al. 2013).
Due to digestive problem and poor stomach condition people may suffer from
malnutrition. Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis is such a condition in which a person
face difficulties in absorbing nutrients (Shen, Zuo and Mao 2013).
Malnutrition in the newborn is mainly caused by the poor health condition of the mother.
If the mother does not intake proper nutrients during pregnancy, the newborn may suffer
from the illness.
Inadequate breast-feeding is the main cause of malnutrition in the infants.
Excessive addiction to alcohol can damage the pancreas and the person fails to absorb
nutrients from the food. Such person does not feel hungry as alcohol contains calorie.
Thus, they do not eat proper amount of food and become prone to malnutrition.
Poverty is directly linked to malnutrition. People from poor population lack access to
adequate amount of food and suffers from malnutrition.
Eating disorder such as Anorexia Nervosa in which people refuse to eat proper amount
of food in order to avoid obesity and Bulimia Nervosa in which people have tendency to
eat excessive food can cause malnutrition.
Lack of healthy environment is also responsible for the illness. In the unhygienic
environment, food can become contaminated with harmful organisms and eating such
unhygienic food can cause malnutrition.
population, people do not have access to proper nutrients. Such situations lead to
malnutrition.
Malnutrition can cause by the symptoms of any disease. For example, low intake of food
due to dysphagia, in which a person face difficulties in swallowing food can lead to
malnutrition (Crary et al. 2013).
Due to digestive problem and poor stomach condition people may suffer from
malnutrition. Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis is such a condition in which a person
face difficulties in absorbing nutrients (Shen, Zuo and Mao 2013).
Malnutrition in the newborn is mainly caused by the poor health condition of the mother.
If the mother does not intake proper nutrients during pregnancy, the newborn may suffer
from the illness.
Inadequate breast-feeding is the main cause of malnutrition in the infants.
Excessive addiction to alcohol can damage the pancreas and the person fails to absorb
nutrients from the food. Such person does not feel hungry as alcohol contains calorie.
Thus, they do not eat proper amount of food and become prone to malnutrition.
Poverty is directly linked to malnutrition. People from poor population lack access to
adequate amount of food and suffers from malnutrition.
Eating disorder such as Anorexia Nervosa in which people refuse to eat proper amount
of food in order to avoid obesity and Bulimia Nervosa in which people have tendency to
eat excessive food can cause malnutrition.
Lack of healthy environment is also responsible for the illness. In the unhygienic
environment, food can become contaminated with harmful organisms and eating such
unhygienic food can cause malnutrition.
6NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
Lack of proper resources and unequal access to the resources lead to the consequence of
malnutrition in the society.
Figure 1: UNICEF framework for the causes of malnutrition.
Source: (Pieters, Guariso and Vandeplas 2013)
The UNICEF framework of cause of malnutrition has defined the causes in three level;
basic cause including lack of social, financial and economic resources, underlying causes
including household food security, inadequate health care practice and unhygienic environment
and immediate causes including symptoms of other diseases, improper diet and maternal under
nutrition.
Lack of proper resources and unequal access to the resources lead to the consequence of
malnutrition in the society.
Figure 1: UNICEF framework for the causes of malnutrition.
Source: (Pieters, Guariso and Vandeplas 2013)
The UNICEF framework of cause of malnutrition has defined the causes in three level;
basic cause including lack of social, financial and economic resources, underlying causes
including household food security, inadequate health care practice and unhygienic environment
and immediate causes including symptoms of other diseases, improper diet and maternal under
nutrition.
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7NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
2.3 Factors Influencing Nutrition Condition:
There are many factors that plays an important role in influencing the nutrition condition
of the population and all the factors are inter connected. Poverty is one of the main factors. Due
to poverty, people lack access proper amount of food and suffer from malnutrition (Kaliamoorth
2013). This factor influences the health factor like lack of balanced diet. As mentioned before,
symptoms of many diseases are another factor that influences the nutrition condition. Such health
factors occur due to unhygienic environmental condition. In unhygienic environment, there is
high chance of contamination of food with harmful microbes that can lead to malnutrition. They
are the main factors that influence the poor nutrition condition of a nation and they need to be
addressed in order to maintain healthy life.
2.4 Actions to address Maternal Nutrition Problems:
The poor nutrition in the pregnant mothers is a threat for future of a nation, thus, the issue
need to be addresses in an effective manner. Proper education related to nutrition is needed to
provide to individual so that they can understand the importance of balanced diet. Diagnosis of
malnutrition is needed at the first stage of pregnancy in order to provide proper treatment. A
special diet chart is needed to provide to the pregnant mothers so that they can intake proper
amount of food. Medication needs to be provided for a supplement of essential nutrients. Many
health drinks are available in the recent days for pregnant women, including them in the diet can
be proved beneficial (Pee et al. 2015). Proper breast-feeding is needed for the infant from 0-6
months, as it is the main source of nutrients for them. Such actions could help to reduce the
incident of malnutrition in pregnant mothers (Khan, Iqbal and Arshad 2015).
2.3 Factors Influencing Nutrition Condition:
There are many factors that plays an important role in influencing the nutrition condition
of the population and all the factors are inter connected. Poverty is one of the main factors. Due
to poverty, people lack access proper amount of food and suffer from malnutrition (Kaliamoorth
2013). This factor influences the health factor like lack of balanced diet. As mentioned before,
symptoms of many diseases are another factor that influences the nutrition condition. Such health
factors occur due to unhygienic environmental condition. In unhygienic environment, there is
high chance of contamination of food with harmful microbes that can lead to malnutrition. They
are the main factors that influence the poor nutrition condition of a nation and they need to be
addressed in order to maintain healthy life.
2.4 Actions to address Maternal Nutrition Problems:
The poor nutrition in the pregnant mothers is a threat for future of a nation, thus, the issue
need to be addresses in an effective manner. Proper education related to nutrition is needed to
provide to individual so that they can understand the importance of balanced diet. Diagnosis of
malnutrition is needed at the first stage of pregnancy in order to provide proper treatment. A
special diet chart is needed to provide to the pregnant mothers so that they can intake proper
amount of food. Medication needs to be provided for a supplement of essential nutrients. Many
health drinks are available in the recent days for pregnant women, including them in the diet can
be proved beneficial (Pee et al. 2015). Proper breast-feeding is needed for the infant from 0-6
months, as it is the main source of nutrients for them. Such actions could help to reduce the
incident of malnutrition in pregnant mothers (Khan, Iqbal and Arshad 2015).
8NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
2.5 Nutrition Programme for the Pregnant Mothers:
Many nutrition programmes has been provided in order to counter the issue of nutrition
regarding pregnancy. One of such programme is Community Nutrition Programme provided by
the World Health Organization (Vaidyananthan and Shrimpton 2017). Through the programme
service is provided at the community nutrition centres in the poor rural and urban areas. The
objective of the programme was to provide pure water and increase the household food security
in the poor areas in order to reduce the severity of poor nutrition condition especially for the
vulnerable population like pregnant women. The target population of the programme was
pregnant women, infant and children. The key component was service for improving maternal
health and providing healthy growth to the infants and children. Through the service, proper
nutrition guidelines were provided in the urban and peri-urban areas. A community-based
intervention was provided in order to address the nutrition issue through large-scale programme.
The programme has reduced the underweight issue to an extent and the programme became
successful due to providing service to the vulnerable community.
2.5 Nutrition Programme for the Pregnant Mothers:
Many nutrition programmes has been provided in order to counter the issue of nutrition
regarding pregnancy. One of such programme is Community Nutrition Programme provided by
the World Health Organization (Vaidyananthan and Shrimpton 2017). Through the programme
service is provided at the community nutrition centres in the poor rural and urban areas. The
objective of the programme was to provide pure water and increase the household food security
in the poor areas in order to reduce the severity of poor nutrition condition especially for the
vulnerable population like pregnant women. The target population of the programme was
pregnant women, infant and children. The key component was service for improving maternal
health and providing healthy growth to the infants and children. Through the service, proper
nutrition guidelines were provided in the urban and peri-urban areas. A community-based
intervention was provided in order to address the nutrition issue through large-scale programme.
The programme has reduced the underweight issue to an extent and the programme became
successful due to providing service to the vulnerable community.
9NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
Figure: UNICEF framework for intervene of nutrition programme.
Source: (Vaidyananthan and Shrimpton 2017)
Figure: UNICEF framework for intervene of nutrition programme.
Source: (Vaidyananthan and Shrimpton 2017)
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10NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
2.6 Link of the Programme with Other Programmes and Recommendation:
The contribution of the programme is remarkable, as it has provided essential resources
to the people with need. The programme linked with other programmes regarding nutrition
problem by providing guidelines of nutrition interventions. The motive of such programmes is
same; reduction of challenges related to poor nutrition (Bhutta et al. 2013). Still problems existed
in many populations. In order to counter the issue related to nutrition, it is important to make
education a part of the programme. To resolve the nutrition problem people need to know about
the importance of balanced diet so that they can intake proper food in order to remain healthy
(Shrimpton et al. 2014). Such extra effort in the programme could lead to success of the
programme to an extent.
3. Conclusion:
From the above information, it can be concluded that, nutrition is the essential part of
daily life and one should intake proper nutrients in order to remain healthy. Due to lack of
nutrition many health related issue could occur. Malnutrition is one of such issues in the recent
days. Pregnant mothers are the most vulnerable community that are prone to malnutrition. The
poor nutrition condition of the mother can affect the physical and mental growth of the baby. The
consequence of malnutrition affects health, social and economic status of a nation. In order to
prevent the illness proper information about nutrition is important to provide to individual
through nutrition programmes. Such steps can be proved beneficial in addressing the health issue
related to nutrition and help a nation to achieve sustainable development.
2.6 Link of the Programme with Other Programmes and Recommendation:
The contribution of the programme is remarkable, as it has provided essential resources
to the people with need. The programme linked with other programmes regarding nutrition
problem by providing guidelines of nutrition interventions. The motive of such programmes is
same; reduction of challenges related to poor nutrition (Bhutta et al. 2013). Still problems existed
in many populations. In order to counter the issue related to nutrition, it is important to make
education a part of the programme. To resolve the nutrition problem people need to know about
the importance of balanced diet so that they can intake proper food in order to remain healthy
(Shrimpton et al. 2014). Such extra effort in the programme could lead to success of the
programme to an extent.
3. Conclusion:
From the above information, it can be concluded that, nutrition is the essential part of
daily life and one should intake proper nutrients in order to remain healthy. Due to lack of
nutrition many health related issue could occur. Malnutrition is one of such issues in the recent
days. Pregnant mothers are the most vulnerable community that are prone to malnutrition. The
poor nutrition condition of the mother can affect the physical and mental growth of the baby. The
consequence of malnutrition affects health, social and economic status of a nation. In order to
prevent the illness proper information about nutrition is important to provide to individual
through nutrition programmes. Such steps can be proved beneficial in addressing the health issue
related to nutrition and help a nation to achieve sustainable development.
11NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
Reference:
Agarwal, E., Ferguson, M., Banks, M., Batterham, M., Bauer, J., Capra, S. and Isenring, E.,
2013. Malnutrition and poor food intake are associated with prolonged hospital stay, frequent
readmissions, and greater in-hospital mortality: results from the Nutrition Care Day Survey
2010. Clinical Nutrition, 32(5), pp.737-745.
Bhutta, Z.A., Das, J.K., Rizvi, A., Gaffey, M.F., Walker, N., Horton, S., Webb, P., Lartey, A.
and Black, R.E., 2013. Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child
nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?. The lancet, 382(9890), pp.452-477.
Chertoff, M., 2015. Protein malnutrition and brain development. Brain Disord. Ther, 4(171),
pp.10-4172.
Crary, M.A., Humphrey, J.L., Carnaby-Mann, G., Sambandam, R., Miller, L. and Silliman, S.,
2013. Dysphagia, nutrition, and hydration in ischemic stroke patients at admission and discharge
from acute care. Dysphagia, 28(1), pp.69-76.
de Pee, S., Grais, R., Fenn, B., Brown, R., Briend, A., Frize, J., Shoham, J. and Kiess, L., 2015.
Prevention of acute malnutrition: distribution of special nutritious foods and cash, and addressing
underlying causes—what to recommend when, where, for whom, and how. Food and nutrition
bulletin, 36(1_suppl1), pp.S24-S29.
Dumlu, e.g., özdedeoğlu, M., Bozkurt, B., Tokac, M., Yalcin, A., öztürk, L. and Kilic, M., 2014.
A general consideration of the importance of nutrition for critically ill patients. Turkish journal
of medical sciences, 44(6), pp.1055-1059.
Reference:
Agarwal, E., Ferguson, M., Banks, M., Batterham, M., Bauer, J., Capra, S. and Isenring, E.,
2013. Malnutrition and poor food intake are associated with prolonged hospital stay, frequent
readmissions, and greater in-hospital mortality: results from the Nutrition Care Day Survey
2010. Clinical Nutrition, 32(5), pp.737-745.
Bhutta, Z.A., Das, J.K., Rizvi, A., Gaffey, M.F., Walker, N., Horton, S., Webb, P., Lartey, A.
and Black, R.E., 2013. Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child
nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?. The lancet, 382(9890), pp.452-477.
Chertoff, M., 2015. Protein malnutrition and brain development. Brain Disord. Ther, 4(171),
pp.10-4172.
Crary, M.A., Humphrey, J.L., Carnaby-Mann, G., Sambandam, R., Miller, L. and Silliman, S.,
2013. Dysphagia, nutrition, and hydration in ischemic stroke patients at admission and discharge
from acute care. Dysphagia, 28(1), pp.69-76.
de Pee, S., Grais, R., Fenn, B., Brown, R., Briend, A., Frize, J., Shoham, J. and Kiess, L., 2015.
Prevention of acute malnutrition: distribution of special nutritious foods and cash, and addressing
underlying causes—what to recommend when, where, for whom, and how. Food and nutrition
bulletin, 36(1_suppl1), pp.S24-S29.
Dumlu, e.g., özdedeoğlu, M., Bozkurt, B., Tokac, M., Yalcin, A., öztürk, L. and Kilic, M., 2014.
A general consideration of the importance of nutrition for critically ill patients. Turkish journal
of medical sciences, 44(6), pp.1055-1059.
12NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
Horton, S. and Steckel, R.H., 2013. Malnutrition: global economic losses attributable to
malnutrition 1900–2000 and projections to 2050. How Much Have Global Problems Cost the
Earth? A Scorecard from 1900 to, 2050, pp.247-272.
Kaliamoorth, N., 2013. Poverty and malnutrition. Language in India, 13(4), pp.67-78.
Khan, S., Iqbal, I. and Arshad, R., 2015. Awareness regarding breast feeding and complementary
feeding in mothers of children with severe acute malnutrition at stabilization centre
Multan. International Journal of Food and Allied Sciences, 1(1), pp.32-35.
Lee, S.E., Talegawkar, S.A., Merialdi, M. and Caulfield, L.E., 2013. Dietary intakes of women
during pregnancy in low-and middle-income countries. Public health nutrition, 16(8), pp.1340-
1353.
Mehta, N.M., Corkins, M.R., Lyman, B., Malone, A., Goday, P.S., Carney, L., Monczka, J.L.,
Plogsted, S.W., Schwenk, W.F. and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
(ASPEN) Board of Directors, 2013. Defining pediatric malnutrition: a paradigm shift toward
etiology-related definitions. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 37(4), pp.460-481.
Morsy, N. and Alhady, S., 2014. Nutritional status and socio-economic conditions influencing
prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women. International journal of scientific & technology
research, 3(7), pp.54-60.
Pieters, H., Guariso, A. and Vandeplas, A., 2013. Conceptual framework for the analysis of the
determinants of food and nutrition security. FOODSECURE WP, (13).
Horton, S. and Steckel, R.H., 2013. Malnutrition: global economic losses attributable to
malnutrition 1900–2000 and projections to 2050. How Much Have Global Problems Cost the
Earth? A Scorecard from 1900 to, 2050, pp.247-272.
Kaliamoorth, N., 2013. Poverty and malnutrition. Language in India, 13(4), pp.67-78.
Khan, S., Iqbal, I. and Arshad, R., 2015. Awareness regarding breast feeding and complementary
feeding in mothers of children with severe acute malnutrition at stabilization centre
Multan. International Journal of Food and Allied Sciences, 1(1), pp.32-35.
Lee, S.E., Talegawkar, S.A., Merialdi, M. and Caulfield, L.E., 2013. Dietary intakes of women
during pregnancy in low-and middle-income countries. Public health nutrition, 16(8), pp.1340-
1353.
Mehta, N.M., Corkins, M.R., Lyman, B., Malone, A., Goday, P.S., Carney, L., Monczka, J.L.,
Plogsted, S.W., Schwenk, W.F. and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
(ASPEN) Board of Directors, 2013. Defining pediatric malnutrition: a paradigm shift toward
etiology-related definitions. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 37(4), pp.460-481.
Morsy, N. and Alhady, S., 2014. Nutritional status and socio-economic conditions influencing
prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women. International journal of scientific & technology
research, 3(7), pp.54-60.
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13NUTRITION FOR GLOBAL HEALTH
Shen, J., Zuo, Z.X. and Mao, A.P., 2013. Effect of probiotics on inducing remission and
maintaining therapy in ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and pouchitis: meta-analysis of
randomized controlled trials. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 20(1), pp.21-35.
Shrimpton, R., Hughes, R., Recine, E., Mason, J.B., Sanders, D., Marks, G.C. and Margetts, B.,
2014. Nutrition capacity development: a practice framework. Public health nutrition, 17(3),
pp.682-688.
Vaidyananthan, S. and Shrimpton, R., 2017. Community Based Nutrition Programs–Critical
design elements and Research needs. World Nutrition, 8(1), pp.41-51.
Shen, J., Zuo, Z.X. and Mao, A.P., 2013. Effect of probiotics on inducing remission and
maintaining therapy in ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and pouchitis: meta-analysis of
randomized controlled trials. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 20(1), pp.21-35.
Shrimpton, R., Hughes, R., Recine, E., Mason, J.B., Sanders, D., Marks, G.C. and Margetts, B.,
2014. Nutrition capacity development: a practice framework. Public health nutrition, 17(3),
pp.682-688.
Vaidyananthan, S. and Shrimpton, R., 2017. Community Based Nutrition Programs–Critical
design elements and Research needs. World Nutrition, 8(1), pp.41-51.
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