Operating System Architecture - Relationships, CPU Functions, and Different Types of Operating Systems

This article discusses the relationships between hardware components and subsystems, CPU functions, and different types of operating systems. It covers the different types of subsystems and the way they are organized, the functions of the Central Processing Unit, and the key features and services provided by different computer operating systems and hardware. The article also includes a table of contents, subject, and course code if applicable.

Running head: OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Operating System Architecture
[Name of the Student]
[Name of the University]
[Author note]

1OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Table of Contents
The Relationships between Hardware Components and the Subsystems.......2
Different Types of subsystems and the way they are organized:.................2
Central Processing Unit and its Functions....................................................3
Key features and services provided by different computer operating systems
and hardware:..................................................................................................6
Different operating systems including the purpose, use and hardware
requirements of each:..................................................................................6
1. Normal Operating System:.......................................................................7
A. Character User Interface Operating System......................................7
B. Graphical User Interface Operating System......................................7
2. Real-Time Operating system:...................................................................8
The key features associated with the architecture of an operating system: 9
Network Communication Technology and the Associated Services to Connect
Computer Systems........................................................................................12
Relationships between hardware and network addresses..........................12
Diagnostic and Troubleshooting Skills to Solve Hardware, Software and
Networking Related Issues............................................................................15
Troubleshoot and document solutions to various technical hardware,
software and networking issues.................................................................15
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2OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
References:....................................................................................................18
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3OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The Relationships between Hardware Components and the
Subsystems
Different Types of subsystems and the way they are organized:
Computer cab be classified into three major categories or subsystems
and this mainly includes the CPU or the Central Processing Unit, the memory
unit that is the Virtual and the physical memory and lastly the Input and
output system which mainly includes the monitors, keyboards, mouse
monitors, scanners and many more (Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2014).
The figure provided below shows a rough description of the computer
hardware. The three separate subsystems have been shown below:
Fig 1: The Computer Subsystems
The Central Processing Unit: This is associated with the controlling of the
numerous activities of the computer which includes the performing of the
arithmetic and logical operations (Stallings et al. 2012). Besides this the CPU
also consists of the very small amount of memory which is very fast.
Memory: This is associated with providing of various kind of storages for the
instructions that the CPU has and the data that is to be manipulated.
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Input and Output Devices: This is associated with creating a link of
communication between the real world and the computer storage devices.
Bus: This acts as a pathway for communication assisted by a certain protocol
which specifies exactly the pathway that is to be used.
Central Processing Unit and its Functions
CPU or the Central processing unit is the microprocessor or a processor
which is generally considered to be the brain of the computer. CPU is
generally responsible for conducting all the processes as well as the
functions of the computer and along with this it is also considered to be the
most important element of the computer system (Rainie and Wellman 2012).
There exists thousands of small thin layer of transistors which are associated
with the receiving of various set of inputs and initially produces the output.
There exists two type of storage where the CPU is associated with interacting
with the primary storage or the main memory of the computer (Leva et al.
2013).
There exists three major components of the CPU and this mainly
includes the ALU or the Arithmetic Logic Unit, control unit and lastly the
registers. The different units has been shown and described below:
Fig 1: Major components of the CPU
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ALU or the Arithmetic Logic Unit: In the ALU there exists and electronic
circuitry which is associated with the execution of the arithmetic as well as
the logical operations which is totally obvious from its name. this involves
the making of calculations like the addition, subtraction and many more. This
is also associated with the comparing of numbers, special characters or
letters. A CPU might be consisting of more than one ALU which can be used
for the purpose of maintaining the timers which would be helping the
computers to run (Peter et al. 2016).
The CU or the Control Unit: This is associated with the usage of the
electric signals for the purpose of providing instructions to the entire
computer system. This instructions are provided in order to carry out the
operations and execute them (Hansen 2013). As stated in the name this is
associated with controlling and coordinating the components of the
computer. This unit is responsible for the extracting of the instructions from
the memory so as to decode them and execute them. So it can be stated
that this is associated with the regulation of the flow of information or better
to say that the unit is associated with receiving, decoding and storing of the
result which is initially followed by the execution of this data which are
flowing through the CPU.
Registers/the Memory Unit: This is generally considered to be the temporary
storage area that is associated with the holding of the data which needs to
be processed. They are also responsible for storing the instructions as well as
the data in a processor. The Control unit is also associated with the usage of
this data.
The programs generally consists of a sequence of information which is
generally stored in the memory. Whenever it is seen that the CPU is ready
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6OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
for the purpose of executing the next information in a certain program then
the location of the instruction present in the memory is generally present in
the address bus. The CPU is associated with placing a read signal on the
control bus as well. Besides this the memory subsystem is associated with
responding by placing of certain instructions on the data bus where it is
possible for eth CPU to read the data. The same sequence of event takes
place when the CPU is instructed to read any kind of data from the memory.
Whenever an instructor is associated with calling for the purpose of
reading the data from the memory or writing of the data to the memory then
the next instruction which is present in the program cannot be read from the
memory that exists over the same bus and this happens unless and until the
data transfer is completed by the current instruction. Due to this reason
another stored-program architecture has been developed (Mitchell 2012).
The program or the data is generally stored in various kind memories in the
Harvard architecture and each of this are having their own bus which are
connected to the CPU. By this way it is possible to access the program as
well as the data by the CPU in simultaneous way. It is not possible for the
buses used for the purpose of connecting the CPU with the modern
computers is not capable of coping up with the execution speed that the CPU
is having. This slow downing of the bus is also known as the von Neumann
bottleneck. Some cache memory is included in almost each and every
modern CPU chips which are generally connected to the other components of
the CPU by making use of the faster buses which are present internally. In
order to achieve the higher throughput related to the processing of the data,
the Harvard architecture configuration is used for the cache memory that is
situated close to the CPU.
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The interaction between the input and output device and the CPU is
similar to the process of interaction taking place between the memory and
the CPU. Whenever a CPU is associated with providing an instruction
regarding the reading of a piece of data from any of the input device then a
certain device is specified on the address bus whereas a read signal is
placed on the bus related to controlling (Ele and Adesola 2013). Followed by
this the device is associated with responding by placement of the data item
in the data bus which is associated with specifying the device that is present
in the address bus. Initially a write signal is placed upon the control bus.
Various kind of programming techniques are used in order to tackle the
problem arising due to the variations in the timing taken by the input or
output device from the timings taken by the CPU and the memory.
Key features and services provided by different computer
operating systems and hardware:
Different operating systems including the purpose, use and
hardware requirements of each:
The collection of the software which are associated with the
management of the hardware resources of the computer so as to provide a
collective service for the users who would be associated with using it is
known as the Operating System. The Operating System that are used by
various computers general refers to the various software which are collected
together. The programs that are present in a computer are conducted by
making use of the operating system. Operating system is becoming popular
day by day which can be found on various type of devices. The operating
systems are associated with performing various kind of tasks which also
includes some basic task like the process of identifying the basic data input
inputted by the keyboards, the output which are displayed in the screen,
storing of the files and many more (Bassil 2012). The operating systems are
capable of performing singe as well as multiple operations at any time.
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The various type of computer operating system have been listed
below:
1. DOS:
DOS or the Disk Operating system was considered to be a dominant
operating system this system was mainly used in the microcomputers in the
year of 1980s and the early 1990s. IBM was responsible for the development
of the first version of the DOS which is generally considered to a simple
version of the operating system. However it is seen that this OS is not
associated with the utilization of the graphical user interface. This type of OS
also does not support the processors used in today’s world and for this
reason this type of OS is not in use anymore. Still it has been seen that some
of the computers are associated with the usage of DOS commands however
it is necessary for the user to know how the command should be inputted by
making use of the command prompt function.
The last version of this OS known as the MS-DOS 6.22 was released in the
year of 1994 which was associated with the usage of the command line
rather than the graphical user interface or the GUI so as to mage the user
become capable of navigating, opening of files and also for the purpose of
performing some other functions. In today’s world the mouse is used for
navigation so as to carry out the various kind of operations however in the
DOS the command-line interface was used and this mainly consisted of
certain commands that were inputted in prompt for the purpose of bringing
up the file or program which is prompted in the command window. For the
convenience of the users few software consisting of interface which were
based on the menu or based on the icon was used.
2. Windows:
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This is a series of OS which has been designed by Microsoft and the first two
series was introduced in the year of 1985 and 1987 which were totally
primitive. The first version Windows 1.0 consisted few simple functions like
the MS Paint and word processor whereas Windows 2.0 consisted of the
primary versions of the MS Word and MS Excel. The popularity of windows
increased when the third version was released in the year of 1990 it
consisted of enhanced graphics and was also capable of performing multiple
tasking and it also consisted of a virtual memory as well. This version of
windows gained a lot of popularity and ruled the market for almost 11 years.
An improved version known as the Windows 95 was released later and this
version was expanded from 16 bit to 32 bit. Followed by this the windows
2000 was released that consisted of increased number of plug-in devices
which were congruent with the OS. Followed by this windows XP was
introduced which consisted of a comprehensive help center which initially
allowed the users to utilize the different type of media (Lee et al. 2015). This
was mainly designed in order to make the system easy for the user.
Windows 7 was introduced which consisted of more improvements and the
main reason lying behind the including of this is for the purpose of making
the computers easy and fast. The latest version is windows 10 which was
introduced in order to allow the users do multiple things at the same time.
This also allows the user to search faster.
3. MAC OS:
Mac OS is the Apple Corporation’s registered operating system. Which
consists of various branches which is considered to be a stem of the Mac OS
X family. Primarily MAC OS are generally based on UNIX which was mainly
due to the standard interface and look of the graphics. The primary
operating system was the Mac OS X Snow Leopard which was initially
replaced by the new version known as the MAC OS X Mountain Lion, this is
one of the greatest as well as the latest version of Mac Operating Systems.
Capabilities to the MAC OS is having various capabilities which included
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10OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
multithreading and multitasking. This type of OS is also having a 64-bit
processor which is capable of running with applications which are generally
used with software of 64-bit. The various kind of features that Mac OS X is
having is associated with the creation of an environment where the works
can be done in an easy way (Maren, Harston and Pap 2014). Another major
reason lying behind the popularity of Mac OS is the great graphic features.
Besides this The Launchpad and Mission Control associated with the bird’s-
eye view of the Dashboard and desktop makes user capable of opening
applications in an easy way. In the year of 2014 Apple launched a new
operating system known as the OS X Yosemite, which consisted of features
like the redesigned interface along with multiple ways for users to perform
different kind of activities by making use of the Apple devices.
4. Linux:
Linux is generally considered to be an operating system which is an open-
source, portable, multi-user multiprogramming system which was released in
the year of 1991 by Linus Torvalds. This type of OS is having characteristics
similar to other OS like the Windows and OS X. besides this an extra source
is available for the public, where the users are capable of downloading the
Linux by making use of the Internet besides this the user would also be
capale of using some other OS along with this Linux OS (Awad, Ali and
Hamed 2013). The system has primary three components: Kernel, system
library, and system utility. Besides the system is widely used by local as well
as by the national governments.
The key features associated with the architecture of an
operating system:
The major function of the operating system mainly includes the
following:
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11OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 Management of the memory: This is process related to the
management of the computer memory. There exists two type of
computer memories and this mainly includes the primary and the
secondary memory. Allocation of the memory portions takes place
once the memory space is released. Management of the memory
acts as one of the most important function of the operating system
which generally involves multitasking where the OS generally
requires a space in the memory so as to execute itself. This is
generally provided by the memory management unit. There exists
two types of memory module the virtual memory or the RAM and
the physical memory or the hard disk. The operating system is
associated with managing the virtual memory address spaces along
with the assignments presents in the real memory which is initially
followed by the memory addresses which are virtual in nature (Chen
2016). Before the execution of the instructions the CPU is
associated with sending of the virtual addresses towards the
memory management unit. Besides this the MMU unit is associated
with sending of the physical addresses towards the real memory
and this is followed by the allocation of the real memory space for
specified programs or the data.
 Management of the task or processes: Process management
generally refers to the certain instance in a program which is being
executed. This process generally consists of several elements and
this mainly includes the program counter, identifiers, memory
pointer and many more. The process generally refers to the
execution of the instructions. Process methods can be classified into
two types and this mainly includes the single process and the
multitasking method. The single process method is associated with
dealing with the singular applications which is running at that time
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12OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
whereas, the multitasking is associated with allowing multiple
processes at a time.
 Management of the storage: storage management generally refers
to the function that the operating system is having for the purpose
of handling the process related to the allocation of the memory for
the data. Memory devices can be classified into two types and this
mainly includes the primary storage memory or the RAM and the
secondary memory storage or the Hard Disk and lastly the cache
storage memory (Liang 2012). Generally the information are placed
in the primary storage or the cache memory and this is generally
referred by program which is running. Despite of this the loss of
data might occur when there is a cut in the power supply. Whereas
the secondary storage is considered to be the permanent storage.
The OS is also associated with the allocation of the storage place
whenever creation of the new file takes place and this in turn
requests for the scheduling of the memory access.
 Management of the devices, inputs and the outputs: The
combination of the memory and the CPU present in the computer
architecture is generally considered to be the brain of the computer
and this is generally managed by the output and the input
resources (Ekhtiyarzadeh and Radfar 2015). The interaction
between the machines and the humans generally takes place by
supplying information by making use of the Input or the Output
devices. The input and output devices mainly includes the display,
keyboard, printer and the mouse. The throughput of the entire
system is affected by the management of the input and output
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devices. The primary responsibility of the operating system includes
the management of the input and the output of the entire system.
 Kernel or Scheduling: This is generally considered to be the process
related to the controlling and the prioritization of the messages
which are generally sent to the processors. The operating system is
associated with the maintenance of the constant amount of work
that the processor is having and this in turn balances the load of the
work. Due to this reason each of the process gets completed within
a stipulated time frame (Francini 2012). So the scheduling acts as of
the most important section of the real-time systems.
Network Communication Technology and the Associated
Services to Connect Computer Systems
Relationships between hardware and network addresses
MAC or the Media Access Control Address can be stated as an identifier
which is unique and is used to identify an Ethernet or a network adaptor over
a network. This is associated with distinguishing the various network
interfaces which is generally used for the various network technologies or
better to say particularly for most of the IEEE 802 networks which also
includes the Ethernet.
IP or the Internet protocol is generally considered to be a set of
message which is in digital format or rules which is generally used for the
purpose of exchanging the messages all over a network or across a series of
network which are connected with each other. The exchange of messages
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takes place as datagrams which is also identified as a data packets or a
packets. IP is considered to be a primary protocol of the Internet Protocol
Suite, which means that this is a collection of communications protocols
which are consisting of four major layers known as the abstraction layers and
this includes the link layer (lowest), Internet layer, transport layer and
application layer (highest). There exist 5 major classes of IP address which
mainly includes the following:
The IP versions 0 to 3 were considered to be experimental versions.
The major version of IP mainly includes the IPv4 and IPv6. The version 5 of IP
was used by the Internet Stream Protocol. IPv6 is considered to be the
successor of IPv4. The IP addresses generally consists of the binary values
and is responsible for routing of the entire data all across the internet.
Comparison between MAC and IP has been provided below in terms of
the following criterions:
MAC IP
OSI layer of operation The MAC address
generally operates in
the 2nd layer of the OSI
model.
IP address generally
operates in the 3rd layer
of the OSI model.
Physical or Logical This is the physical
address.
Whereas IP address is
the logical address.
Hexadecimal or
decimal
Hexadecimal Decimal
Permanent or
temporary
This is permanently
assigned.
IP address are
temporary and might
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15OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
change.
Some other basic differences between the MAC and IP has been listed
below:
1. The MAC address stands for Media Access Control whereas, the full form of
IP address is Internet Protocol address.
2. The IP address is associated with identifying the connection that exists
between the devices in a network. Whereas the, Mac address is associated
with identifying a device that is present in a network.
3. MAC address is consisting of a 48 bits (6 bytes) hexadecimal address
whereas the IP address can be classified into two versions namely IPv4
which is a 32-bit address and IPv6 which is 128-bit address.
4. Assigning of the MAC address is generally done by the manufacturer of
interface hardware. Whereas the network administrator or Internet Service
Provider (ISP) is associated with assigning the IP address.
5. The ARP protocol is associated with retrieving the MAC address and the
RARP protocol is associated with retrieving the IP address.
The computer network is associated with the sharing of various type of
common devices along with functions as well as features and this mainly
includes the clients, servers, shared data hardware, software and many
more. Some of the network communication technology along with the
services associated with those so as to connect the computer system has
been listed below:
Servers: This are computers which are generally associated with the holding
of the various files which are shared, programs that are shared, and lastly
the network operating system (Salkute 2014). This servers are associated
with the providing of access to the different network resources to all the
users who would be using the network. Along with this there exists several
servers and besides this a single server has the capability of providing
several type of functions
Clients: Clients can be considered to a computer which is associated with
accessing and using the network along with the shared network resources as
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16OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
well. Client computers are generally considered to be the customers of the
network due to reason that they are associated with requesting and
receiving the services from the servers (Chen et al. 2012).
Transmission media: This is generally considered to be the facilities which
are generally used for the purpose of connecting the computers with each
other, which are generally present inside the network. This mainly includes
the various kind of wires like the twisted-pair wire, coaxial cables optical
cables and many more.
Network Interface cards: There exists a special expansion card in each and
every computer present in the network which is known as the NIC or the
Network Interface Card. The NIC is associated with the preparation of the
data along with sending the data, receiving the data and controlling of the
data flow as well that occurs between the computer and the network. Frames
of data is passed on the transmit side by the NIC on to the physical layer
which in turn is associated with the transmitting of the data to the physical
link. Whereas on the side of the receiver the NIC is associated with the
processing or the bits which are generally received from the physical layer
which in turn is associated with the processing of the messages which are
generally dependent upon its contents (Otto 2016).
Local operating system: This is associated with allowing the personal
computers to access the various files, print by making use of a local printer
and many more which are generally located in the computers.
Hub: Hub is generally considered to be a device which is associated with the
splitting of the network connections and distribute it to the several
computers or simply it can be stated that it is acting as a center associated
with distribution. Whenever a computer is associated with requesting an
information from a certain network or a specified computer then it sends a
request to the hub by making use of a cable (Brodtkorb, Hagen and Sætra
2013). Followed by this the hub would be responsible for the receiving of the
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request and this would be initially leading to the transmission of the received
network to the whole network. After the completion of this step, the
computers present in the network would be responsible for figuring out if the
data that has been broadcasted is meant for them or not.
Switch: This is generally considered to be a telecommunication devices
which has been grouped as one of the computer network and acts like a hub.
However this has been built along with some advanced features. This is
associated with the usage of the physical devices that are associated with
addressing each and every message that are coming in order to deliver to
guide the message to the exact destination or to the port. Besides this the
switches are also not associated with the broadcasting of the received
messages to the whole network like the hub. However this is associated with
the checking the message before sending it so as to choose the right system
or port in which it is to be sent (Bonomi et al. 2014). Better to say switches
are the devices which are associated with connecting the source and the
destination directly so as to increase the speed of the network.
Routers: Router is considered to be a device which is generally used for the
purpose of connecting the LAN with the internet connection. When there
exists two separate distinct networks or whenever someone wants to share
the single internet connection with multiple computers. Some of the routers
used in today’s world also consist of switches which can be used for the
purpose of distributing the network (Di Ventra and Pershin 2013). Routers
are generally of two types wired and wireless routers.
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Diagnostic and Troubleshooting Skills to Solve Hardware,
Software and Networking Related Issues
Troubleshoot and document solutions to various technical
hardware, software and networking issues.
The major step which is included in the process of troubleshooting a problem
occurring at a computer is by determining the actual cause lying it that is
due to the hardware failure or due to the presence of the faulty software.
Majority of computer makes use of a significant event during the process of
starting up which acts as a key for the process of separating the hardware
problems from the software problems. This is done by a single beep which
most of the PCs produce during the startup process. The errors that occurs
are provided in the screen and before this the beep produced is associated
with indicating the fact that there is a problem in the hardware. Till this point
of time only the BIOS and the basic hardware is activated and the operating
system side does not play any role unless and until the occurrence of beep
takes place (Borchert, Schirmeier and Spinczyk, 2013). In case when a
system produces an error message or a beep code before the occurrence of
the single beep then it can stated that the system has found some kind of
problem in the hardware. During the process of boot up the system is
associated with loading the drivers for the optional drivers and the extra
memory. In case when an error occurs after the CMOS screen is displayed
and before the boot up tone then it is very much essential to clean boot the
entire system. The errors can be categorized into two categories which
occurs before the beep and this includes the following:
A. Configuration Error
B. Hardware error
Some of the major hardware problems and how they can be resolved have
been provided below:
1. Unresponsive PC: the major way of solving this issue includes the
checking of the cables which would be followed by re-plugging of the
cables and booting it again. Wall outlets should be checked properly.
The system should be restarted and besides this there also exists
certain other ways of tackling this problem.
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19OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
2. Problems in the monitor: in case when the monitor is totally blank then
it is necessary to check if it is getting the power from the source or not.
3. When a printer is not printing: it is necessary to Check if the printer is
receiving the appropriate amount of power or not. In case of absence
of no lights in front of the printer, then it can be stated that the printer
is not getting electricity or power. Checking should be done in order to
be sure about the fact that the plugging of the power cord is done in a
proper way on both sides that is in the wall or the printers back.
Wiggling of the power cord should be done, so as to make sure of the
fact that the plug behind the printer is not loose. In case when a printer
is still not receiving the appropriate power, then it is necessary to plug
the power cord into a another power outlet.
4. When the computer is not reading the CD: in case when a CD is read
by another computer's CD ROM drive but is not being read by the CD
ROM drive of the user, then it might be considered that the CD ROM
drive is bad and there exists the need of replacement of that drive. The
CD ROM drive might also be consisting of dirt or debris inside. It might
also happen that the cleaning of the drive by making use of a standard
audio CD player cleaning kit solve would be solving the problem.
5. Another type of problem which occurs with the addition of a new
hardware to the system and it is being utilized for the first time. This
type of problem is known as the configuration problem or the setup
problem. This problem occurs due to the mismatch that generally
occurs between the systems programmed and the configurations
which are held in the CMOS memory along with the actual equipment’s
which are installed into the system (Stefanski 2013). This type of
problem is known as the configuration problem or setup problem.
The major reason lying behind this is due to the mismatch that is
occurring between the programmed configurations of the system
which are held in the CMOS memory and the actual equipment’s that
are installed in the system.
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20OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Some of the major software issues and how they can be resolved have
been provided below:
1. Use of obsolete software: There are many Software which does not
work when changes are made in the hardware or in the software and
this type of software mainly refers to the software which are
dependent on the functions that exists in the older versions of
databases or in the operating systems. This might be leading to
threats. So this problem be eliminated by making use of the new
versions and uninstalling the obsolete software.
2. Applications Run Slowly: various reasons are there which are
responsible for the software to run at turtle speed. Users might be
having a computer problems which involves the problems related to
the operating system or an application, the operating system of the
user might not be consisting of the latest updates or the computer
might not be having enough hard drive space. Updating of the
software would help in reduction of this problem or by increasing the
capacity of hard drive would also be helpful.
3. Applications That Won't Install: A user might be having trouble related
to the not installation of the application, this might happen because
the computer is does not have enough space in the hard drive. If this is
the case, the user needs make some free space. The user can free up
some hard drive space by getting rid of files and folders that is no
longer needed.
4. Abnormal behavior of the applications: Computer problems which
involves the acting of the applications in a strange way often times
leaves the user think of what is going wrong with their system.
5. There exists some situations when it is necessary to access the CMOS
setup of the system and this includes the following situation:
 During the construction of the system
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21OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 Whenever it is necessary to change the backup battery of CMOS
present in the system board.
 Whenever a new or another option is added to the system which might
seem to be necessary in order to access the setup utility so as to
accept the changes which has been implemented.
Questionnaire:
Q1. How to provide a proper power supply to the entire system?
Q2. What kind of harm can the Viruses, Trojans, and Other Malware Actually
Do?
Q3. What type of network is to be used and what is the problem in using
public networks?
Q4. Is it necessary to “Eject” the USB Drives?
Q5. What is the procedure of detecting a spam email?
Q6. What would happen when some site that is being used gets hacked?
Q7. Why resetting of the router at a regular basis is needed?
Q8. Is there any need of taking care of the privacy while going online?
Q9. What are advantages of using an antivirus?
Q10. What kind of problems would arise if no backups are kept?
Some of the task related to the maintenance of a computer have been
listed below:
Disk defragmentation: Disk defragmentation is a utility which is provided by
the Microsoft Windows and has been designed for the purpose of increasing
the speed of accessing the file by rearrangements of the files that are stored
in the disks in order to occupy the contiguous storage locations. This entire
process is known as disk defragmentation. Some of the major advantages of
disk defragmentation includes the minimization of head troubles, which is
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22OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
initially responsible for the reduction of the time required for reading the file
and write them on the disks.
Fig2: Disk defragmenter
Backup: This is option which is provided in order to back up the data so as to
get it back in case of any kind of disaster. This type of disasters might
include natural calamities or threats from the hacker or any kind of ways by
which the data gets lost. Backing up of data helps a lot in getting information
whenever needed. Backups can be created by making use of devices like
CDS, pen drives and many other devices. Backups can also be done by
making use of a virtual environment that is by making use of clouds.
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23OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Antivirus updates and scanning’s: The computer system should be scanned
at a regular basis by making use of anti-virus. This antivirus helps in
providing protection against certain type of malwares and viruses. It is
essential that every user is associated with the updating of all this antivirus
along with the other security patches present in the system. Keeping
updated helps a lot in providing protection against various kind of external
threats.
Clearing Browser History Files: the browser is associated with holding of
information of the user which can lead to lot of problems while logging in a
website or bringing up. It is always good to clear the browsing history along
with caches and the cookies regularly. This would lead to deleting of all the
saved usernames and passwords which would initially be helping in securing
the privacy of the user which would also make the browser work properly.
It has been seen that in majority of the programs the BIOS and the
operating systems are associated with the usage of the plug and play
technique in order to detect the new hardware which are being installed into
the system. This computers are associated with working together assisted by
the devices so as to allocate the system resources for each and every
device. Along with this in some situations it has been seen that the PnP logic
is not capable of resolving the needs related to system resources and due to
this reason errors in the configuration occurs (Arevalillo‐Herráez, Morán‐
Gómez and Claver 2012). For this type of situations the users must be
associated with manually resolving the problems related to the
configuration.
Whenever a new option of software and hardware is being installed
then it is necessary to become aware of the possibilities related to the errors
occurring in the configuration. Once an error is encountered related to the
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24OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
configuration then it becomes essential to refer the installation guide which
is generally found in the new components installation or the user documents.
Situations when confirmation about the configuration problem is not
received then it can be considered that there exists a defective component
in the system. The repair method which has been adopted widely is the
substitution of the known bad components by making use of the good
components (Kliazovich, Bouvry and Khan 2012). Some of the other
alternatives which are generally used for the purpose of isolating and
correcting the failure in hardware which has been appearing in the boot up
process is dependent on how much of the system is capable of operating.
This type of symptoms can be divided into three major sections and this
includes the configuration problem, boot-up problem and lastly the
operational problem.
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25OPERATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
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