Oil Spill Impacts on Ogoni Communities

This assignment delves into the profound impact of oil spills on the Ogoni community in Nigeria. It examines how oil spills have degraded soil quality, harmed biodiversity, and led to economic hardship through reduced agricultural production and fishing yields. The assignment also investigates the connection between oil spills, poverty, migration, and the erosion of traditional customs and values. It further explores government efforts to control oil spills through arrests and killings of suspected terrorists, analyzing the effectiveness of this strategy.

OIL SPILLS IN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA:
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
ON THE PEOPLE OF BODO OG

ABSTRACT
This report is prepared on oil spill and its impact on social, environment and economic condition
of the people. In the research study impact of oil spill on these dimension on people is critically
evaluated. Secondary and primary data is analyzed and on that basis conclusion and
recommendations are prepared. It is identified in the report on the basis of analysis that oil spill
make land and water poisonous which affects agriculture productivity. Plants and trees
eliminated gradually and all these greatly affects people. At end of the report, recommendations
are given which can bring situation on track in long term

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................4
1.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................4
1.2 Research aims and objectives...........................................................................................5
1.3 Rationale of research........................................................................................................5
1.4 Significance of research...................................................................................................5
1.5 Structure of report ............................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................16
3.1 Research introduction or overview.................................................................................16
3.2 Research type..................................................................................................................16
3.3 Research design..............................................................................................................16
3.4 Research approach..........................................................................................................17
3.5 Research philosophy.......................................................................................................17
3.6 Data collection methods.................................................................................................17
3.7 Data analysis...................................................................................................................18
3.8 Validity and reliability....................................................................................................18
3.9 Ethical considerations.....................................................................................................18
3.10 Limitations of study......................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION.........................................................35
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................37
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................40

CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Background of research
Nigeria is one of the largest oil producing nation. In past years its economy grow at rapid
rate in Africa continent. There are number of challenges that mentioned nation is currently facing
in its business. Oil spill is one of the main problem that is affect southern part of Nigeria. In
mentioned nation in south Nigeria Bodo people lives in area which is known as Ogoni. In present
research study detail discussion will be carried out on oil spill and its impact socioeconomic and
environmental impact on people of Bodo in Ogoni (Vidal, 2016). In mentioned location of
Nigeria between 1993-2007 totally 35 incidents of oil spills occur. Apart from this many other
cases of oil spill occur but they remain unreported. There are many reasons due to which cases of
oil spill occur in Ogoni. Some of these reasons are leakage in pipelines, blowout from well, poor
maintenance of wells and spills from flow stations. Due to oil spills hydrocarbons are released in
surrounding environment which pollutes soil and water. It can be said that oil spill pollute crops
and marine life. This means that water that Bodo people drink is also polluted. Mangrove forests
badly affected by oil spills because mentioned forests capacity to absorb oxygen reduce and
gradually they died. This is entire background of negative things that are happening in Ogoni due
to oil spill. In the report on the basis of entire scenario environment and socioeconomic impact
oil spill on relevant people will be identified. In this regard detail review of literature will be
done and data will be analyzed to arrive at specific conclusion.
Background of geographic area
Ogoni located in south Nigeria and on its land there are five oil fields. Totally there are
110 oil wells in these fields. Apart from this, there are five flow stations at at Bomu, Korokoro,
Yorla, Bodo West and Ebubu. It is very important to understand structure of these oil fields. All
these five oil fields are interconnected to each other by a pipelines. These oil fields are located in
different areas of Ogoni (Oil spill delta, 2016). Due to inter-connectivity of pipelines Ogoni
villages are crises-crossed. Apart from this, gas flared in this area for 24 hours in day and this is
happening from around 40 years. From these years people are living in proximity area. In Ogoni
there are 19 oil locations in four hundred square mile geographic area. This reflects that situation
is very critical in Ogoni.

1.2 Research aims and objectives
Following are the aims and objectives of present study.
Aim of research
The main aim of research is to carry out detail investigation of scenario of oil spill and its
socioeconomic and environmental impact on people of Bodo in Ogoni.
Objectives of research
Following are the objectives of research.
 Oil spill and its socioeconomic impact on people of Bodo in Ogoni.
 Environmental impact of Oil spill on people of Bodo in Ogoni. Steps taken by government to control cases of Oil spill
Research questions
What socioeconomic impact oil spill put on people of Bodo in Ogoni ?
What environmental impact Oil spill have on people of Bodo in Ogoni?
What steps government of Nigeria take to control oil spill?
1.3 Rationale of research
It was important to conduct this research study because pollution is emerging as one of
big problem for every nation of the world. Due to oil extraction pollution happened in the
surrounding geographic area. It was important to identify that why oil spills are coming in
existence in Nigeria and what socioeconomic and environmental impact it put on people of
Nigeria. It was also very important to identify that what steps are taken by relevant government
to control oil spill. If steps were taken they why they are not proving effective in Nigeria. Hence,
by getting answer of these things area where improvements needs to be done to make condition
better will be identified.

1.4 Significance of research
There is significance of this research because results of this research will revealed the
extent to which people of Nigeria get affected by oil spill. This research will also reveal the steps
that were taken by Nigeria government to control oil spills and improvements that still need to
be done to control oil spill. Thus, this research will help in bringing lots of things in front of
readers.
1.5 Structure of report Introduction- This is one of the most important section of the report and under this detail
introduction on research topic is given. This section is prepared in different sections
under which oil spill and why it is an issue is described in detail. Apart from this,
rational and significance of research is also mentioned in this section of report. Literature review- This is one of the important section of the report and in this various
literature's will be reviewed to understand conditions that prevailed in Nigeria due to oil
spill. In this regard, books, journals and websites will be visited to develop broad
understanding on research topic. Data analysis- In this section collected data is analyzed. Primary and secondary data can
be collected for research and by using suitable method same will be analyzed in
systematic way in the report. Conclusion- It is end part of the report and in this on the basis of data analysis and
literature review conclusion is prepared. This section of the report give an overview of
entire things that are covered in the report.
 Recommendation- On the basis of conclusion scenario of entire situation will be cleared
and on that basis recommendation will be given. It can be said that like other sections it is
also one of the important part of the report.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Environment is a system which encompass flora and fauna which play an important role
in supporting life of the human being in the planet. It is very important to protect natural
environment because from same one receive oxygen, water and food etc. If natural environment
will be in good condition then people will get fresh oxygen, food and water. With passage of
time pollution is increasing at fast pace all over the world. In some specific geographic areas
pollution due to exploration of oil is happening on large scale. Nigeria is one of the African
nation which is largest producer of crude oil. It is major source of income of Nigeria and one of
the most important growth driver of economy. Oil spill is one of major problem that the
mentioned nation is facing in current time period. In a year number of cases in respect to oil spill
happened in the mentioned geographic area. There are various reasons due to which oil spill
happened in the Nigeria. These reasons are terrorism and careless behavior of oil exploration
companies like Shell.
According to Kadafa, (2012) oil spill is affecting quality of soil and it is now become
more poisonous. Crude oil contains harmful hydrocarbon which is playing an important role in
degradation of soil quality. Due to to consistent decline in soil quality fertility of land is reduced.
As per facts all reserves that are five in number are integrated to each other from pipes. These
pipes cross each other under the land. Hence, if leakage happened in any pipe then automatically
oil spill occur inside the land which finally degrade soil quality. In this fertility of land is
declined in past years. It is very important to improve quality of soil because if focus will not be
given on relevant direction then this will put negative impact on the people.
As per views of Sojinu and et.al., (2010) it is liability of the oil producing companies to
ensure that there infrastructure is in better condition and is not responsible for oil spill. The main
problem in African nation is that firms are not understanding there corporate social
responsibility. Relevant firms are only focusing on discovery of new oil reserves but they are not
paying any attention on maintenance of its infrastructure specially which is above land. Lots of
time is required to control oil spill and fixing leakage part of pipe. Thus, the main problem is
that firms are not taking actions actively to reduce oil spill as much as possible. Top managers of
the firms already know that every year number of cases of oil spill comes in existence due to
there ignoring behavior. Due to this attitude many species of animals extinct from relevant

geographic area. Moreover, some of animals species are in endanger animals list. Same thing is
observed in case of birds. There are many organizations that are taking initiatives to make people
aware about the decline that is happening in the soil quality. It is efforts of non government
organizations (NGO) due to which know some pressure is build on government aKadafa, A.A.,
2012nd its attention is bringing on the issues of infertility of land.
AKPOMUVIE, (2011) claims that oil spill is now a big issue for the people of Nigeria
because it is affecting aesthetic of entire village. The main point is that there multiple things due
to which beauty of such a beautiful geographic area get destroyed. It is mistake of Nigeria
government that it is not taking sufficient steps to protect aesthetic of such a beautiful land.
Large part of the village area is covered by mangrove forest and other type of trees. Due to oil
spill hydrocarbons reached to the trees. These harmful chemicals affects plants in two ways and
one of them is less production of photosynthesis. It is a process that develop number of things
that are necessary to keep plants alive. Due to absorption of chemicals trees capacity to prepare
photosynthesis get reduced with passage of time period and gradually plant died. In past years
due to excessive oil spill number of trees died which affects aesthetic of Ogoni. People are also
facing many problems due to oil spill because there are many plants that are used for medication
of people. These plants are also extinct with passage of time which to great extent people health
and there life is on threat.
As per views of Aroh and et.al., (2010) government must come forward for help of the
people and must prepare some ways that can be followed to prevent further harm to aesthetic of
Ogoni. This is because it is only force that can take strict action against the oil companies and
compel them to take some protective measures that minimize harm to aesthetic of surrounding
area. It is loose policies of the government that are encouraging firms to do exploration of oil at
there own discretion without considering results produced by social cost benefit analysis.
According to Bayode and Adewunmi, (2011) it is forest from which people are running there
livelihood. If there will be no forest then it will promote unrest in the geographic area. It is very
important to put strict pressure on the government. This is because its behavior is clearly
reflecting that it is not paying any attention on protection of aesthetic of Ogoni. It is only
focusing on foreign direct investment of foreign companies on its land. Entire Nigeria economy
is dependent on export of oil and it is its major limitation. Nation needs to focus on other sectors

also to earn revenue. Moreover, government needs to bring strict policies that force companies to
make some efforts to prevent further harm to aesthetic of Ogoni village.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of plants and animals that are across the globe. There is
great importance of biodiversity. This is because each plant and animal play its own role in
maintaining good environment in the earth. If some of these animals and plants species will
extinct from earth then it will affect natural environment. According to Ordinioha and Brisibe,
(2013) it is observed that due to reduction in plants, animals and forest areas many natural
disasters come. For example landslides, tsunami and earthquake etc. Thus, it is very important to
make sure that everything remain in balance in natural environment. If same will remain in
balance then there will be less problems for the people. This is evident from the case of Nigeria
where in Ogoni village due to oil spill lots of problems are faced by the people in there day to
day life. Due to oil spill number of species of plant and animals extinct. Moreover, marine life
also get destroyed. It can be said that oil spill put very negative impact on biodiversity of Ogoni
which today is creating problems for local people. This is evident from the fact that there were
days when tribal people do fishing from there rivers and other sources. Today, same people are
forced to eat imported fishes. This is revealing adverse impact that destruction of biodiversity
put on the people. People of Ogoni are not getting clean water for drinking, cooking of food and
number of plants that were used for medication are eliminated from land. This means that due to
destruction of biodiversity it become very difficult for the people to live on there own tribal area
there own resources get destroyed and are forced to import that things from other nations. It can
be said that village economy that was self-dependent now is not able to serve its needs and now
depend on other to meet its basic requirements. Hence, it can be said that oil spill destroy
biodiversity which make people economically weak.
As per views of Galadima and et.al., (2011) government must take steps to make sure that
pollution that is released in environment due to exploration of oil will come in control. If this
will be done then only welfare of people can be done. In short duration results of environment
protection measures will not be observed but in long run certainly there will be positive results.
If government will not take any action till now then unrest will comes in existence and problems
between mentioned entity and people will only increase. This will make worse situation which
will not be good for entire Nigeria.

In order to understand the economic impact of oil spill on the people it is very important
to identify there source of income. It can be observed that tribal people are earning money by
selling agriculture products that are produced on there lands. Apart from this fishing is another
source of income for tribal people in south part of Nigeria. According to Jernelöv, (2010)pipes
are inside the land and due to oil spill production capacity of same get reduced. This is because
due to oil soil quality of same get deteriorate which is affecting land fertility. As per facts in past
couple of years fertility of land destroyed to great extent. There were days when Ogoni was
known as agriculture basket. It produce agricultural products in large quantity which were not
only consumed by tribal people but were also eaten by other people of Nigeria. Today, situation
get worse and now productivity of the mentioned geographic area decline to great extent which
is affecting economic health of the village. Government ignorance and careless behavior of oil
producing firms are the two main factors that are responsible for decline in fertility rate of land.
Due to fall in production now people of village are earning low amount which is directly
affecting there economic condition. With passage of time period income level of people is
reducing.
As per views of Kadafa, (2012) there are number of cases of oil spill that occurs on land
and in water. Oil spill in water is very dangerous because release of hydrocarbon make water
more polluted. Same water is used to cook food and for irrigation purpose. Hence, food that is
produced on agriculture land is already poisonous. Entire situation is that production is reduced
on agricultural land and whatever things are produced on same are already poisonous. Hence,
people of Ogoni are facing double problems in there life. Fishing was another source of income
as mentioned earlier but due to poisonous water marine life also get destroyed. The entire story is
that people can eat agriculture products or can cook fishes in food. Now, both options are not
available to them because production of agriculture items get reduced and are poisonous.
Moreover, fishes are died in water and they are also toxic-ant. Hence source of food for people
of Ogoni completely get destroyed in there homeland.
According to Idemudia, (2010) tribal people does not have much sources of income.
They are entirely dependent on agriculture to meet then needs. Land infertility is the main issue
that people of Ogoni are facing on there land. Due to mentioned issue income level of people
declined sharply. There economy get destroyed and it is one of the main reason due to which
terrorists groups comes in existence in the tribal area. All these groups originate after 2000 and

some of them are Niger Delta people's Volunteer Force (NDPVF), Niger Delta Vigilante (NDV)
and Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) as well as The Niger Delta
Liberation Front (NDLF). These terrorists groups aimed at stooping oil production in Ogoni
village area. These are also one of the main reason due to which oil spill comes in existence. In
order to increase terror level among the foreign companies terrorist groups leak pipes which lead
to oil spill. It is very important to understand these groups because they are one of the major
contributor of oil spill problem. Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF) is one of the
largest terrorist group of Nigeria.
The main demand of this group is that bigger share of oil wealth must be given to the
people in the nation. This is because due to oil exploration operations of firms pollutants released
in environment which lead to land or soil and water pollution. This ultimately lead to
unemployment and starvation among tribal people. On this ground this group demand big share
in oil wealth. Niger Delta Vigilante (NDV) is another group that demand that resources belongs
to Nigeria and due to this reason local people must have maximum control on them. They think
that if local people will have more control than resources will be used in best way and it is only
way by using which pollution can be controlled. Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger
Delta (MEND) is another group which demand for the greater control on local resources by the
people. Along with this, it also demand for compensation that private companies must paid to the
people for harm to natural environment that happen due to there mistakes. Alone in Movement
for the survival of the Ogoni people (MOSOP) have 5,00,000 members in mentioned location.
All these things clearly reflects that demand of people are raised by the terrorist groups but same
are not benefiting people instead creating complexity.
Anifowose and et.al., (2012) claims that forest areas is reducing in village constantly year
by year due to oil spill. This is seriously affecting ecosystem and affects natural environment.
The harmful pollutants that are released from oil exploration areas are making air poisonous
which is not good for trees. On other hand, oil spill directly happened in the water which reach
to plants and trees and affects them. Due to consistent emanation of pollutants trees are died.
Moreover, when in any areas reserves of oil are identified oil companies carried out extensive
research work. In this regard these companies remove number of trees from land. This is the
main reason due to which forest area is contracting consistently. Government is the supreme
body and it needs to ensure that companies if cutting trees then equal number of same are grown

again. This will maintain balance in natural environment and biodiversity will not affect
adversely. Government needs to understand the negative effects that can be seen on the land if
forest will be removed substantially. If forest area will be reduced from current rate then plant
and animal species species will extinct which will bring imbalance in natural environment.
Moreover, food chain will also get disturbed in ecosystems which will adversely affect people
and surrounding conditions. This is the time when government must take a step. If by this time
also it will not adopt any measure then situation will be out of control.
According to John and Okpokwasili, (2012) government of Nigeria must prepare some
rules and regulations that lay down some restrictions for the oil exploration companies in the
nation. For example rules can be bring under which it will be legal and ethical liability of the
firms to grow plants equivalent to the number of same that they are planned to remove from land
to explore crude oil. By doing this balance can be maintained in natural environment and
biodiversity can be kept safe. Moreover, rule can be bring under which it would be necessary for
the firms to do checking of there infrastructure specially pipes in every three month time period.
If there will be time to time checking of same then chances of oil spill will substantially reduced
from firms side.
As per views of Nganje and et.al., (2012)fishing along with agriculture was one of the
major source of income for the people. In the surrounding area of Ogoni there were number of
varieties of fishes. People by selling these fishes earn good amount of revenue. Higher
agriculture production and availability of variety of fishes were two main factors due to which
unemployment rate was very low in the Ogoni. With passage of years many new oil and gas
reserves were identified and oil extracted from them which create pollution. This affects
biodiversity which directly affect people economic condition. This condition bring change in
socioeconomic condition of the people that belongs to Ogoni. Due to higher unemployment rate
local people are now migrating to new areas for earning money. Economically people of Ogoni
become more weaker. Wealthy section of society in some years become poor due to negligence
of government. Due to migration to new place Ogoni people socially also get changed and they
adopt new area culture. This means migrated Ogoni people leave there culture and adopt same of
the other area of Nigeria in which they work after migrating from there village. Hence, it can be
said that oil spill change socioeconomic background of the people.

Due to reduction in fertility level of land of Ogoni there is less production of agriculture
products and due to this reason people are facing food shortage problem. As per views of
Adelekan and Abegunde, (2011)Nigeria was agriculture based economy and in 1999 its shares in
the GDP was 41%. In 1957 when oil reserves were identified first time in Nigeria share of
agriculture in total GDP was 65.7%. Means that after oil was identified 24.7% decline comes in
share of agriculture as part of Nigeria GDP. This happened because oil become growth driver of
economy and more people start working in oil and gas industry. Hence, share of oil and gas
increases in Nigeria GDP and same of agriculture decline. Nigeria have wide range of climatic
conditions and due to this reason it was able to product wide variety of food and cash crops.
Major agriculture products that nation export was cassava, corn, cow-peas, sweet potatoes, millet
and rice etc. It produce various types of fruits and vegetables. Today, situation get changed and
people start showing less interest in agriculture. Moreover, the areas in which consistently
agriculture remain main source of income for the people pollutants release by the oil spill
destroy everything. Hence, due to this reason, people of Ogoni are facing shortage of food. The
area that was once able to meet needs of other people today is dependent on purchase of
imported edible items. Situation get more worse in past few years and area that was in surplus in
terms of food production is now in deficit due to consistent decline in fertility of land. As per
views of Jernelöv, (2010) it is a time when government must interfere because tribal people are
facing number of problems. Shell corporation alone cover 60% of the oil and gas exploration
related projects. It is a company which in collaboration with government carry out projects. This
reflect that government is dependent on Shell corporation for discovery of oil reserves and its
exploration. Hence, then main thing that Nigeria government needs to do is that it muse reduce
its dependency on Shell corporation.
According to Agarry, Owabor and Yusuf, (2010) unemployment is the major problem
that is faced by Nigeria. In Ogoni also unemployment is the main issue that is faced by the tribal
people. Due to oil spill water reserves get polluted. Due to this reason fishes died and crops
become poisonous because water is very polluted. Hence, due to infertility of land crop
production decline which reduce people income level. Moreover, due to death of fishes further
financial condition of unemployment rate get increased in Ogoni. So, scenario in Ogoni is that
large population is unemployed and the income level that is generated is insufficient to meet
needs of the people. Hence, it can be said that due to mistakes of oil & gas companies as well as

operations of terrorist groups economic conditions of people is not good. Chikere, Chikere and
Okpokwasili, (2012) claims that government instead of taking actions against the terrorists
groups must invite them on round table for negotiation. This is because the people that are in
terrorist groups are directly or indirectly linked to Ogoni. Government by taking them together
must try to identify solution of the problem. Fierce action against the terrorists is not problem of
solution instead it is increasing tensions in the region and widen gap among the government and
tribal people. Hence, government has no choice apart from carrying out dialogue process with
the terrorist groups.
In recent years, it has been observed that people of Ogoni in large number are migrating
to new places. This is happening because there is no employment in Ogoni and due to terrorist
group activities it is difficult to live peacefully in the region. According to Ajugwo, (2013)
migration to new place certainly affect culture and value system of people of Nigeria. It is well
known fact that there is great difference in urban and rural area culture and value system. When
one migrate to new place he adopt that location culture and value system. Thus, oil spill not only
affect people economic condition but also bring change in there culture. Hence, it can be said
that to large extent oil put negative impact on people of Ogoni.
As per views of Angelova and et.al., (2011) if government would take steps at initial
stage then people of Ogoni did not face problems like starvation and low production of edible
items etc. Government is entirely responsible for current situation that prevailed in Ogoni. It is
wrong policies of the Nigeria government due to which terrorist groups comes in existence. After
emergence of terrorist groups it is observed that situation become worse. In order to understand
this situation that was before 2000 and thereafter must be compared. It can be easily observed
that before 2000 there was less unrest but thereafter terrorist groups comes in existence and
fights between them and army get started. This adversely affect local people. The new trend that
comes in observation is that earlier oil spill happen due to mistake of oil companies but now
terrorists become new contributor to this problem.
According to Udoh, (2010) government in order to prevent elevation in cases of oil spill
is arresting or killing terrorists. By doing so it wants to show that they can easily do anything
against government and oil companies. But the main question that arise is that is government
policy to catch or kill terrorists will prove effective. Shell corporation state that terrorists are

responsible for 90% of cases of oil spill that occurs in Ogoni. The main thing that Nigeria
government must keep in mind is that terrorists are those whose native place is Ogoni. They are
not outsiders and if it will take strict action against problem will not solved instead it become
more complex.
Ordinioha and Brisibe, (2013) claims that arrest or killing of terrorists is not effective
strategy. This is because such kind of activities clearly reflect to people of Ogoni that
government is against them and it is in favor of oil companies. This will ultimately encourage
people to spread unrest in Ogoni. Situation of home war can also comes in existence in the Ogoni
and it can spread to entire Nigeria. Hence, it can be said that actions that are taken by the
government against the terrorist group of Ogoni can never prove effective. Inverse to this it can
create new problems for the Nigeria government.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research introduction or overview
This research work is carried out on the oil spill and its socioeconomic and environmental
impact on the people of Ogoni. In this report extensive research is carried out on reasons due to
which oil spill cases comes in existence in Nigeria. Furthermore, adverse impacts that oil spill
put on the people and natural environment are also discussed in the report. Comments are made
on the role that government must played in order to handle this situation. Terrorists are one of the
main factor that is playing major role in occurrence of oil spill related cases in the Nigeria.
Hence, it can be said that in this report efforts are made to understand the reasons due to which
oil spill occur and impact that have on the people. Present study also draw attention towards the
areas where there is need to do lots of work.
3.2 Research type
In current business world there are lots of problems that nations and people faced. It is
research which is used to understand and identifying ways that can be adopted to solve the
problem. In order to conduct research study lots of facts and information are collected from
varied sources. This research is both primary and secondary because first of all literature review
is done and by doing same broad understanding about entire case that is related to oil spill is
developed. There is difference between primary and secondary research. Primary research
reefers to the data that is collected for the first time by the researcher and never published in any
source of information. Contrary, to this there is secondary research in which data is taken which
is already collected by someone and printed in any book or journal. There is equal significance
of both type of research because analysis of data that is collected from secondary sources helps
in understanding situation in better way. Moreover, it also helps in conducting primary research
in best way. It can be said that it is important to conduct both type of research.
3.3 Research design
Research design refers to the data collection techniques that can be choose according to
research requirements. There are three type of research design like exploratory, descriptive and
experimental. Descriptive research design is often employed by one who have good knowledge
of research topic but wants to enhance knowledge on same. On other hand, other research design
method is exploratory research design and it is employed by researcher when he does not know

anything about research topic and he wants to prepare his base on same. Third, is experimental
research design which is used when one intends to conduct scientific research. According to
requirement researcher choose specific research design and method that comes under same.
3.4 Research approach
In order to carry out specific research work it is very important to follow specific
approach. This is because selection of research approach reflect a direction to the researcher in
which he needs to work. If one will not follow specific research approach then it is impossible to
carry out research in proper way. There are two approaches namely inductive and deductive
which are commonly used in the study. Under former approach first of all observation is done in
commencing stage. In second step hypothesis prepared on the basis of testing of which theory
will be developed. By using observation method qualitative and quantitative data can be
collected by the researcher. In third step after data extraction pattern of same is measured. It is is
trend which reflect the direction in which specific thing is going. Finally, hypothesis is tested in
order to prepare a theory. Other research approach is deductive in which initially theory that is
related to specific topic is prepared and then it is tested. Thereafter, data is collected relevant to
subject on which research carried out. Finally, data is analyzed and theory is tested. In this
research inductive approach will be followed.
3.5 Research philosophy
There are two types of research philosophies namely positivism and interpretivism. Use
of any of these philosophy depends on research requirements. It is very important for one to
choose research philosophy because by using same perfect appropriate method can be choose for
research. Positivism philosophy is employed when on wants to collect scientific data in order to
carry out research work. In Interpretivism philosophy facts and figures are collected by using
questionnaire, books and journals etc. In present work interpretative philosophy will be
employed because in research non-scientific data is collected. Hence, it can be assumed that
Interpretivism philosophy is best for the research.
3.6 Data collection methods
There are various methods of data collection. It depend on researcher that which sort of
data collection technique he think is appropriate for conducting a research. Data will be collected
from books, journals and newspapers. Apart from this primary data will be collected from 30

respondents that are in college. By using these sources of data collection both primary and
secondary data will be collected by the researcher in systematic way.
3.7 Data analysis
In order to arrive at specific point it is very important to analyze data. There are many
methods that can be used to analyze data in systematic way. In this research thematic analysis
method will be used to analyze the data. In this regard first of all collected data will be tabulated
and then there grouping will be done. Thereafter, charting of collected data will be done and in
this data will be analyzed in right way. Analyzed data will help in arriving at specific conclusion
in relation to research topic.
3.8 Validity and reliability
Validity and reliability are two important features of good research. As a researcher one must
ensure that he is taking valid facts, figures and information in research. If right fact and figures
will be considered then right results will be produced in the research. Apart from this, one must
also ensure that he is taking information from reliable sources. In order to carry out study it is
important to develop broad understanding about the research topic. In this regard one visit
different type of websites, books and journals. Information that is collected for them is used to
carry out further research work. So, if wrong information will be used then research will also
produce wrong results. Hence, it is very important to collect fact, figures and information only
from those sources which are reliable. In present study entire data is collected from relevant
sources. Hence, it can be said that it will produce reliable results.
3.9 Ethical considerations
Ethics is related to every field irrespective of field in which one is working. In case of
research also there are some ethics. It is known to everyone that in order to carry out study one
collect primary data from number of people. Some times research is carried out on sensitive topic
and people by beveling on researcher share information. Hence, it is ethical responsibility of
researcher to ensure that entire data that he collected from other people will remain safe and no
one other then him can have access to that data. It is also ethical responsibility of researcher to
ensure that he is collecting facts from reliable sources. This is because when in future other
person will carry out research work he can consider study results that is conducted currently. If
present study will produce wrong results and other person consider same then his research will

also produce wrong outcomes. Hence, it is ethical responsibility of researcher to collect right
facts and figures from reliable sources.
3.10 Limitations of study
The main limitation of this research is that small sample size if 30 respondents is taken
which are students and teachers that teach in college. Due to small sample size question may
raised on reliability of research results. Every effort is made to make sure that research will
produce reliable results. In this regard only those respondents response will be considered in the
research which are right.

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
Do you think that oil spill is affecting soil quality and lead to its degradation.
Yes 29
No 1
Interpretation
From table it can be seen that out of 30 respondents 29 state that oil spill is affecting soil
quality and lead to its degradation. Only there is one respondent which is stating that oil spill is
not affecting soil quality. Research results are clearly reflecting that oil spill put a very heavy
impact on soil. Due to consistent erosion of soil quality productivity also decline in Ogoni. It is a
matter of concern. In order to understand this it is important to identify the things due to which
soil quality deteriorate. In Ogoni pipes are under and above land. When any leakage happened in
the pipe either on ground or water it directly affects land. This is because in case of land oil
directly mix with soil and deteriorate its quality. On other hand, if oil spill happened in water
then in that case when same is used for irrigation soil comes in contact with hydrocarbon and its
quality deteriorate. Hence, in every case due to oil spill hundred percent soil will come in contact
with dangerous chemical.
Oil spill put adverse impact on aesthetic of entire village.
Yes No
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Column C
Illustration 1: People response on question do you think that oil spill is affecting soil quality
and lead to its degradation.

Strongly agree 10
Agree 12
Somewhat agree 4
Disagree 3
Highly disagree 1
Interpretation
Research results clearly revealed that oil spill is adversely affecting aesthetic of entire
village. Out of 30 respondents 10 are strongly agree with the fact that oil spill is affecting beauty
of Ogoni followed by 12 respondents that agree with same statement. 4 respondents are
somewhat agree with the fact that oil spill put adverse impact on aesthetic of village followed by
3 and 1 disagree and highly disagree with same statement. So the entire situation is that majority
of respondents assume that oil spill is the main reason responsible for destruction of aesthetic of
Ogoni. This happened because due to spread of oil on forest and residential areas trees
absorption capacity get reduced. Along with this process of preparation of photosynthesis also
get disturbed due to less absorption capacity. Gradually, plant start dying in Ogoni village. It is
well known fact that in village area aesthetic depends on area of land that is covered by plants.
Due to elimination of plants from land aesthetic of location reduced.
Oil spill put badly affect biodiversity which in turn put negative impact on economic condition
of people.
Yes 25
Strongly agree
Agree
Somewhat agree
Disagree
Highly disagree
Illustration 2: People response on Oil spill put adverse impact on aesthetic of entire village

No 5
Interpretation
On question “Oil spill put badly affect biodiversity which in turn put negative impact on
economic condition of people” 25 respondents out of 30 said that that oil spill to great extent
affects biodiversity. It has been observed that in Ogoni in past few years some of species of
animals extinct. Moreover, some of medical plants are also eliminated from land which were use
by local people for there medication. Only 5 respondents state that oil spill does not put any
impact on biodiversity. This response comes because on wide scale impact on biodiversity is not
observe. This is the main reason due to which some of the respondents does not assume this
statement correct. On the basis of results of research it can be said that most of respondents think
that oil spill is to great extent affecting biodiversity. Hence, it can be said that now is a time
when government must interfere and must take some strong actions to save rich biodiversity
from extinction. If this biodiversity will be destroyed the imbalance will come in ecosystem
which will not be good for Nigeria people specially those who live in Ogoni.
Farm lands become infertile due to excessive oil spill in past years.
Strongly agree 12
Agree 10
Somewhat agree 5
Yes No
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 25
5
Column C
Illustration 3: People response on question oil spill put badly affect biodiversity which in turn
put negative impact on economic condition of people

Disagree 2
Highly disagree 1
Interpretation
Most of respondents think that farm land of Ogoni become infertile due to excessive oil
spill in past years. This is evident from the fact that 12 respondents are strongly agree on the fact
that land of Ogoni become infertile and oil spill is main factor that is responsible for this
situation. Along with this, 10 respondents also agree with same fact. This means that majority of
respondents assume that due to excessive oil spill soil quality erode and due to this reason land
become infertile. However, 5 respondents are somewhat agree with the fact. This means that
mentioned type of respondents are not fully agree of disagree with the asked question. Apart
from this, 2 respondents are disagree and 1 is highly disagree with the same statement. This
reflects that situation is very fierce and it is time when government must bring strong rules in
respect to oil spill so that land infertility can be prevent to maximum possible level.
Strongly agree Agree Somewhat agree Disagree Highly disagree
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
12
10
5
2
1
Column C
Illustration 4: Respondents response on question farm lands become infertile due to excessive
oil spill in past years

Forest area is gradually reducing in village due to oil spill.
Strongly agree 8
Agree 9
Somewhat agree 7
Disagree 3
Highly disagree 3
Interpretation
On the basis of analysis of facts it is concluded that forest areas is reducing consistently
in Ogoni due to oil spill. Out of 30 respondents 8 are strongly agree with the asked question and
9 are agree with same statement. If number of respondents for strongly agree and agree are
compare with above questions then it can be seen that on asked question there are less
respondents. This means that this time less number of people are agree on impact of oil spill.
This may happen because forest area is reducing gradually. It can be seen from the table that 7
respondents are somewhat agree with the asked statement. This means that mentioned number of
respondents does not surely know that whether due to oil spill forest area reduced in Ogoni.
These 7 respondents cover 23.33% of entire sample size. 3 respondents are disagree and same
Strongly agree
Agree
Somewhat agree
Disagree
Highly disagree
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8
9
7
3
3
Column C
Illustration 5: People response on question is forest area gradually reducing in village due to
oil spill

number of respondents are highly disagree on same statement. Hence, it can be said that most of
respondents think that due to oil spill forest area is reducing.
Consistent increase in land infertility year by year affect income level of people of Ogoni.
Yes 29
No 1

Interpretation
It is clear from the fact that consistent elevation in infertility lead to decline in income
level of the people. This happen because people of Ogoni earn money by selling agriculture
items that are produced on there land. Due to land infertility production capacity decline which
means there is less output of agriculture products in comparison to earlier years. 29 respondents
are agree with the fact that due to infertility of land production of agriculture products decline
and due to this reason there income reduce. Only one respondent think that land infertility does
not put any impact on income level of people of Ogoni. Hence, it can be said that land infertility
badly affects the economic condition of the people. It can be said that infertility break backbone
of people of Ogoni. It is responsibility of Nigeria government to take steps for the welfare of the
people. If it will not do so then it will promote unrest among the general public.
Agriculture production reduced in Ogoni in past few years. Do you agree?
Yes 29
No 1
Yes No
0
10
20
30
29
1
Column C
Illustration 6: People response on consistent increase in land infertility year by year affect
income level of people of Ogoni

Interpretation
This theme focused on analyzing and evaluating the impact of oil spill on agriculture
sector of the region. Researcher questioned the respondents about the same. It can be seen from
the chart that majority of respondents think that agriculture production get declined in past few
years. Out of 30 respondents 29 state that agriculture production decline in Ogoni in past few
years. Only one respondent said that they think that agriculture production does not reduce in
past years. Hence, it can be said that due to oil spill to great extent land become infertile and due
to this reason agriculture production decline.
Do you think that terrorist groups that are raising demand from people is also responsible for
poor economic condition of people of Ogoni?
Yes 25
No 5
Yes
No
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Column C
Illustration 7: People response on statement agriculture production reduced in Ogoni in past
few years

Yes No
0
5
10
15
20
25
Column C
Illustration 8: Respondents response on terrorist and there contribution to elevation of poverty
In
terpretation
This theme of the research focused on evaluating the terrorism factor on economic
conditions of people of Ogoni. As per the theme the impact of terrorist attack has a direct and
significant relation with living conditions of people in the region. Moreover this effective the
economic balance of the area as well. Thus Researcher in this theme seeked respondents' opinion
on the impact of rising terrorist demand on economic conditions of the people. The theme
focused on attaining the immediate view on the aspect. The findings of the research reflects that
majority of the respondents agreed with the question. Out of 30 respondents 25 said yes. They
revealed that increasing terrorism in the area has effected the economic conditions of the people
widely. However 5 respondents said no for the same which revealed that terrorism has low or no
impact on economic conditions. The overall analysis of the study suggests that Ogoni is widely
effected by rising demands of terrorists in the area. This has directly and indirectly effected the
economic conditions of the people residing in the region. Thus it can be evaluated that terrorist
groups that are raising demand from people is responsible for poor economic condition of people
of Ogoni.

Traditional source of income which is fishing get destroyed through oil spill, adversely affects
economic condition of Bodo people
Strongly agree 15
Agree 8
Somewhat agree 4
Disagree 1
Highly disagree 2
Strongly agree
Agree
Somewhat agree
Disagree
Highly disagree
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
15
8
4
1
2
Column C
Illustration 9: People opinion on adverse impact on oil spill on there economic condition
Interpretation
This theme of the research focused on analyzing the impact of oil spill on marine
activities and that how the stated factors have resulted in effecting the economic conditions of
the residents in the region. The analysis of the same has been effectively ascertained through
examining the fishing occupation and the impact on it through spilled oil. The findings of the
study revealed that 15 out of 30 respondents strongly agreed with the view that the adverse
impact on traditional source of income has effected the economic conditions of the residents of
Ogoni. 8 respondents agreed with the same while 4 respondents some what agreed which
reflected their neutral reaction on the stated theme. However few respondents gave a negative
repose towards the statement as well. As per the findings 1 respondents disagreed while 2

strongly disagreed that impact on fishing effects he economic conditions of the residents of the
place. Hence on the basis of overall evaluation it can be stated that Traditional source of income
which is fishing get destroyed through oil spill. It adversely affects economic condition of Bodo
people.
Ogoni people are facing food shortage problem
Strongly agree 15
Agree 9
Somewhat agree 2
Disagree 1
Highly disagree 3
Interpretation
Collected data revealed that Ogoni people are facing food shortage problem. Out of 30
respondents 15 are highly agree on the fact that it there is a problem of food shortage in Ogoni.
Apart from this 9 are agree on the same statement followed by 2 respondents are somewhat
agree on the asked statement. Only one respondent is disagree and three are highly disagree on
the fact that there is food shortage problem in Ogoni. It can be said that most of people think that
due to oil spill land productivity decline and it is one of the main factor due to which Ogoni is
facing food shortage problem in its business. The tribal people that were self dependent are
consuming imported edible products. This makes it very important for the government to
intervene and to identify the steps that can be taken in order to enhance productivity of Ogoni. If
Strongly agree Agree Somewhat agree Disagree Highly disagree
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Column C
Illustration 10: People response on food shortage problem in Ogoni

steps will not be taken on time then situation would become worse and it will increase problem
for the nation and may lead to unrest in south part of Nigeria.
Due to infertility of land unemployment rate elevate. Do you agree ?
Yes 26
No 4
Yes
No
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
26
4
Column C
Illustration 11: People response on infertility of land and its contribution to unemployment
Interpretation
This theme of the report is concentrating on land infertility and its impact on people in
terms of enhancement in unemployment rate. Response on this question helps in identifying
whether oil spill economically put negative impact on people of Ogoni. It can be seen from the
chart that 26 respondents out of 30 agree with the fact that due to infertility of land
unemployment rate get increased in the Ogoni. Only 4 respondents state that that infertility of
land is not responsible for elevation in unemployment rate. It can be said that these people think
that there may be another reasons due to which number of people without job is increasing.
Analysis of facts revealed that consistent reduction in land fertility happen to great extent and

due to this reason more and more people become unemployed and forced to migrate to new
place. These are some specific situations which are encouraging people to create terrorist groups
and to fight to get there rights.
People are migrating from Ogioni due to increase in poverty level.
Yes 28
No 2
Yes No
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 28
2
Column C
Illustration 12: People response on migration problem in Ogoni
Interpretation
This theme is focusing on ascertaining that specific factor is responsible for migration of
people from Ogoni. Poverty is one of the main factor due to which people are compelled to move
to new place in order to earn money. Out of 30 respondents 26 believe that to great extent it is
poverty which is forcing people to leave there villages and reside in new place in order to earn
money. Only 2 respondents think that there is no role of poverty behind people decision to
migrate to new place. It can be said that there may be another factors due to which migration
increase in Ogonui. But poverty is one of the basic reason which is responsible for migration of

people that is occurring on large scale. Apart from poverty, terrorism may be another reason due
to which people are looking for new locations to earn livelihood. It is oil spill due to which land
become infertile gradually. This reduce land productivity and due to this reason people earn less
money. Money that people earn was not sufficient to meet there needs. Hence, people start
migrating to new places.
Due to migration of people of Ogoni disintegration is observed in customs, traditions and social
values as well as respect towards elders.
Strongly agree 11
Agree 9
Somewhat agree 7
Disagree 1
Highly disagree 2
Strongly agree Agree Somewhat agree Disagree Highly disagree
0
2
4
6
8
10
12 11
9
7
1
2
Column C
Illustration 13: People thinking on migration and its impact on there culture and value system
Interpretation
This theme is prepared on impact of migration on culture of Ogoni. It is important to
measure impact of oil spill on people from different sides. It can be seen from the chart given
above that 11 respondents out of 30 are strongly agree on the fact that migration put big impact

on culture, traditions and value system of Ogoni. Apart from this, 9 are agree and 7 are
somewhat agree on same statement. It can be said that most of respondents think there
destruction of there culture happen due to migration of people. Only 1 and 2 respondents are
disagree and highly disagree on asked statement. Due to migration culture and value system get
destroyed because when one live in new place then in order to mix up with new people he learn
culture and adopt their moral values. Hence, automatically one will become far from his own
culture and traditions. Thus, it is clear that migration is responsible for destruction in Ogoni
culture.
Government in order to control oil spill is arresting terrorists.
Yes 11
No 19
11
19 Yes
No
Illustration 14: Opinion of people on government efforts in respect to control on terrorists
groups
Interpretation
It can be seen that 11 people think that government is arresting terrorists to control oil
spill. Contrary to this, 19 people think that government is not making any effort to control
terrorists activities. It can be said that mentioned authority needs to make efforts to control oil
spill that happen due to terrorist activities.
Do you think arrest or killing of terrorists is effective strategy to control oil spill.
Strongly agree 5

Agree 9
Somewhat agree 11
Disagree 3
Highly disagree 2
Strongly agree
Agree
Somewhat agree
Disagree
Highly disagree
0
5
10
15
5
9 11
3 2 Column C
Illustration 15: Response of people on effectiveness of government strategy in relation to
terrorists for controlling oil spill
Interpretation
People give mixed response and only 5 are strongly agree followed by 9 agree on
statement killing of extremists is effective strategy to control oil spill. 11 are somewhat agree
followed by 3 disagree and 2 highly disagree on same statement. It can be said that on this
question people have different thinking.

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION
On the basis of above discussion it is concluded that oil spill put a heavy negative impact
on the people of Ogoni. In the mentioned village there are oil reserved and each of them are
intern linked to each other through underground and on the ground pipes. Sometimes due to lack
of maintenance oil get leak and mixed with land. This reduce its fertility and productivity. It is
also concluded that some times oil comes out of leaked pipes and mix with water of river. Same
water is used for irrigation which reduce land fertility. On this basis it is concluded that
irrespective of fact place where oil is leaked in every condition land fertility will be reduced by
oil spill. Number of problems arises in Ogoni due to oil spill. From approx 40 years oil is leaked
from pipes which badly affects land. Hence, with passage of time agriculture productivity of
Ogoni declined sharply. This badly affect economic condition of people because agriculture was
major source of income. Due to elevation in pollution in rivers fishes died and become existing
one become poisonous. Hence, other source of food and income of the people also get destroyed
due to oil spill. In this way economic conditions of Ogoni people become poor and they were
compelled to migrate to new place. It is concluded that there were two basic reasons that were
responsible for oil spill. One of them is poor maintenance of infrastructure by oil companies due
to which time oil get leaked from different pipes. Second reason is that sometimes terrorists blast
the pipes and due to this reason oil comes in contact with surface. Today, in Ogoni situation is
out of control because government of Nigeria never take any strict action against oil
corporations. Hence, firms does not take sufficient steps to control oil spill. Due to consistent
deterioration of economic condition people of Ogoni form or become part of terrorist groups like
NDV etc. This instead of solving a problem become one of the other factor that further elevate
problems for tribal people. Government takes an action against these groups but problems does
not get solved. Due to consistent elevation in cases of oil spill forests specially medical plants get
destroyed which create big problem for tribal people.
This was conclusion about impact of oil spill on environment and economic condition of
people. Socially also people greatly affected by oil spill and due to less income people migrate to
other places. This disintegrate entire society that was residing in ogoni. Moreover, those people
who migrate to new places leave there culture, moral values and traditions. They follow new
place culture and traditions. This affects social environment of Ogoni. Moreover, unrest that
sometimes happens in Ogoni among tribal people also disintegrate society. Hence, it can be said

that oil spill have social, environment and economic impact on the people of Ogoni. It is cleat
and well evident fact that it is government ignorance behavior due to which all these problems
comes in existence. If it would listen people wise some years ago then till the date situation may
be in control and people would not forced to migrate to new places. Oil export is the main source
of government revenue. The main problem in front of Nigeria government is that its does not
have its own oil company's. Hence, foreign companies have bargaining power. In greed of
earning abundant money government give full freedom to the firms whose misuse was done by
them. Now, time comes and government needs to take some strict decisions in relation to welfare
of people. By doing so it make conditions normal and can improve people economic conditions
much better then before.
Recommendations
On the basis of conclusion some recommendations are given below.
 Government of Nigeria must prepare strict rules and regulations which make congenial
business conditions but create liability and accountability of oil companies. This will
force oil company's to review there infrastructure condition time to time. This will help in
bringing down number of cases of oil spill.
 It must accept demand of terrorist groups and must create and maintain own firm control
on oil and gas reserves. Along with this it must closely review operations of Shell
corporation. This is because mentioned company cover 60% projects in which
government is working with private company's in collaboration. This will reduce oil spill
cases from infrastructure of mentioned firm.
 Government must limit the operations of individual firm in Nigeria. By doing so it can
prevent any firm from dominating oil and gas industry like Shell corporation enjoy in
Nigeria. This will make Nigeria government to control and bargain with oil companies on
multiple projects.
 Meeting must be organized with terrorist groups and government of Nigeria must
understand there concerns. By taking action on their concerns cases of oil spill that comes
in action due to there actions can be reduced to great extent.
 Committee can be prepared which will analyze conditions of agriculture land and will
recommend some scientific methods that can be adopted to improve fertility of same.
This is another measure that can be take towards welfare of people.

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APPENDIX
Name:____________
Age: _____________
What environmental impact Oil spill have on people of Bodo in Ogoni?
Do you think that oil spill is affecting soil quality and lead to its degradation.
 Yes
 No
Oil spill put adverse impact on aesthetic of entire village.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Somewhat agree
 Disagree
 Highly disagree
Oil spill put badly affect biodiversity which in turn put negative impact on economic condition
of people.
 Yes
 No
Farm lands become infertile due to excessive oil spill in past years.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Somewhat agree
 Disagree
 Highly disagree
Jernelöv, A., 2010. How to defend against future oil spills. Nature, 466(7303), pp.182-183.

Forest area is gradually reducing in village due to oil spill.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Somewhat agree
 Disagree Highly disagree
What socioeconomic impact oil spill put on people of Bodo in Ogoni ?
Consistent increase in land infertility year by year affect income level of people of Ogoni.
 Yes
 No
Agriculture production reduced in Ogoni in past few years. Do you agree?
 Yes
 No
Do you think that terrorist groups that are raising demand for the people are also responsible for
poor economic condition of people of Ogoni.
 Yes
 No
Traditional source of income which is fishing get destroyed and it adversely affects economic
conditon of Bodo people.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Somewhat agree
 Disagree
 Highly disagree
Ogoni people are facing food shortage problem.

 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Somewhat agree
 Disagree
 Highly disagree
Due to infertility of land unemployment rate elevate. Do you agree ?
 Yes
 No
People are migrating from Ogioni due to increase in poverty level.
 Yes
 No
Due to migration of people of Ogoni disintegration is observed in customs, traditions and social
values as well as respect towards elders.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Somewhat agree
 Disagree
 Highly disagree
Government in order to control oil spill is arresting terrorists.
 Yes
 No
Do you think arrest or killing of terrorists is effective strategy to control oil spill.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Somewhat agree

 Disagree
 Highly disagree