Nutritional Biochemistry and Exercise for Health

This report covers the biochemical and physiological mechanisms underpinning hypertension, including causes and symptoms. It also discusses the possible role of diet and exercise in management of hypertension, with references to authoritative guidelines and scientific literature. The report emphasizes the importance of lifestyle modifications, such as a low-sodium diet and regular exercise, in preventing and treating hypertension.

Nutritional Biochemistry
and Exercise for Health

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................1
Discuss the biochemical and physiological mechanisms underpinning hypertension.................1
With authoritative guidelines and scientific literature, appraise the possible role of diet and
exercise in management of hypertension.....................................................................................4
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Hypertension is a condition when the blood pressure is too high than normal. High blood
pressure or hypertension is a common condition in which prolonged force of blood against artery
wall sis too high enough that it may cause health problems and relative heart diseases (Alessa
and et. al., 2019). Blood pressure is both determined by quantity of blood that heart pumps and
there is resistance in amount of blood flowing in arteries. In this report, biochemical and
physiological mechanism underpinning hypertension will be covered with incidences and
prevalences of hypertension. Causes of hypertension by reference to relevant biochemical and
physiological mechanisms will also be covered in this report. This report will also comprise
major references and other related relevant authoritative guidelines and scientific literature and
possible role of both diet and exercise in management of hypertension. Role of both diet and
exercise in management of hypertension will also be covered in report (Almeida and et. al.,
2020).
TASK 2
Discuss the biochemical and physiological mechanisms underpinning hypertension
Hypertension which is also known as raised blood pressure or in general high blood
pressure which is mainly a condition where blood vessels have consistently inclined blood
pressure. Blood is carried out from heart to all the various parts and organs of body in blood
vessels and the process goes on. As high blood pressure is a serious health disease globally and
functionally is known as resting systolic/ diastolic blood pressure higher than 140/90 mm Hg.
Hypertension causes stiffening and hardening of blood vessels which is basically the arteries and
so this condition is known as atherosclerosis (Ammirati, 2020). When heart pressurises blood
vessels to pump blood to each part of the body this can lead to heart attacks, heart strokes and
various other heart related diseases and complications. Inclined or high blood pressure can lead
to weakening of blood vessels and also their bulging which ultimately forms the Aneurysm.
Rupturing of an Aneurysm can lead to life threatening risks to patients. The very ordinary or
common symptoms of raised blood pressure comprises of fatigue, nausea, shortening in breaths,
heavy breaths, headaches, increased sweating, heart palpitations. Irregular heart beats and
issuances that are related to visions, dilemmas in functionalities are other symptoms included.
These symptoms can be serious and fatal for patients at times, and that is why this should be
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provided more of care and proper medical attention with medical warrant prompt care (Bathgate
and et. al., 2018). Biomedical testing encompasses serving to determining in those who are
hypertensive and also those who are at great risk on basis of evidence of dysglycaemia, renal
impairment, or any related damage to target organ and to exclude acknowledgeable roots of
hypertension. As narrowing of blood vessels causes blood to exert more or excessive pressurised
blood against blood vessels that causes blood to exert more pressurised blood against blood
vessels or artery walls. This thus then forces heart to work more harder in pumping blood
pressure. Cardiovascular control system majorly controls blood pressure and blood perfusion
processes that are involved (Chernova and Krishnan, 2019). Major functioning involves the renin
angiotensin in system, and also by some other local vascular mechanisms such as shear stress
spontaneous with nitric oxide (N0) that is from endothelium. Hypertension condition mainly
leads to chronic inclination of blood pressure which if is in long term can cause destruction to
end organs. And this results in increased morbidity and mortality rates among people. Blood
pressure is result of cardiac end product and resistances towards vascular systems. The power of
hypertension is increased mainly in case of men than in women and other related older people.
So annual incidence rate in this population was approximately around 8% to 9% for the first four
consecutive years of research (Eales and et. al., 2021). This than leaded to 5% to 6% for the
upcoming 5 years or research and investigation in men and women with group that is aged
between 45 to 83 years. High blood pressure or hypertension impacts and affects more than 1 in
4 adults and around 12.5 million people were impacted by hypertension in 2015. There was a
prevalence rate among men and that was 31% and among women it was 26% in 2015 with a very
small alteration over the past few years.
There are many biological processes and functionalities engaged which are affected by
high blood pressure. Any abnormalities of related biochemical pathways mainly contributes to
evolution and development of high blood pressure or hypertension in people. Stress related
habits such as eating more than normal eating habits, use of tobacco and any drinking alcohol
habits can mainly lead to increase in blood pressure (Kalantar-Zadeh and et. al., 2019). There are
many specific and chronic conditions which can lead to and may incline to risks that are
associated with high blood pressure and other related diseases with kidneys, diabetes and may
also lead to sleep apnoea. Hypertension or high blood pressure is associated to an interaction
between autonomic and the renin angiotensin system. High blood pressure is the result of
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outcomes that comes from abnormalities of control system and their incompetencies in
controlling and managing by regulating normal blood pressure. These systems are accountable in
holding up responsibilities of achieving blood pressure homeostasis where they include vascular,
cardio-genic, urinary organ, neurogenic and endocrine mechanism that is very crucial in
interaction in a complex but integrated way of process achievement and related accomplishment
(Messerli and et. al., 2018). Hypertension majorly damages arteries by making them less elastic,
this mainly degrades the flow of blood and oxygen to heart ultimately leading to heart diseases .
In addition, degraded blood flow and pumping of blood can majorly cause chest pain, which is
also known as angina.
Normal blood pressure is detailed about having 120 mm HG and diastolic is less than 80
mm Hg. Raised blood pressure or hypertension mainly refers to systolic blood pressure that
ranges from 120 to 129 mm Hg and diastolic ranges less than 80mm Hg. Stage 1 hypertension
mainly refers to systolic blood pressure which ranges from 130 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic
blood pressure which ranges from 80-89 mm Hg. Stage 2 hypertension is more severe with
comparison to stage 1, where systolic blood pressure is 140 mm Hg or a higher diastolic blood
pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher equivalence to normal blood pressure that is 130/90 mm Hg
(Mills and et. al., 2020). Hypertension is mainly diagnosed when there is a consistent inclination
in blood pressure in . Yet, there are majority of patients who do not suffice for immediate drug
therapy who have high blood pressure value ranging between 130-139/80-89 mm Hg (stage 1).
So the guidelines is revised again by breaking new grounds with it's related recommendations.
The release of major set of guidelines for high blood pressure that are globally accepted have
come from authoritative group which is commissioned jointly by the European Society of
Cardiology and European Society of Hypertension (ESH/ESC guidelines) to aid people with
improving results with hypertensive people and people living in their related community. This
has impacted a lot of people in taking care of themselves with extra attention and taking benefits
of health care professional and therapies associated to treatment of high blood pressure
(Rantanen and et. al., 2018).
The causes of high blood pressure is generally not known. In many cases, this is the result
of an inbuilt condition. Hypertension or high blood pressure that do not happen due to other
conditions or any disease is referred to as primary hypertension or high blood pressure. If an
inherent condition is a major cause for high blood pressure, the health care professionals or
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doctors refers to secondary hypertension. There are various ways in which hypertension is
caused and they include; having obesity issues, insulin related resistance, high level of salt intake
can also be a major factor. Also having a inactive living lifestyles also impacts the high blood
pressure issues, smoking etc. secondary hypertension or high blood pressure has their certain and
specific major causes and it is a complication that is related to other related health issues
(Schiffrin and et. al., 2020). Some of the environmental risk factors such as intake of salt for
example sodium and potassium can make harder for the kidneys to remove fluids from body, that
ultimately builds up in the system and elevates the blood pressure level and is accountable for
high blood pressure. The high level intake of sodium and potassium can mainly impact blood
pressure and can cause high blood pressure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) mainly refers to an
ordinary factor which leads to high blood pressure. This is possible because the kidney is not
able to process and filtering out of fluids. The excessive fluid in kidney leads to high blood
pressure. Hypertension can also lead to CKD. There are other factors or conditions that causes to
high blood pressure and they tend to include more of major diseases such as diabetes, Cushing's
syndrome, pregnancies, hyperthyroidism etc.
With authoritative guidelines and scientific literature, appraise the possible role of diet and
exercise in management of hypertension
Authoritative guidelines are majorly for evolution in healthcare system in hypertension
an this brings alterations in lifestyles of one having issues with high blood pressure. There are
crucial and measure plans mentioned with references to conquer hypertension. Lifestyle aspect
changes plays an impacting and important role in management of hypertension. Dietary
modifications are important measure in preventing the initial prospect in treating hypertension.
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) is a study which detailed that diet that are
low in sodium (limited to 65 to 100 mmol/day) and high in fruits and green leafy vegetables with
calcium intake is very crucial in treatment of of high blood pressure. Other recommendations
includes following of diet which is low in saturated fats and cholesterol. Exercise is very crucial
part of an individual's lifestyle. So special step should be taken in consideration in degrading the
impacts of hypertension and they are encompassed of regular exercise (Snarska and et. al., 2020).
Exercise refers to critically an important activity which should be done on daily basis to enhance
body fluid circulation which leads to healthy life living activities and body functionalities in
children and young adults. In case of hypertension, exercising plays a major role. Exercise aids
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patients with enhanced sympathetic nervous system related activities. Patients who are
hypertension often feels stressed out and this stress leads to elevation in their blood pressure.
Well established modifications in diet leads in lowering of blood pressure and they include
reduced salt intake, related weight loss, and level of alcohol consumption in those who drinks.
Maintenance of normal body weight and regular exercise will keep body fit and this fosters
patients in rendering high blood pressure. Adherence to these habits leads to easy recollection of
health and sound body operations.
Effect of diet and exercise on high blood pressure has majorly demonstrated that a low fat
diet with fruits and vegetables and a low fat dietary food products can degrade or reduce blood
pressure in both hypertension including normal or normotensive individuals (Tomaszewski and
et. al., 2022). Moreover, exercise has been shown as the major and key aspect in lowering blood
pressure in hypertensive individuals. Diet and exercise are well established forms of treatments
for hypertension or high blood pressure. Effective lifestyle and their related modification aids in
lowering blood pressure by at least as much as a single antihypertensive drugs aids in doing the
same. Physical activities aids in keeping an individual healthy by management in body weight
and lowering blood pressure.
There are major intervention measures which fosters in reducing hypertension in people
and these people needs essential practical recommendations. These recommendations includes
Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) which is ranked first, aids in fostering aerobic
exercise, training of isometric, intake of low sodium and high potassium salt, and salt restrictions
in patients who are diagnosed with high blood pressure, breathing control and daily practice of
meditations are associated and linked with effective and efficient treatment for hypertension and
ultimately in reduction of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive
patients (Valenzuela. and et. Al, 2021). Quitting to smoking habits can render the hypertensive
factors and aid in fostering to quality health and sound life living. Adherence to medications is
one another factor that can lead to fostering in processes involved in reducing affects of high
blood pressure in children and other adults. Medications are basically keys to therapies which
fosters health and this advantages human health in letting them live a good lifestyle. These
practical recommendations to hypertension aids in rendering high blood pressure or hypertension
in masses (Wajngarten and Silva, 2019).
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CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it can be conferred that hypertension is a condition in which
long term force of blood against the artery wall is high enough and leading to blood perfusion.
High blood pressure or hypertension is blood pressure having systolic and diastolic blood
pressure ranging between 140/90 and is severe when blood pressure ranges between 180/120.
There are other biological and physiological mechanisms underpinning hypertension. Effects that
are associated with hypertension includes both genetic and lifestyle factors that needs to be kept
in mind to render effects of high blood pressure. Healthy dietary habits and related planning with
regular exercising aids in hypertension. There are several symptoms and effects of high blood
pressure. Authoritative guidelines aids in rendering hypertension. Various practical
recommendations to individuals who are having hypertension includes healthy diet and regular
physical exercise.
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REFERENCES
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Ammirati, A.L., 2020. Chronic kidney disease. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 66,
pp.s03-s09.
Bathgate, C.J. and Fernandez-Mendoza, J., 2018. Insomnia, short sleep duration, and high blood
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Chernova, I. and Krishnan, N., 2019. Resistant hypertension updated guidelines. Current
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C., Guo, H., Wystrychowski, W. and Szulinska, M., 2021. Uncovering genetic
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genetics, 53(5), pp.630-637.
Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Jafar, T.H., Nitsch, D., Neuen, B.L. and Perkovic, V., 2021. Chronic kidney
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Konstantinidi, M. and Koutelidakis, A.E., 2019. Functional foods and bioactive compounds: A
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Messerli, F.H., Bangalore, S., Bavishi, C. and Rimoldi, S.F., 2018. Angiotensin-converting
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Rantanen, A.T., Korkeila, J.J.A., Löyttyniemi, E.S., Saxén, U.K.M. and Korhonen, P.E., 2018.
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Schiffrin, E.L., Flack, J.M., Ito, S., Muntner, P. and Webb, R.C., 2020. Hypertension and
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Snarska, K., Chorąży, M., Szczepański, M., Wojewódzka-Żelezniakowicz, M. and Ładny, J.R.,
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