Object Oriented Design and Programming

This document provides an introduction to object oriented design and programming, covering theoretical topics, important topics, interpretation of contents, and outcome. It discusses the background, content analysis, and provides a conclusion. Find study material and solved assignments on Desklib.

Object Oriented Design
and Programming

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................1
CONTENT ANALYSIS..................................................................................................................1
a) Theoretical topics covered......................................................................................................1
-Important topics covered ..........................................................................................................1
-Proper example for each topic...................................................................................................2
b) Interpretation of the contents..................................................................................................5
c) Outcome..................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
The object oriented design is basically a process that is used to develop certain planning
of different system so that better interaction in between objects is achieved as with the purpose of
getting solution of software problem. It is a technical approach that is used to develop software
design as while analysing and designing various application. It is used to develop visual
modelling so that software development is accomplish while guiding product quality and
stakeholder communication. The report below includes reflective journal and discussion of
various theoretical articles which is based on lab materials. In addition to this various
interpretation of content and its outcome is developed.
BACKGROUND
The Object oriented design is an independent technology that is used to analyse adequate
mapping in order to implement constraint, classes, interface so that sustained model is designed
under solution domain. An object oriented analysis usually strive key objectives that is used to
develop problem domain and on other hand object oriented design drive proper system that is
used to describe usage of these objects. There is different kind of programming such as
structured, non-structured, procedural and machine codes as it is processed with the electric flow
of work. It is a paradigm that used to make adequate shape within initial concept that is
processed with new programming approach and then as the time passes better development
within design and analysis is implemented.
CONTENT ANALYSIS
a) Theoretical topics covered
-Important topics covered
There is an overview about computer and programming that consist of computer system,
simple program logic, program development cycle and its steps, pseudocode statement and flow
chart symbols, sentinel value to end program, programming and user environment along with
evaluation of programming model. Then variables and their manipulation is defined along with
data types, declaration and using variables, air-thematic operations, using constant, JAVA basic
and simple input and output. Programming logic and design is stated that consist of disadvantage
of unstructured spaghetti code, basic structures and its need along with while, do-while and for
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loop with combination of programming structure and its understanding. In addition to this arrays,
declaration, initialization and creation with basic operation is processed. In this scalable and
maintainable applications of JAVA is considered to maintain consistency. Moreover, code
modularization is stated that consist of seldom program as long series and processed with
objectives as array list, application of array list, iterators and introduction about objects and
classes. Furthermore, it consist of information about constructors, destructors and setter and
getter methods. At the end, programming logic and design is consider while encapsulation in
JAVA with array of objects.
-Proper example for each topic
In overview of computer and programming different system of computer is understand
such as computer system that is a combination of certain components that is required to store and
process data with support of computer, hardware that define equipment which is associated
within computers, software that processed instruction to hardware about what to do and how to
as well. It include program that is written by programmers and programming which includes
logic and design. The applications of software is processed with spreadsheet, word processing,
even games, app, payroll and inventory. On other hand system software are those that is used
operate system as like Linux, Windows, Apple IOS and Google Android. In support of both
hardware and software various components are considered such as input, output and central
processing. In this programming language is instructed and it is known as program coding as it
basically involve C, C++, Java and visual basic.
In order to manage simple input and output in variable is considerate and it is named as
memory location and in this content might get varied as per timely basis. On other, declaration is
state as a statement which include data type, identifier, optional and initial value. The declaration
data type consist numeric variable that hold digit and aid to perform mathematical operations,
string variable through which text is hold such as special character as punctuation mark, type-
safety in order to prevent assigned value in incorrect data type. There is different type of data
that is used in Java such as int that define integer number, float include floating point, double
consist floating point number, char is based on characteristics, boolean state true or false, long
define long range of integer, short define short integer and byte.
The unstructured spaghetti code is having certain disadvantages as it snarled logical
frameworks that sometime create complexity and mess, it is also be difficult to maintain and read
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and quite confusing as well. It doesn't follow any rule and logic that is followed within structured
programming. An unstructured is based on basic understanding i.e. sequence, loop and selection
structure. In sequence certain action and task is performed that doesn't have any branch thus task
might get skipped, in selection decision structure is developed in support of Boolean expression,
dual or single alternative and in loop repetitive action is performed until condition remain the
same.
In order to manage programming structure looping different loop is considered and it is
processed with basic fundamentals through which repetitive actions is implemented as per
suitability of conditions. It is also known as iteration in which loop is executed with certain
procedure and in this while loop is also called as pretest loop in which each condition is tested
while entering in loop process. It is more beneficiary as it is uses to increase or decrease
particular statements that is processed within loop and its variable is getting changes as per
iteration.
Arrays is the basic part of computer programming as in this data is structured in form of
data, management, organization, storage format by which efficient modification is accessed. In
this structured data is processed by which organised changes is addressed to save time and space.
It play vital role within computer programming as processed with structured data. The basic
purpose of Array is to facilitate large quantity data that used to manipulate maximum data of
similar type. It has been used to store exam scores for seven assignments, to store sequential
collection of similar kind of data and gathering of variable also considerate. It is more beneficial
as well, as it represent multiple set of data that is used within single name. In this all the element
is accessed with the use of index number so that contiguous location of memory is addressed.
The standards usually include file organization, source code style, declaration, standard
of statements, variable assignment and naming conventional standards. In this Java provide the
most suitable support in which each file consist of interface and single public class. The coding
is processed with appropriate guidance as it is followed by header that title is carried out after
that its version and date is written while including copyright information. In order to manage
style guidelines four spaces is used while following indentation pattern with certain consistency.
In addition coding is processed by controlling wrapping lines and it is not longer than 80
characters, expression is not fitted within single line frame and it is broke as per comma,
operator, preferences is provided to higher level break as per lower level break and in beginning
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certain expression is developed as per previous line expression, both left and right braces that is
processed from starting till end.
The code modularization is a process that used to break down large program in different
modules. It offer abstraction under which multiple programmers has worked on to resolve
different problem and also allows to reuse certain task and work. In this abstraction is
considerate and it is a procedure through which balanced attention is paid so that not required
detailing is removed. It is used to develop a lot of several things that is required to accomplish
today only so even complex task looks like simple. In this higher level language is used that also
allows English vocabulary under machinery instruction.
Array list define Java standards that is based on fixed length as after the creation of an
array resizeable form is created that automatically exceed or enlarged and it is founded with
under the package of java.util. It is created as Array list<Type>arraylist= new Arraylist<>(). In
this different variables are inserted as per the dependency of requirement and conditions. It is
used to considerate various collected elements i.e. values and variables as it is based on
language, array type and other aggregate like integer and string. For example, a picture of
students who has standing for marching and have arranged in equal number of rows and column
thus in this it is the only basis. Thus arrangement of picture, number of raw and column and
objects is known as an array.
The constructor is used to make better understanding about creation of objects and it is a
class based object oriented programming in which special subroutine is created as an object. It is
processed with the purpose to initialise the class object so as to perform task while execution
Java coding. It cannot be final, abstract, synchronised, static and it doesn't be return while
method can. On the other destructor is object oriented programming and constructed for
employee class so that instantiate objects is developed that belong from similar class. In this
method various action is implemented as when instance is destroyed and doesn't provide any
parameter thus it is invoked automatically.
There is some principles of object oriented design and programming such as inheritance,
encapsulation and polymorphism. In encapsulation within Java suitable code is wrapped in single
unit. In this data remain private after that getter and setter method is used accordingly. For
example, an oil mixed of different ingredient and many others as well. In support of getter or
setter method the class read only or write only is processed. It is two conventional method that is
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used to retrieve or update various value and variables. In setter method value and variables is
updated while in getter method value and variable get read and it in Java language it is also
known as accessors and mutator.
Furthermore, array is a group of elements of similar kind of data type so that entire group
is referred the same. In Java each element is in a group with having certain index and it is starts
from 0. An array of objects is developed with basic prospect of primitive data type and it is
adjusted as Student [] student array= new student [12]. There is few more examples as well and it
is as al.add(“pritika”), al.add(“vrinda”), ArrayList<String> al=newArrayList<String>().
b) Interpretation of the contents
There are more than 100 languages are there is programming and coding and it is
completely based on different features that is quite similar as per its capabilities. It is also being
interpreted that coding is quite easier as comparing to planning steps and the one who has better
experience about programmer could make effective combination of logic planning and program
coding in successful mode. The translator has been used to translate program from complier to
interpretor so that high level machine language is converted in lower one. In this sometime
syntax error has occurred i.e. misuse of language and grammatical rules, programmer correct list
and recompile of code in different times.
In terms of variable naming conventions snake casing is developed which is dependent as
per variable name and it is separated with underscores, Kebob case in which variable is separated
by dash and mixed case in which new word is start with uppercase. The air-thematic operations
has been performed with the rules of precedence and it is also called as order of operation. It is
designed with left-to right associativity under which various mathematical operation such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division is processed.
The spaghetti codes are always be useful to avoid and in this usage of programming
structure is processed such as selection, looping and sequencing. In this instruction is processed
step by step so that different actions are taken accordingly. The combining structure is having
various aspects such as combination of three basic structure, every structure is having single
entry and exit points and it is only on connected as per its start and end of program other than the
structure is nested. The structure must be clear, professional, efficient, modular and maintained
thus also known as goto-less programming.
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An array in Java is basically contain object and elements of same type of data's and in
addition it is stored with contiguous location of memory. For example, // declare an array int[]
age= new int [8]; //initialise array age [0] = 10; age[1]= 12, age[2]= 14;.. and so on. The standard
statement is actually a compound statement in which list of variable is enclosed under braces.
The testing of software is a procedure that is executed within program that is intent with software
bugs and its findings. In this bug is a defect within is created within application and it is required
to design and build program while removing mistake and error.
In a segment of program everything is structured and contain basic module which is
mainline logic so that better accessibility of subroutine is developed. The called module is the
one that is created in able to make use of it and when it is used then it need to call thus it is
referred to call module. Object oriented programming is a style that is used to maintain focus
about data's application which is required while manipulating. A setter is a method that is used to
update and set different values or variables in Java and in this value and variable is getting
modified. As getter is used to retrieve value and balanced return on that values so that dependent
of access level is getting advanced. The method of overriding is having similar name as of in
parent class and it is in IS-A relationship. The array operation is performed while accessing
different elements and its index so that adequate loop is started to process programm.
c) Outcome
I have leant about different prospect that has been used within computer language and
programming. I have get an opportunity to know about the different types of programming and
its procedure that may varied as per according to several changed condition. I get to know more
about Java and usage of hardware and software languages that is processed under three variable
such as input, output and processing. It support of flowchart and pseudocode I have develop
logical planning so that finite loop is develop while testing different operation. The variables
consist of memory location and used to declare data type, optional initial value and identifier and
it might have develop tangible and intangible objects. The usage of loop is the most controlled
section under which execution of more than one aspect is processed with repetition.
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CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from above report that object oriented design and programming is
the basis that is processed within Java coding and in this different aspect of computer
programming is induced. The programming is being processed while measuring various
languages and it is in form of structured and unstructured form.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Baumgartner, G., Läufer, K. and Russo, V.F., 2019. On the interaction of object-oriented design
patterns and programming languages. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.13674.
Bräuer, J. and et. al., 2018. Measuring object-oriented design principles: The results of focus
group-based research. Journal of Systems and Software. 140. pp.74-90.
Dolezal, D. and et. al., 2018, August. Effects of introducing a game-based student response
system into a flipped, person-centered classroom on object-oriented design. In
International conference on web-based learning (pp. 132-139). Springer, Cham.
Howroyd, S. and Thring, R., 2018. An electric vehicle model and validation using a Nissan Leaf:
A Python-based object-oriented programming approach. Advances in Mechanical
Engineering. 10(7). p.1687814018782099.
Kormanyos, C., 2018. Real-time C++: efficient object-oriented and template microcontroller
programming. Springer.
Lotfi, E. and Mohammed, B., 2018, October. Teaching Object Oriented Programming Concepts
Through a Mobile Serious Game. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference
on Smart City Applications (pp. 1-6).
Malekan, M. and et. al., 2018. Two-dimensional fracture modeling with the generalized/extended
finite element method: An object-oriented programming approach. Advances in
Engineering Software. 115. pp.168-193.
Padhy, N., Satapathy, S. and Singh, R.P., 2018. State-of-the-art object-oriented metrics and its
reusability: a decade review. In Smart Computing and Informatics (pp. 431-441).
Springer, Singapore.
Padhy, N., Singh, R.P. and Satapathy, S.C., 2018. Utility of an object-oriented metrics
component: examining the feasibility of. Net and C# object-oriented program from the
perspective of mobile learning. International Journal of Mobile Learning and
Organisation. 12(3). pp.263-279.
Yemelyanov, V.A., Nedelkin, A.A. and Olenev, L.A., 2019, October. An object-oriented design
of expert system software for evaluating the maintenance of lined equipment. In 2019
International Multi-Conference on Industrial Engineering and Modern Technologies
(FarEastCon) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
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