Critical Analysis of the Management of Health & Safety in an Oil & Gas Environment- Case study of Port-Harcourt Refinery

This research work highlights the Critical Analysis of the Management of Health & Safety in an Oil & Gas Environment for the organization Port-Harcourt Refinery, which is one of the four refineries in Nigeria. The research will identify relevant solutions to the problems faced by the oil and gas refineries in Nigeria.

Running head: OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
Oil and Gas Management Dissertation
Research Topic: Critical Analysis of the Management of Health & Safety in an Oil & Gas
Environment- Case study of Port-Harcourt Refinery
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Acknowledgement
I want to express my gratitude to my principal Mr./Mrs./Ms.
_____________________________________________ for giving me the opportunity to be a
member of the _____________________________ university.
I would like to thank my mentor Mr./Mrs./Ms. ________________________________________
for guiding me under his/her supervision for the project Critical Analysis of the Management of
Health & Safety in an Oil & Gas Environment- Case study of Port-Harcourt Refinery.
My classmates and loving friends are also hold a remarkable place in this journey and helped me
in obtaining necessary things for this project.
I have never been able to complete this project without the support and encouragement given by
my parents and thus I also want to thank them for believing in me.
Thank you all…!

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Abstract
This research work highlights the Critical Analysis of the Management of Health & Safety in
an Oil & Gas Environment for the organization Port-Harcourt Refinery, which is one of the
four refineries in Nigeria. The main idea for selecting this topic is every year hundreds of
workers working in oil refinery lost their life due to poor working conditions. This research
highlights the factors due to which the hazard of the health and safety concern raised. The reason
that is found from the research is the poor management assessments as they do not evaluate the
conditions of the equipments in the refinery. Other reason that has been found from the data
research is corruption among the governing officials, lack of interest of educated managers from
foreign countries in Nigeria and militant’s attack. These data has been found based on the
secondary analysis where the data has been found from the newspaper articles, government
website and statistical data taken form genuine websites. The sample size for the research is three
when considered for primary research. Managers are considered so that they can reveal their
perception on the current state of the Nigerian refinery, identification of the challenges faced by
the management in health and safety of refineries and possible reasons for the current conditions
of the management in health and safety in Port-Harcourt Refinery.

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................8
1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................8
1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................8
1.2 Rationale of the research.......................................................................................................9
1.3 Problem Statement...............................................................................................................10
1.4 Aim of the research..............................................................................................................11
1.5 Objective of the research.....................................................................................................11
1.6 Question of the research......................................................................................................11
1.7 Structure of the Research.....................................................................................................12
1.8 Summary..............................................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................14
2.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................14
2.1 Theories on management.....................................................................................................14
2.1.1 Overview Oil and Gas Operations................................................................................14
2.1.2 Risk management..........................................................................................................15
2.2 Health and safety factors of oil and gas refineries...............................................................18
2.2.1 Industrial Hygiene and safety.......................................................................................18
2.2.2 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)............................................................................18

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2.2.3 Insurance Loss Control.................................................................................................18
2.2.4 Workers’ Compensation...............................................................................................19
2.2.5 Training.........................................................................................................................19
2.3 Present conditions of the refineries in Nigeria....................................................................19
2.3.1 State of decay of the equipment....................................................................................19
2.3.2 Poor governing assistance.............................................................................................20
2.5.3 Establishment of illegal refineries................................................................................20
2.4 Challenges faced by the management in Health & Safety of refineries..............................21
2.4.1 Death of workers leads in scarcity of human resources...............................................21
2.4.2 Loss of profitability due to pay of compensation.........................................................21
2.4.3 Poor brand image and brand recognition......................................................................22
2.4.4 No support from government........................................................................................22
2.5 Possible reasons for the challenges faced by the management in Health & Safety of
refineries....................................................................................................................................22
2.5.1 Lack of experienced management................................................................................22
2.5.2 Lack of clear definition of lines of authority................................................................23
2.5.3 Customization of owner specification requirements....................................................23
2.5.4 Ineffective material management plans........................................................................24
2.5.5 Lack of appropriate risk analysis expertise..................................................................24
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................25

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3.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................25
3.1 Research Philosophy............................................................................................................25
3.1.1 Justification for selected research philosophy..............................................................25
3.2 Research Approach..............................................................................................................26
3.2.1 Justification for chosen research approach...................................................................26
3.3 Research purpose.................................................................................................................26
3.3.1 Justification for selected research purpose...................................................................27
3.4 Data collection process........................................................................................................27
3.5 Data Analysis techniques.....................................................................................................27
3.6 Sampling technique.............................................................................................................28
3.6.1 Sample Size..................................................................................................................28
3.7 Ethical consideration...........................................................................................................29
3.8 Research limitation..............................................................................................................29
3.9 Research Timeframe............................................................................................................29
3.10 Summary............................................................................................................................30
Chapter 4: Research Data..............................................................................................................31
4.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................31
4.1 Secondary data collection....................................................................................................31
4.1.1 Challenges of the Operational Environment and Facilities of refineries that raise health
and safety concern.................................................................................................................31

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4.1.2 Challenge that Port Harcourt refinery faced due to poor health and safety management
...............................................................................................................................................34
4.1.3 Reasons for occurrence of the health and management concerns................................35
4.2 Questions from Managers....................................................................................................39
Chapter 5: Findings/ Discussion of Research Question................................................................42
Chapter 6: Conclusion and recommendation.................................................................................45
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................45
5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................47
5.2.1 Rising the benefit of educated managers......................................................................47
5.2.2 Training to the officials................................................................................................47
5.2.3 Developing good communication methods..................................................................48
5.2.4 Formulating strict legislations......................................................................................48
Chapter 7: Self reflection...............................................................................................................49
Reference List and bibliography....................................................................................................51

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Table of Images
Image 1: Oil and Gas refineries fatality rate 2010- 2017..............................................................10
Image 2: Structure of the Research................................................................................................12
Image 3: Risk Management Process in Oil Refinery Organization...............................................16
Image 4: Nigeria’s Downstream Pipeline System (DPS)..............................................................37
Image 5: product loss and fire outbreak in Nigeria.......................................................................38
Image 6: Yearly regional trends of product loss and pipeline interdiction in Nigeria..................38

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Introduction
This research study highlights the critical analysis of the management for health and
safety in an Oil & Gas environment. The organization that is considered for this research work is
Port-Harcourt Refinery. This chapter focuses on the background of the study, rational of the
research, problem statement along with the aim, research objective and research question for the
research. This chapter also demonstrates the pictorial representation of the structure of the
research.
1.1 Background of the study
The refineries in Nigeria are in ailing conditions and the amount of petrol they produce in
very less. This is due to the mismanagement of the corporations and the Nigeria has become
dependent on imports from OPEC members. The refineries in Nigeria require heavy investments
and it is estimated that $2 Billion is required to prevent the refineries form decay (The Guardian
2018). This will enable them to produce 450,000 barrels per day. Nigerian National Petroleum
Corporation’s board has looking for investors that can prevent the refineries form deteriorating.
There are other reasons that are liable for the pollution and destruction of the livelihoods in
Nigeria. There are oil refineries that operate illegal refineries in delta states which leads to the
self-destruction and vicious circle of pollution (The Guardian 2018). Moreover, after the 1967-70
Biafran civil wars, these people do not receive any benefits from stopping or cleaning up their
pollution (The Guardian 2018). This result in the miserable health of the workers and no access
to safe drinking water and due to poor education services in this place, workers cannot get proper
information regarding the benefits of clearing the pollution (The Guardian 2018).

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In addition to that, the petroleum minister of Nigeria has explained various reasons due to
which the major Nigerian refineries have not undergone repairs even after investigation from the
original builders. After assessing the functional conditions of the refineries, it has been seen that
the extent of dilapidation and the decay of the major equipments are high. The equipments have
not been maintained for over some decades, and this shows the lack of management of the
refineries concerning health and safety measures for the organization. The original builders have
taken the contracts during the term of the previous government and they were unable to make the
changes, as they were unaware of the present conditions of the equipments at that time. Thus,
this research will highlights the present conditions of the refineries in Nigeria, challenges faced
by the management in health and safety of refineries in Port-Harcourt Refinery and possible
reasons for the current conditions of the management in health and safety in the same company.
1.2 Rationale of the research
Oil and gas refinery sector are one of the most dangerous place to work. Workers here
have to maintain their health along with their working procedures. However, this is not possible
for the worker to know all the flaws in the safety system of the refinery and thus, in spite they are
careful in their working procedure, their health get affected and sometime big accident also
occurred. This is a major problem in Nigerian oil refineries as every state or nation has legal
regulation for the safety of the worker in the organization. They also have to maintain the
environment legislations in order to accomplish their organizational objectives. However, in
Nigerian refineries, there is huge lack of managerial end regarding the heath and safety measures
of the refineries. This can be shown from the statistics that the number of fatality rate is 308 in
the last seven years (Dailytrust.com.ng 2018).

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Image 1: Oil and Gas refineries fatality rate 2010- 2017
(Source: Dailytrust.com.ng 2018)
The main reason for these accidents is injuries during the pipeline repairing, attacks on
these workers, accidents and tank inflammations. Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
(NNPC) reported death of seven people in Port-Harcourt refinery fire in the year 2014
(Dailytrust.com.ng 2018). Thus, this research will highlight the challenges faced by the
management in health and safety of refineries and the possible reasons for the current conditions
of such management in Port-Harcourt Refinery.
1.3 Problem Statement
Every organization has to maintain some legislation for protecting their worker’s health
and environmental concern. However, in Nigeria, due to lack of monetary resources, illegal
business procedures and lack of knowledge among the people, the management often overlooks
the safety concern in their organization. Moreover, yearly accidental incidents and fatality rate
have been increasing in Nigerian Oil refineries and the most prominent reason is the lack of

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maintenance of the equipments and safety guideline for the workers. This research thus
emphasizes on the current conditions of the refinery in Nigeria, possible reason for the poor
maintenance of the management in Health & Safety of refineries.
1.4 Aim of the research
The study is aimed at examining the current issues in the oil and gas refineries in Nigeria.
The managerial issues in maintaining health and safety concerns will be highlighted by using
thematic analysis based on the research objectives. The conclusion will be based on the findings
from the in-depth analysis of literature and the thematic analysis based on the concerned
organization. The research will identify relevant solutions to the problems faced by the oil and
gas refineries in Nigeria.
1.5 Objective of the research
 To critically examine the present conditions of the refineries in Nigeria
 To identify the challenges faced by the management in health and safety of refineries in
Port-Harcourt Refinery, Nigeria
 To investigate the possible reasons for the current conditions of the management in health
and safety in Port-Harcourt Refinery, Nigeria
 To recommend suitable methods to overcome the problems faced by the Port-Harcourt
Refinery
1.6 Question of the research
 What is the present condition of the refineries in Port-Harcourt Refinery, Nigeria?
 What are the challenges faced by the management in Health & Safety of refineries in
Port-Harcourt Refinery, Nigeria?

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First Chapter
Second Chapter
Third Chapter
Fourth Chapter
Fifth Chapter
Sixth Chapter
Seventh Chapter
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Methodology
Research Data
Findings and Discussion of Research Question
Conclusion and Recommendation
Self Reflection
 What are the possible reasons for the current conditions of the management in health and
safety in Port-Harcourt Refinery in Nigeria?
1.7 Structure of the Research
Image 2: Structure of the Research
(Source: Created by Author)
1.8 Summary
This research is thus based on finding some research objectives that are critically
examining the present conditions of the refineries in Nigeria, identifying the challenges faced by
the management in health and safety of refineries in Port-Harcourt Refinery and investigating the
possible reasons for the current conditions of the management in health and safety in Port-

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Harcourt Refinery. Moreover, based on the literature review and the thematic analysis based on
the objectives, the recommendation for suitable methods to overcome the problems faced by the
Port-Harcourt Refinery is highlighted.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Introduction
This chapter is based on the research work done by other research scholars based on the
theories on management in oil and gas refineries and theories on health and safety factors in this
sector. The present conditions of the refineries in Nigeria are also highlighted from several
newspaper excerpts, government reports and other authentic sources. The challenges faced by the
management in Health & Safety of refineries and the possible reasons for the challenges faced is
also highlighted and supported by relevant research articles.
2.1 Theories on management
2.1.1 Overview Oil and Gas Operations
Upstream Activities
Olaguer (2012) stated that upstream activities are those activities that occurred prior
processing and refining of hydrocarbon. The process of upstream comprises of conceptual
development, exploration of oils and production. Briggs et al. (2012) depict that this process is
involved with investment for new product development.
Downstream Activities
The process of downstream highlights the procedure of transportation of the crude oil
after extraction (Noruwa and Christopher 2012). Lattanzio (2015) furthermore stated that the
main functionality of downstream activities are processing of the crude, refining of the crude

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logistic and retail transactions. In order to accomplish these functionalities, an oil and gas
company requires pipelines, industrial plants and storage devices.
2.1.2 Risk management
The project of oil refineries are risky as mistakes in handling the refining process may
lead to impure oil extraction, leakage of oil in water bodies and fire due to its ignitions nature
(Oliveira et al. 2013). However, the risk factors that us mainly highlighted in this research study
is health and safety concerns. Dey (2012) stated that factors that best define the health and safety
implications in oil refinery projects are motor vehicle accidents, contract injuries, fire and
explosions and slips and falls. Saidi et al. (2014) stated that the reason of motor vehicle accident
is caused due to lack of firm shoulder. Moreover, the main reason for the occurrence of contract
injuries is mainly due to entangled or crushed by machinery in the refinery. In addition to that,
the reason for the fire and explosions are presence of oxygen or ignition sources and presence of
highly combustible sources. Lastly, the accidents of slips and falls are occurred due to uneven
surface in the refinery, frequent need of elevations and improper use of protection system. Thus,
the risk management process in the oil and gas refinery comprises of several steps:

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Planning
Follow on Assessment
Monitor and review
Risk Control
Risk Recording
Risk Assessment
Risk Identification
Image 3: Risk Management Process in Oil Refinery Organization
(Source: Dey 2012)
2.1.2.1 Planning
Fazli et al. (2015) stated that this is the process, where the oil and gas industry has to
identify the key personnel, who will be liable for managing the oil and gas risk assessment
projects. In this process, the organization has to gather all the health and safety information along
with the identification of the workflows and legal requirements (James 2012).
2.1.2.2 Risk Identification
In this stage, the management has to identify the possible health and safety hazards from
sources like previous reports on accidents, work area inspection and past health records.

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2.1.2.3 Risk Assessment
The sources are identified in this process of each identified risk. The management is also
liable for evaluating the precautionary measures and determination of type of injuries that can
occur (Fabiano and Curro 2012). These risks can be analyzed or ranked based on some tolls like
risk analysis matrix.
2.1.3.4 Risk Recording
In order to define the control measures, in this phase, the management of the organization
prepares record regarding the findings of the risk management assessments (Ebrahemzadih et al.
2014). Leveson (2015) stated that this filing process is important for sanctioning any financial
support from government or preparing the checklist for assuring the health and safety
management process in refinery.
2.1.3.5 Risk Control
In this phase, the preventive measures are defined and implemented. Liu et al. (2012)
also depict that in this process the occurred or existing risk is also minimized through developed
ideas for overcoming the occurred risk.
2.1.3.6 Follow on Assessment
This is the phase prior to the final step in which the management of the oil and gas
refinery ensure the implemented process and judge whether or not the process is effective and
give beneficial results for the company (McLellan et al. 2012).
2.1.3.7 Monitor and review
In this phase, the entire process is continuously monitors and automation technology is
also implemented so that any discrepancies can be noted n the initial stages.

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2.2 Health and safety factors of oil and gas refineries
2.2.1 Industrial Hygiene and safety
Lewis et al. (2012) stated that every organization has to develop mandatory occupational
safety and health requirements and that should be applicable for all the employees. This will help
an organization to determine the extent of employee’s exposure towards hazards. The people
hired for measuring the industrial hygiene are liable to measure workplace hazards, finding the
factor for significant discomfort in workers (Elgowainy et al. 2014).
2.2.2 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
Santamouris (2013) stated that Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) highlight the
condition of air quality, thermal conditions, lightings and ergonomics of the refinery
environment. This is incorporated in order to improve the life of the wor ker inside the closed
work space. Thus, the safety management should closely evaluate the building materials like
paints, adhesives, sealants and coatings. Huat and Akasah (2012) furthermore illustrates that IEQ
should also refer to cleaning materials used, detection of radon or methane off-gassing, analysis
of occupants’ respiration and other health reports.
2.2.3 Insurance Loss Control
The statistics shows that every year hundreds of employees are injured inside the refinery
and due to the same fact the company has to include a policy for employee’s compensation.
Ghasemi et al. (2016) stated that, oil companies on the other hand can take necessary steps for
reducing the likelihood of an insurance claim. This step comprised of identifying the sources of
risk along with the required actions that is taken by the policyholder to overcome the risk (Barth
and McCarthy 2012).

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2.2.4 Workers’ Compensation
The policy that is developed for the employee should be clearly mentioned in the
organizational policy guidebook. Witter et al. (2014) also stated that the policy should be
transparent and must be clearly aware to the employees and their family members so that it will
be easier for them to claim the necessary monetary amount sanctioned for the worker.
2.2.5 Training
Training should also be given to the employee of the oil and gas refinery so that they can
utilize the equipment in a desired way. Hashemi et al. (2012) state that this training program can
be conducted regularly so and practical implementation should be taught to the workers. They
should also be aware of the reporting procedure to the management if they noticed nay
discrepancy. This will help the staffs to utilize their knowledge base and trained courses to
protect themselves under serious conditions.
2.3 Present conditions of the refineries in Nigeria
In Nigeria, there is four refineries under Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
(NNPC)- one each in Warri (WRPC) and Kaduna (KRPC) and two in Port Harcourt (PHRC)
(Nnpcgroup.com 2018). The capacity of the refinery is combined to be total of 445,000 bpd
(Nnpcgroup.com 2018).
2.3.1 State of decay of the equipment
In recent time, when assessment of the refinery systems and equipments are assessed by
Minister of Petroleum Resources, it has been found that the equipment were not maintained or
change from the last 20 years (Díaz-Bejarano et al. 2015). The new owners have conducted the
work the way they saw when they joined. As a result, the original builders were called to check

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whether changes are required. Santori et al. (2012) also stated that since the equipments are
outdated, it hampers the total oil production and result in further poor result of profitability. The
poor state of refinery machineries also leads to failed formal agreement with the companies as
the issue in equipments
2.3.2 Poor governing assistance
Nigeria is known as the leading oil producing nation but in recent times, Nigeria has
become a major fuel importer. Federal Government spent US $6.09 billion for the first six
months in the year 2016 for importing purpose (Siddig et al. 2014). Across the world, there are
49 global oil companies and it is only NNPA that do not own as dynamic and vibrant
downstream sector so that the local people can also consume oil produced by them. Moreover, in
the year 1977, NNPS was established as an integrated national oil company that should include
both the upstream and downstream oil value chain (Bazilian et al. 2013). However, after the
establishment of all four refineries in Nigeria, it has not been properly maintained and no new
technology has been incorporated for up-gradation. The government also has not taken any
initiatives to improve the refineries and impose legislation for protecting the life of people and
environment.
2.5.3 Establishment of illegal refineries
da Silva César et al. (2013) stated that due to lack of government’s evaluations, some
companies already developed illegal oil refineries. The Nigerian Navy also reported that they
have discovered 30 new illegal refineries that is liable for 4 million liter of petroleum products
(Vanguard News 2018). The poor pay structure and overlooking of government results in
working for other illegal company. The illegal refineries are also responsible for dropping of

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17% of official oil sales in April in the year 2012 which is equivalent to 400,000 barrels a day
(Vanguard News 2018).
2.4 Challenges faced by the management in Health & Safety of refineries
2.4.1 Death of workers leads in scarcity of human resources
In Nigeria, the condition of environment is poor and the existing workers are also
suffered from chronicle disease. Safadi et al. (2014) on the other hand highlighted that the
condition of the refineries are also vulnerable and the main reason behind this is that refineries
are low-profit margin industry and the company as to work 24X7 in order to make some profit.
Thus investing cost in the maintenance of the refineries is not a matter of concern for the refinery
owner. This also results in high probability of accident in the workplace. The poor condition of
the environment and the poor water condition due to oil spills lead to birth of dead babies (Koh
et al. 2014). Moreover due to the accident in the refinery, many workers died. Thus, overall there
occurs a scarcity of workers.
2.4.2 Loss of profitability due to pay of compensation
Quinlan (2014) depicted that since due to accidents, fatality and health problem, death of
workers are regularly witnessed. However, according to the organizational policy, the company
has to pay compensation to the worker if they are injured in the workplace or to their family
members in case, the person died (Eyayo 2014). The management in Health & Safety of
refineries often noticed such sudden death in their refineries and they have to pay compensation
to the victim and the amount comes to a huge sum when distributed to many families. This leads
to loss of percentage in profitability.

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2.4.3 Poor brand image and brand recognition
Priest and Botson (2012) stated that regular death, new about regular payment of
compensation to the victim or government and allegation of disruption in environmental
conditions are some of the factors that the management of health and safety has to face. All the
factors when pointed to negative implications it affect the brand image and reputation (Bybee
and Johannes 2014).
2.4.4 No support from government
Government is liable for the development of the organization along with the development
of environment. Steele et al. (2014) highlighted that government imposes many legislations and
regulations so that all the business objectives can be operated without any negative implications.
Jafari (2013) furthermore depicted that there are some refineries, where minimum safety
measures are not followed in order to incur more profit. These refineries also produce wrong data
in their annual report. Thus, all these unethical modes leads to closure of refineries as
government provide no help and financial resources to them.
2.5 Possible reasons for the challenges faced by the management in Health & Safety of
refineries
2.5.1 Lack of experienced management
Dey (2012) stated that it is important for a manger to know all the basics of the
management of the refinery system. They should also have the knowledge of refining the oil
procedures, treatment of the workers and other operational functionalities that occurred in oil and
gas industries. Salazar-Aramayo et al. (2013) also argued that these managers should also update
their knowledge through different sources and need to implement it in their work space if they

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see any flaw in the working environment. However, in distant places like Nigeria, educated
people do not take their posting due to poor environment and as a result less educated managers
or corrupted managers are given the liability of a refinery. These managers do not have any
knowledge in maintaining the equipments and as a result the worker working has to suffer
(Saurin and Gonzalez 2013).
2.5.2 Lack of clear definition of lines of authority
Apart from the knowledge of the managers regarding the working procedure of the oil
and gas refinery, it is also important for the government to impose regulations so that the
working conditions under the refinery can be under control (Shepherd 2013.). Taken for instance,
Offshore Installations Regulations 2015, Diving at Work Regulations 1997, Health and Safety
at Work Act 1974, Offshore Installations and Pipeline Works (First-Aid) Regulations 1989 and
Offshore Safety Regulations 1993 are some legislation that are imposed in oil and gas sector in
United Kingdom (Hse.gov.uk 2018). Thus, nation that lacks such guideline often suffer from
problem like poor condition of refinery and working procedures. In Nigeria some of the
regulations with specific relevance to the oil and gas industry are Labour Act and applicability
of common law, The Local Content Act, The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content
Development Act, The Petroleum Act and The Petroleum (Drilling and Production)
Regulations (Difiglio 2014). However these laws need to be strict and the official of the
governing bodies need to monitor the refineries for assessing whether or not the company is
following the regulations.
2.5.3 Customization of owner specification requirements
Mbabazi (2012) present an argument that following ethical rules leads to lower
profitability and thus, industrialist looks for loopholes in the regulation for attaining more profit.

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Thus, every marketer opts for developing a customized regulation or organizational policy
through which maximum profitability can be drawn. This is also a great reason for the deletion
of work and safety management in oil refineries.
2.5.4 Ineffective material management plans
Lovejoy and Homan (2013) stated that in the material management plan, an organization
need to report about site of origin, landowners, general plans and schematics for health and
safety management, parties involved and consultation for health and safety management, lines of
evidence with the action plan that is needed to be implemented for better result of the
organization. However, Klass and Meinhardt (2014) argued that sometimes managers do not give
full attention to such plan and this result in allocation of more resources, implementation of more
budgets and poor outcome for the organization.
2.5.5 Lack of appropriate risk analysis expertise
The methods of risk identification involves in development of full project team for
maintaining the health and safety management procedures, identification of the potential risks
involved under the working atmosphere (Tordo and Anouti 2013). Ince et al. (2015) furthermore
depict that these officials are also responsible for assessing methods of qualitative risk like risk
screening, highlighting impact and probability of potential risk. Some managers also use Project
Definition Rating Index methods as a part of qualitative risk analysis method. On the other hand,
Mitchell et al. (2012) argued that qualitative method not always give genuine results and thus
quantitative methods should also be used. However, due to lack of knowledge results in poor
estimation and utilization of multivariate statistical models, event trees, project simulations,
sensitivity analysis, stochastic simulation models and system dynamics models (Dey 2012).

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Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction
This chapter highlights the systematic way to collect the data for the research. This
chapter demonstrates the selected research philosophy, research approach and research purpose
along with the reason to choose those particular process. The details about data collection
process, data analysis process and sampling techniques are also illustrated. Lastly this chapter
comprises of the details of research limitation, ethics followed in this research study and
timeframe of the research work.
3.1 Research Philosophy
Coleman (2013) stated that the main purpose to choose research philosophy is to gather
the relevant data for the research. Research philosophy deals with the source and development of
the knowledge that should be collected and analyzed. There are basically three types of research
philosophies- positivism, realism and interpretivism. Bns and Hv (2013) depict that if a research
is highly structures and consider a huge sample size, positivism philosophy is selected. On the
other hand, if the research is based on social belief, interpetivism philosophy is used. However,
realism philosophy shows the combination of bit the philosophies that are positivism and
interpretivism.
In this research study, the utilized philosophy is interpretivism.

26OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
3.1.1 Justification for selected research philosophy
In this research study, all the data gathered from the articles, newspapers and company’s
website. Thus, there is no sample size taken for this research and the factual data available on the
internet is considered to be authentic sources for addressing the research objectives.
3.2 Research Approach
Deductive and inductive approaches are two different forms of research approaches.
Novikov and Novikov (2013) stated that when data collection is done prior to developing the
literature review in order to find new theories, hypothesis and concepts, the process is known as
inductive approach. However, when no new theories are gathered and the literature reviews and
data collection are obtained in accordance to the obtained research question, the process is
known as deductive approach.
In this research study, the approach that is considered is deductive approach.
3.2.1 Justification for chosen research approach
The reason for selecting the deductive research approach is that in this research no
hypothesis is formulated and the literature review is developed for explaining the research
questions.
3.3 Research purpose
Smith (2013) highlighted that research purpose shows the approach through which the
research question can be answered. This can be done in two ways- exploratory method and
descriptive method. Kitchin and Tate (2013) furthermore explained that while answering the
research question, if new direction or theories concerning the research topic is explored, the
method is known as exploratory purpose. On the other hand, if the data and information gathered

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from the literature review and data analysis is used to find the answers of the research questions,
the process of known as descriptive research purpose.
In this research study, the purpose that is utilized is descriptive.
3.3.1 Justification for selected research purpose
The descriptive purpose justifies this research work because no new theories are explored
through the findings of the research and the research is conducted for finding the answers of all
the formulated research questions.
3.4 Data collection process
The data that is gathered for research for answering the research questions is referred as
data collection process. Data for the research can be gathered through two different ways-
primary data collection and secondary data collection method. Smith (2015) stated that direct
research respondents are considered for asking questions on the research topic in primary data
collection method. This primary data collection can be obtained through questionnaire surveys,
interview and telephonic conversations (Hewson and Stewart 2016). On the other hand,
secondary sources like newspaper articles, journal papers, research journals and peer reviewed
journals along with government and company’s website when considered, the process is known
as secondary data collection process.
In this research study, both primary and secondary data collection process is utilized.
The managers are selected who are the research respondents for the interview process, however,
research papers on oil and gas refineries, challenges faced by management for health and safety
concerns are selected for gathering secondary data for the research.

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3.5 Data Analysis techniques
The process of evaluating the obtained data from the data collection process is known as
data analysis technique. There are two different ways to analysis the data- quantitative and
qualitative data analysis technique. Neuman (2013) explained that when numerical data are
considered for evaluating the research outcome. It is known as quantitative data analysis
technique. On the other hand, when theoretical data are considered for the research, it is known
as qualitative data analysis technique.
In this research, quantitative data analysis technique is utilized. The reason is that both
the data obtained from the secondary research and interview from the managers are analyzed
theoretically.
3.6 Sampling technique
There are two different type of sampling technique used in the research- probability and
non-probability sampling techniques. Creswell and Creswell (2017) stated that when all the
respondents are selected with equal priority, it is known as probability sampling technique.
However, when the research respondents are selected not based on the equal priority but based
on the condition matched with the research objectives.
In this research study, non-probability technique is utilized as manager is selected who
are liable for handling the health and safety departments of the concerned organization. The data
collection from the secondary sources is also selected based on the topics that satisfy the research
objectives that is based on health and safety concern in oil and gas refinery.

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3.6.1 Sample Size
The total participants selected for the research to answer all the research questions are
known as sample size. In this research, for primary data collection, only three managers are
selected and they are asked questions based on the application and technology used for
improving the health and safety management in the concerned organization.
3.7 Ethical consideration
Miller et al. (2012) stated that proper ethics should be followed so that the research
outcome can be obtained by following all the necessary rules and guideline. In this research all
the data gathered from the managers are protected under the act of Data Protection Act (1998).
Moreover, all the data collected from secondary sources are properly credited using citations.
3.8 Research limitation
This research suffers from the limitation of in-depth primary research. The reason behind
is this, the health and safety implications are set by the management; however the people, who
are closely connected with the system are the workers. So, secondary research or the manager’s
interview do not highlight the exact suffering that thee workers actually witnessed. Additionally,
the secondary data do not produce any recent data and the data outcome is based on outdated
data. Moreover, the research is based on one particular organization in Nigeria. Thus, the
research is not applicable for other organization in Nigeria or same sector from other nation.
3.9 Research Timeframe
Main activities/ stages 1-2
Week
3- 4
Week
5- 6
Week
7- 8
Week
9- 10
Week
11- 12
Week
Topic Selection

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Data collection from secondary
sources
Literature review
Selection of the Appropriate
Research Techniques
Primary data collection
Secondary data collection
Analysis & Interpretation of Data
Collection
Conclusion of the Study
Submission of Final Work
Table 1: Time Frame for the research
(Source: Created by Author)
3.10 Summary
Thus, in this research study, interpretivism research philosophy is utilized as social belief
on the research topic has been considered. Moreover, deductive research approach and
descriptive research purpose has been utilized as no new theories has been considered and the
research questions are described through the literature review and collected data from the
research respondents. Primary data have collected from the managers and secondary data are
gathered from newspaper articles and research journals based on the topic of management of
health and safety management in oil refineries. These data are analyzed through qualitative data
analysis technique in order to address the research objectives.

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Chapter 4: Research Data
4.0 Introduction
In this chapter only those sources and materials are considered that reveals data for the
condition of the refinery and its implications on the health and safety factors for Port-Harcourt
Refinery, Nigeria. This chapter also highlights the response that the managers of the concerned
organization reveal on the condition of the refines in recent times and their plan for the future
development of the refinery.
4.1 Secondary data collection
4.1.1 Challenges of the Operational Environment and Facilities of refineries that raise
health and safety concern
In industry like oil and gas refineries, due to the nature of the work unavoidable hazards
occurred. These hazards are ill-health and injuries, death and chronicle diseases due to polluted
environment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 37% of back pain is occurred
through workplace hazards. This hazard is also liable for 13% of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD), 16% of hearing loss and 10% each of injuries and lung cancer, 11% of asthma
and 2% of leukemia (Omicsonline.org. 2018). However, the health and safety concern can be
occurred due to several departments present in the oil and gas refinery.
Technical Building- Ince et al. (2015) depicted that the main function that the technical building
is performing are technical meetings and comprises of offices for engineering and technical
staffs. However due to presence of oil particles and hazardous gaseous substance, the hazards
like prolong sitting, Slips, trips and falls occurred frequently (Omicsonline.org. 2018).

32OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
Plant inspection- Debenest et al. (2014) stated that the main operational functionalities of the
plan inspection unit is to evaluate power plants, and offsite equipment. The hazards that people
working in this unit is facing are noise, slips while climbing to the chambers and exposure to the
biological animals like snakes (Omicsonline.org. 2018).
Staff Canteen/Kitchen- Ezejiofor (2015) depicted the view that the unit for staff canteen or
kitchen is liable for preparation cooking or meal of staff, storage of raw food and items and
serving of meals to staffs. The hazardous risk that is occurred in this department is mechanical
accidents, Food contamination, fire and explosion, industrial relations problems, high human
traffic and awkward work positions (Omicsonline.org. 2018).
The Power Plant Unit- The main responsibility of the power plant unit are to operate the start-up
and shutdown of boilers, maintaining turbine generators and their auxiliaries, controlling the
boiler water and steam parameters and oil generation (Wood and Wollenberg 2012). The
environment of the refinery is liable for raising the health and safety hazards of cold, heat, noise,
chemical leakage, explosion, trips and falls (Omicsonline.org. 2018).
The Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit- The main working liability of this unit is conversion of
heavy diesel oil and vacuum gas oil into the FCC, LPG and Light Cycle along with cracking of
heavier hydrocarbon (Jung et al. 2014). However, the main safety hazard that occurred is
chemical hazards, stream exposure, heat, noise and skips and trips (Omicsonline.org. 2018).
Waste Water Treatment Unit- In oil and gas refinery, the main work in this unit is receipt and
treatment of all forms of waste water like sanitary waste, process plant, kitchen, power plant and
drainage tanks. The health hazard that is occurred is prolonged standing/standing, vehicular

33OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
movement, exposure to chemical, exposure to water (sewage) borne pathogens and insect bites
(Omicsonline.org. 2018).
Chemical Warehouse- The working procedure of this unit includes issuing transferring and
delivering of chemicals, recanting and stacking of works, transferring of empty drums and office
documentation (Marmo et al. 2013). However the health hazards that are usually occurred in this
unit are Vehicular Movement, Exposure to Chemicals and noise and heat (Omicsonline.org.
2018).
Fire, Safety and Environment Section- Joly (2012) stated that the main functionality of this unit
is to conducts regular inspection of work, ensure proper disposal of waste, Pollution Control and
inspection of purchased material. The health and safety hazard that is noted in this unit are
exposure to biological hazards, slips and falls of the employees, vehicular movement, heat and
noise (Omicsonline.org. 2018).
Oil movement, pumps and pipelines- The functionality of this unit is loading of refined
petroleum products, loading the vessels at the jetty and receipt of crude oil from the flow stations
(Hua et al. 2012). Thus, the main health and safety hazards are inhaling chemicals, inhalation of
hydrocarbon vapors, prolonged standing, slips from climbing, noise, cold and heat, fire and
explosion (Omicsonline.org. 2018).
Crude tank farm and old refinery- Debenest et al. (2014) highlight that the main function of that
this unit is performing are draining of water from the tank and receiving crude oil from shell
bonny. Moreover, production of kerosene, diesel, naphtha, fuel oil from the explored oil and this
is made up of the Crude Distillation unit (Jung et al. 2014). However, both places are the highly

34OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
risky place to work due to the safety hazard of inhalation of hydrocarbon gases and fall and slips
due to frequent climbing (Ezejiofor, 2015).
4.1.2 Challenge that Port Harcourt refinery faced due to poor health and safety
management
4.1.2.1 The refinery of Port Harcourt shut down due to damaged equipment
In recent times that in 2018; the refinery that is liable to produce 3 to 5 million liters of
petrol has been shut down. The reason is the problem in Crude Distillation Unit (CDU), Vacuum
Distillation Unit (VDU) and Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) (BusinessDay 2018).
However, group general manager Public Affairs Division of the Port Harcourt, Ndu Ughamadu
stated that the problem is not on these units but the problem faced is due to power problems. In
addition to that, it has been found that if the Vacuum Distillation Unit (VDU) is properly
functioning, steam have to be come out of the unit but it was not occurred.
4.1.2.2 Allegation of not developing poor environment for living
Joly (2012) stated that PORT Harcourt Refining Company Limited, PHRC is liable for
destroying public health that resulted in suffering of various ailments. However, PHRC have
taken initiative of implementing Cooperate Social Responsibility and from the program total of
3,000 persons were benefited. The PORT Harcourt Refining Company Limited reported that
their oil and gas installation are protected and is safe for the environment but due to bad and
outdated equipments the efficiency of the working procedure is not obtained especially when
compared to the report t hat the concerned organization is providing

35OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
4.1.2.3 Concession Cancellation due to lack of transparency
It was found that the concerned organization PORT Harcourt Refining Company Limited
did not follow ‘Public Procurement Act’. An investigation was followed after the allegation on
finding whether or not the organization have selected AGIP/ENI as their preferred entities to
repair and maintain the outdated equipment in PORT Harcourt Refining Company Limited
(Guardian.ng 2018). In Nigeria, the government recently has formulated agreement with AGIP to
construct a $15 billion refinery (Guardian.ng 2018). The concerned organization shows that they
have selected AGIP in accordance to support their government. However, there is a lack of
transparency and reporting procedure.
4.1.2.4 Breakage of oil pipelines
According to the details of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, there were total of
94 break points out of which the PORT Harcourt Refining Company Limited refinery was liable
for 45 new pipeline breaks (Thisdaylive 2018). The report also shows that the figure of pipeline
breaks has been increased from 49 downstream pipelines to 94 from February 2017 to March
2017 (Thisdaylive 2018). Thus, the record shows that within a month the percentage of
vandalized pipelines has been increased to 91 (Thisdaylive 2018).
4.1.3 Reasons for occurrence of the health and management concerns
The legislation for oil refinery was established in the year 1997, Petroleum Act of 1977.
This legislation had some legal issue that is yet to be resolved and this is the reason that the
petroleum refineries are suffering also in recent times. The government has decided to give the
liability of the refinery to responsible hands. This section some of the reasons due to which the
challenges for the health and safety concerns has been in increased in the concerned
organization.

36OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
4.1.3.1 Lack of managerial effort
One of the activities that the managers have been taken is not sharing report with the
other officials. The Nigerian company Port-Harcourt when decided to build a refinery of 150,000
barrel capacity for which they have asked for concession (Guardian.ng 2018). It has been found
that the officials have not shared their past records with transparency to the government as they
have not maintained the equipment event they know that proper maintenance is required for
obtaining the recent objectives of the refinery and oil needs (Nwajiaku-Dahou 2012). These
managerial knowledge gaps also enhance the welfare gap in Port-Harcourt refinery.
4.1.3.2 Continuous militant attacks
In the year 2016, militants attacks more than twice in a week in oil refinery. The
group hit the same pipeline again so as to destroy the operational functionality of the refinery
(Anifowose et al. 2012). However, the sources stated that the reason for the militant to attack in
the refinery is that they want to destroy the illegal refinery in Nigeria and the other reason is that
these militants desire to improve the lives of the local people, who have never been get the
benefit of the oil and gas profits (News24 2018). Nigeria in total have huge pipeline network
shown in red in the image:

37OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
Image 4: Nigeria’s Downstream Pipeline System (DPS)
(Source: Anifowose et al. 2012)
The attacks in some location also resulted in leakage of oil or oil spillage in
sensitive locations (Anifowose et al. 2012). The militant’s continuous attacks are one of the
reasons of the Vandalism of the pipeline. In the last ten years, there are 15,000 cases of pipeline
breaks due to attacks along with over 400 cases of fire explosions (News24 2018).

38OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
Image 5: product loss and fire outbreak in Nigeria
(Source: Anifowose et al. 2012)
Image 6: Yearly regional trends of product loss and pipeline interdiction in Nigeria
(Source: Anifowose et al. 2012)

39OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
4.1.3.3 Low oil prices
It has been found that the refinery sector of the oil and gas industry is a low profit sector.
Nigeria was considered to be the leader in the oil and gas extraction nation as there are many oil
industries available. However, prior some period, oil mills have been discovered in UK basin
that resulted in low price of oil which impacted the profitability scale of the Nigerian oil and gas
industry. Thus, the low profit that is attained resulted in low financial resources sanctioned for
the maintenance of the oil pipelines and unit (Tribune 2018). It has been found that prior to the
year 2014; Port-Harcourt refinery produced oil and sells it $100 per barrel that has reduced to
$30 per barrel (Daily Trust 2018). This collapse of the price resulted in serious economic crisis.
4.1.3.4 Incompetence and Corruption
There is huge corruption in Nigeria where the politicians and police officials taken their
profit obtained from the oil and gas industry. Politicians and police people are aware of the
condition of the pipelines but they have not taken any steps for maintaining the pipelines of other
unit so as to improve the working condition of the refinery (Today News Africa 2018). Wilson
(2014) furthermore stated that oil has been stolen from the refineries and as a result there are 13
illegal refineries in the Nigeria that has been running from the stolen oil. In April, 2017, there
were total of 400,000 barrels stolen from the refinery (Tribune 2018). This leads to poor profit
and lack of maintenance of the pipeline or workplace environment (Today News Africa 2018).
This furthermore results in more accidents in pipelines.
4.2 Questions from Managers
Q1. How important is the health and safety matters to you in refinery?

40OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
First manager- The workers working in the Port-Harcourt refinery spent a huge proportion of
time in the refinery. Thus, it is important in every oil and gas industry to maintain the drilling
floor, shale shakers, mud pits/tanks and chemical mixing station/room. The condition of the roof
along with underground functionalities should have to maintain weekly in order to identify any
risk regarding safety.
Second Manager- The health and safety measure should have to be properly addressed in order
to maintain their well being. The more the workers are safe, the more they can work for
obtaining the organizational objectives. Moreover, any mistakes in the oil refinery resulted in
greater hazards like fire explosion.
Third Manager- The main works that the refinery worker performs are drilling using dry
product, shale dryer maintenance, sweeping or moving sand, abrasive blasting and hydraulic
fracturing. All these functions resulted in inhalation of dust particles, accidents in body parts and
noise. These cold damage their ability and can prevent them for continuing with their job
responsibility. Thus, worker’s safety and health concern is important.
Q2. What according to you is the probable reason for the poor health and safety condition in
your refinery?
First manager- The reason for which the health and safety issue mainly raises is due to poor
political condition of the nation. The politician should have taken more initiative to maintain the
most important source of nation’s income in order to grow the economic growth. However, the
corruption nature of the politicians results in further loss in the profitability.
Second Manager- Apart from the corruption nature of the politician it is important for the
organizational officials to look on the condition of the equipment. This is because, the working

41OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
procedure is under their investigation and they are responsible for the maintenance of the
machinery. Many times, these officials overlook this importance or intend to avoid the factor of
investing huge financial resources on changing part of the refinery in order to upgrade the same.
Third Manager- The main reason is the continuous militant attacks due to which after some
days, the equipment get affected by the attack. This will also lead to the poor condition of the
workplace environment. The attack also lead to the risky living condition and some of the worker
also died in this attack that furthermore hampers the workforce an overall productivity.
Q3. What will be your future step to overcome the challenges in health and safety concern of
your refinery?
First manager- The plan is for changing the machinery so that the worker can feel ease in
accomplishing their daily job. A plan has to be formulated for sanctioning the budget for the
same. Effective regulations also have to be prepared so that they can be followed effectively to
perform the organizational functionality.
Second Manager- The planning for employee official’s training is planned so as to overcome the
problem of challenges in health and safety concern. This training will help them to know about
modern technology that is implemented in the oil refinery. A plan for the resources and budget
will be premeditated for including all the necessary equipments and consultancy with the oil and
gas experts so that relevant
Third Manager- The organization is planning for the protection system within the workplace so
that the plant can survive the attack of the militants. Inclusion of governing bodies will also be
planned so that strict action against them can be taken to improve the working condition within
the refinery.

42OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
Chapter 5: Findings/ Discussion of Research Question
Research Question 1: What is the present condition of the refineries in Port-Harcourt
Refinery, Nigeria?
The present condition of the Nigerian refineries is in a pathetic condition. Through the
literature review it has been found that the equipment used in the refineries are established years
ago and is not maintained properly due to lack of expertise. Another reason is that the actual plan
was established by the owners, who are not in operation in recent times and the new owners have
less knowledge in the functionalities of these machineries. This is the reason when the new
technology has been arrived; the new managers are unable to find the required places that can be
changed by new technology. The government though have taken the initiative to call the owners
and asked about the working functions of the machines and assess the performance in order to
identify which area to send for renovation and modernization.
In addition to that, the government also overlooks the maintenance procedure of the oil
refinery unless some major accident does not occur. The data from the chapter 4 shows that some
politicians are corrupted and do not sanction the financial resource for the maintenance of the
equipment of the refineries. This corruption leads to the establishment of illegal refineries in
Nigeria. This development of illegal refineries furthermore resulted in oil theft and the research
data shows that in Nigeria, there are 13 illegal oil refineries in recent times. The literature review
also shows that due to distance and poor environmental condition, educated people do not come
to Nigerian oil refineries as a result less educated people are offered with managerial
responsibilities and they failed to identify the serious issue in the plan. This is one of the major
reasons for the rise of risk in health and safety management in these refineries.

43OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
Research Question 2: What are the challenges faced by the management in Health & Safety of
refineries in Port-Harcourt Refinery, Nigeria?
There is risk in working any department of the oil refinery. The section of research data
shows that in the unit of technical building, due to the presence of oil particles and hazardous
gaseous substance, problems like prolong sitting, slips, trips and falls occurred frequently. The
unit of Plant inspection, people faces hazards like noise, slips while climbing to the chambers
and exposure to the biological animals like snakes. However, risk is greater when staff
canteen/kitchen is considered as it need fire to cook and this might result in mechanical
accidents, fire and explosion and food contamination. The unit of power Plant is liable for raising
the health and safety hazards of cold, heat, noise, chemical leakage, explosion, trips and falls.
Moreover, it is also found from the research data that the fluid catalytic cracking unit is
responsible for the hazard of chemical hazards, stream exposure, heat, noise and skips and trips.
Chemical Warehouse is another major unit of oil refineries and Vehicular Movement, Exposure
to Chemicals and noise and heat are the major health hazards that occurred in this unit. The
exposure to biological hazards slips and falls of the employees, vehicular movement, heat and
noise is occurred in Fire, Safety and Environment Section. Lastly, in the unit for oil movement,
pumps and pipelines and Crude tank farm and old refiner, health and safety hazards of inhaling
chemicals, inhalation of hydrocarbon vapors, slips from climbing, noise, cold and heat, fire and
explosion are common factors that can rise.
However, some additional challenges faced by the management are damaged equipment
that can avoid accidents, allegation of not developing poor environment for living, concession
cancellation due to lack of transparency. This transparency lack was found when the Port
Harcourt refinery proposed to open an additional refinery and said that they have selected

44OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
AGIP/ENI for support; however, when government did the investigation they found that the
Public Procurement Act has not been addressed and the organization is not interested to publish
all the actual data. Moreover, due to the breakage of 94 break points out of which the PORT
Harcourt Refining Company Limited refinery was liable for 45 new pipelines breaks, employees
and workers working in this refinery have to suffer a lot. The literature review shows that every
year hundreds of people died due to unsafe working condition in the refineries.
Research Question 3: What are the possible reasons for the current conditions of the
management in health and safety in Port-Harcourt Refinery in Nigeria?
The possible reasons for the current conditions of the management in health and safety in
Port-Harcourt Refinery in Nigeria is lack of managerial effort as they are less knowledgeable
regarding the importance of safety regulation and safe working conditions. Another reason found
to be in research data is the continuous militant attacks and the number shows the detail of
15,000 cases of pipeline breaks with over 400 cases of fire explosions in oil refineries. The low
price of the oil and incompetence and corruption is also a reason fir the low maintenance of
health and safety hazards. The establishment of 13 illegal refineries in the Nigeria and oil theft
resulted in low profitability as a result the health and safety factor are omitted by the
organization’s officials. Through the interview data it has been found that the mangers also
depicted that the poor political condition of the nation, dilapidated condition of the equipment
and continuous militant attacks are the reason for the breakage of the pipelines due to which
several accidents were occurred that hampers the living condition of the workers and lead to
many death.

45OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
Chapter 6: Conclusion and recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
Objective 1: To critically examine the present conditions of the refineries in Nigeria
The present condition of the Nigerian oil refineries are in poor condition as the officials
have less knowledge in maintaining the refinery equipments. One of the reasons for their less
knowledge is lack of education and assistance of experts. The literature review showed that
educated experts are less interested in Nigerian refineries due to less benefits and poor
environmental conditions. The new owners of the refinery do not communicate with the old
owners and this is another reason for less knowledge of the machineries. Thus, these official are
not able to make the decision whether or not the machineries some change. The corruption
among the officials and governing bodies resulted in development of illegal refineries,
militant’s attacks and fire and explosions. This resulted in low profitability in the organization
and less financial resource allocated for the maintaining the health and safety factors for the
employees. The data result also shows that every unit of the oil refinery has some risk to work
and hazards like slips, falls due to presence of oil everywhere, inhalation of poisonous gas,
biological animal’s bites, fire and explosion and falling of machinery parts on worker’s body.
The militant’s attack is due to the running of illegal refineries and no benefits given to the local
people from the benefits that the oil companies are making.
Objective 2: To identify the challenges faced by the management in health and safety of
refineries in Port-Harcourt Refinery, Nigeria
The main challenges that he official of the oil refineries are facing is the death of
workers. Every year hundreds of people died due to poor working condition. Every unit of the

46OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
oil refinery is not safe and the probability of occurring hazard is high. Low profitability due to
oil theft and corruption of the political bodies are more challenges that the management are
facing. Due to low profitability, the managerial bodies do not show interest to enhance the
safety concern for the workers and due to this result many worker died due to poor working
conditions. The regular explosions and spillage of oil in the water bodies also hamper the health
of the local people. This results in death of babies, less human life and scarcity of workers.
Objective 3: To investigate the possible reasons for the current conditions of the management
in health and safety in Port-Harcourt Refinery, Nigeria
The most important reason is lack of experienced management and lack of clear
definition of lines of authority. There are no strict rules to follow the developed regulations due
to which the safety concerns are not followed properly. There are several legislations followed in
the Nigerian oil and gas industry like Labour Act and applicability of common law, The Local
Content Act, The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act, The Petroleum Act
and The Petroleum (Drilling and Production) Regulations. These regulations are for the safety
concern of the workers working in this industry. Howver, no report have been [prepared that can
show the evidence that these legislation have been addressed. This is the reason when Port
Harcourt oil refinery gave the proposal for opening new refinery of daily capacity of refining
150,000 barrel per day; the governing bodies asked for Public Procurement Act that the
concerned organization could not show.
Other reasons are customization of owner specification requirements, ineffective material
management plans and lack of appropriate risk analysis expertise due to which breakage of oil
pipelines occurred. The less knowledge among the officials do not allow them to identify the risk

47OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
through accurate risk analysis tools. The communication method is also not string that they can
communicate with experts regarding the risk. The plans and the equipments are also outdated
and need to be replaced by high end machinery that is incorporated with new technologies.
Continuous militant attacks are also a reason for the dilapidation of the machinery parts which
cause health issues to the workers during working hours. The attacks also results in explosion in
which many workers died.
5.2 Recommendations
Objective 4: To recommend suitable methods to overcome the problems faced by the Port-
Harcourt Refinery
5.2.1 Rising the benefit of educated managers
It is important to handle the oil and gas sector by educated people, who have the
knowledge of handling the operational functionalities with greater efficiency. People selected
from other nation for the oil and gas refinery should be given more benefits so that they can
agree on taking the responsibility of Nigerian refineries. The greater benefits given to the
managers also allow them to work for the organization with full effort. The government can also
provide them challenging roles and responsibility for the refinery so tat hey can take some
initiatives to maintain the working condition in the refinery.
5.2.2 Training to the officials
Apart from the educated managers, other officials of the organization need to provide the
training session on developing effective working condition in the refineries. The training session
must also include the risk assessment classes so that these officials can implement the knowledge

48OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
in analyzing the effectiveness within the workplace. This approach will help them to identify the
risk or issues in the initial stages in the refinery to avoid major problems.
5.2.3 Developing good communication methods
Nigerian oil refinery should have to develop effective communication tools and
approaches so that the officials can be in contact easily. In this way, the officials can share their
concern with experts of other nation from oil and gas industry and make them aware of the
recent technology that can also be utilized in Nigerian refinery.
5.2.4 Formulating strict legislations
The government needs to take step for designing strict legislation for the organization
regarding the worker’s safety. This regulation have been formulated in presence of the
organization’s officials so that they can clearly understand their rules in maintaining the rules.
Government should impose high compensation value on the organization if any worker gets
affected during the working hours.

49OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
Chapter 7: Self reflection
The entire journey has been very promising for me. Through this research project I have
not only learned about the different things about completing the project but it also helped me in
developing myself as a person. Starting from selecting the research topic for my dissertation to
the relevant method for collecting the data, I have learned about decision making skills. This will
help me in prospering in future life. The topic for the research portrays my course and interest
and I have learnt to select only those things that can interest me. This process will me help to
complete the work with more effectiveness as I will have the motivation to go beyond.
I have also learned about the importance of the communication skills and its effectiveness
in conveying my messages to others. I have discussed problem related to the research and its
content with my mentor and also talk about other problem like how to find relevant resources
and complete different section of the research with classmates. I have learnt how to express
myself in a correct manner so that the person in front of me cam understand my queries without
giving any extra effort. Through this process I have developed effective interpersonal
relationship with them.
The idea that I possess on my research topic is that the only reason for the poor condition
of the oil refineries are improper maintenance of the equipments. However, my research allowed
me to identify supporting factors that can raise this issue like political conditions, overlooking
nature of the managerial bodies, militant’s attacks and corrupted politicians. Though this process
I have also improved my decision making skills for selecting only the reacted factors that can
influence the health and safety concerns in the oil refinery. My mentor has helped me in
selecting necessary articles related to the research topic. I can also utilize this knowledge in

50OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION
developing other research work during my academic life. I can effectively select relevant data
from authentic sources. Another thing that can help me in accomplishing future research work is
the knowledge of research methods that I have obtained. I have learned that not all research
project follow the same research methods and the knowledge will help me to get a better
understanding of the research scenario.
There were sometimes when I have not received help from others. Initially I felt dejected
but later I have started acquiring knowledge by selecting appropriate methods to gain the
knowledge. I have faced challenges in initial stage but later gain the ability to find relevant
things that can help me in accomplishing my goals. I think this lesson will help me in my growth
for both the career and in person. Thus, I can say, now I am able to continue this research on
other industry or can also conduct other research based on other topic. However, the decision-
making skills and developing interpersonal relationships with others will help me in my future
workplaces also.

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