Operating Systems: UNIX, Linux, Android, Windows Server (2012)

This article discusses the design goals, memory management, processor management, and user interface of four operating systems: UNIX, Linux, Android, and Windows Server (2012). It also highlights the similarities and differences between Linux and UNIX. Desklib provides study material with solved assignments, essays, and dissertations for various subjects and courses.

Running Head: OPERATING SYSTEMS
Operating Systems
Name of Student-
Name of University-
Author’s Note-

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Table of Contents
1. UNIX Operating System..................................................................................................1
2. Linux Operating System..................................................................................................2
3. Android Operating System..............................................................................................4
4. Windows Server (2012) Operating System.....................................................................6

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1. UNIX Operating System Design Goals
The need of UNIX Operating Systems are they provide an interface that is controlled by
the user and the applications they have (Spinellis, Louridas & Kechagia, 2016). The UNIX OS
also controls computer hardware and controls process for execution which provides operation for
the purpose of creation, termination and suspension. UNIX OS provides mechanism that are user
to process and provides inter-process communication. This OS provides resources and also
avoids deadlocks and starvation. It manages the secondary memory by file system.
 Memory Management
Managing of memory is very important to OS in a computer system. Memory
Management of UNIX OS is managing the memory of the computer that consists of primary and
secondary memory (Stevens & Rago, 2013). The UNIX OS memory management is to track the
parts of total memory that are used and the memory that is not used. It is also used to allocate the
memory of all the processes when the memory is needed to be allocated and again de-allocate
them when the work is done. The schemes that are included in UNIX memory management are
swapping and also demand paging. Unix OS also performs memory management by dividing the
main memory to multiple partition of logical spaces. It follows mainly two types of memory
partition. Single partition allocation and allocation of multiple partitioning.
 Processor Management
The process that are involved in UNIX OS is executing program or executing command.
The process of UNIX performs program and command. Creation of process is done every time

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when an UNIX program and command is run from command line. For instance, when a
command ls is executed in the OS, single process is being created so that the list of contents of
working directory is listed.
 User Interface
The user interface (UI) mainly refers the software which allows a user to accomplish
interaction with computer. The work of User Interface is to look at the system and feel the
system. The UI determines the way about how efficiently and easily the work can be done.
UNIX means API but does not ensure a particular User Interface (Silberschatz, Galvin & Gagne,
2014). There are many user interface for UNIX system. The UNIX system mainly has Graphical
User Interface (GUI) as its UI that provides to use the environment easily.
 Security of UNIX
There is no such security that is related with UNIX OS. From the invention of UNIX OS
20 years before, this operating system was mainly used by professionals of computer and at that
time computer crime was rare. The UNIS system is unsafe to use.
2. Linux Operating System Design Goals
The Operating System of Linux supports the basic functions of the computer. This
includes scheduling of tasks, controlling peripherals and executing applications (Peter et al.,
2016). This is a system which controls allocation and also uses hardware resources that includes
CPU time, memory, output and input devices and the disc space. The main design goals of Linus
Operating System are efficiency, standardization and speed.

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 Memory Management
The memory is managed in Linux by mainly by paging. Paging is a logical and physical
memory layout with a contiguous management of frame. It has process address space with
memory descriptors, page faults and memory regions (Jabeen et al., 2016). The memory
management of Linux Intel x86 processes have many segments. Linus does not use page
segmentation. Linus uses the concept of paging with a size of 4K. Memory of Linux has a page
table of three level so that they can handle 64 address bit. The Linux OS also use TLB (table
Look Buffer) for managing its memory.
 Processor Management
The kernel of Linux maintains information about all the processes that are included in
descriptor that are of task_struct. All the processes that are included in Linux has process
descriptor of its own (Rolph, Stein & Stunder, 2017). The process descriptor that are used in the
kernel are to identify the processes. With the traditional UNIX, the operating system uses a PID.
 User Interface
Linux is considered as an ideal OS that are used by programmers and power-users. Linux
is developed by such people. All good programmers wishes for good libraries, debugging tools,
compilers and development (Tarvainen et al., 2014). The packages comes with Linux
distribution that is standard. The compiler of C is included in free in Linux which is not the case
in UNIX OS.
 Similarities and differences of Linux and UNIX operating system

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Linux is distributed freely as Linux is an open source operating system. It is easy to get a
copy of operating system of Linux from magazines, internet and books. For the version of server,
the organizations pay distributors for their support contract. The main distributors of Linux are
Red Hat, Suse and Mandrake. There are also supplier of server hardware such as HP, IBM and
Dell. On the other hand, UNIX is more costly when it is compared with Linux. A UNIX that are
high end can cost 500,000 dollar.
3. Android Operating System Design Goals
The Android OS is an operating system for mobile that is developed by Google. This
Android OS is a Linux kernel and is mainly designed for touchable mobile devices which
includes tablets and smart phones. The interface of android is mainly depended on direct
manipulation that uses touch gestures including tapping, pinching and swiping (Heuser et al.,
2014). These are to manipulate the objects that are touch screens and has a virtual keyboard for
inputting text. There is also an Android TV, android auto for cars and also wrist watches which
consists of android wear. There are also variants of android such as game consoles, PCs and
digital cameras.
 Memory Management
The memory management and the processes of android is little unusual. Android uses
own run time and also virtual machines so that the memory applications are managed. The run
time of android also manages the lifetime process. There are application of responsiveness by
android that are done by stopping and also killing all the processes that are necessary to free the
resources for applications that have higher priority (Lin, Wang & Zhong, 2014). All the

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applications of android runs in separate process within its own instance known as Dalvik that are
relinquishing all the responsibility for the process management and the memory management to
run the android system. It helps to kill and stop the processes that are used to manage the
resources. The android and Dalvik run time handles the hardware interaction of low-level that
includes memory management and drivers. This generally sets APIs that provides access to the
services that are under lying, hardware and features.
 Processor management
The android process management have different states at a given time. The five stages are
as follows.
Foreground process: The application that are used is involved in foreground process. All
other processes are also considered in the foreground processes.
Visible process: The visible process are the process that are not involved in the
foreground. This visible process affects what is seen on the screen.
Service process: The service process is not tied up with any type of applications that is
visible on the screen (Heuser et al., 2016). The service process involved the work that goes in the
background such as downloading data or playing music in background.
Background process: The background process are the processes that are invisible to any
users. The background process have no impact on experience of using android system. The
background processes may run any time in the android system.
Empty process: A process that is empty does not have any application data. The empty
process for caching purposes are to be speeded up application that are launched later.

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 User Interface
The Android OS gives different kind of user interface components that are mainly pre
built. The components are objects of structured layout (Yang et al., 2014). The user interface also
controls to build the GUI (Graphical User Interface) that are in-built in the app. Android also
provides other user Interface modules that are used for special interface including notifications,
menus and dialogs.
4. Windows Server (2012) Operating System Design Goals
Windows server shows applications only. All the tabs of new processes, the processors
are mainly displayed that has different yellow shades and also have darker shades which
represents use of heavy resource. The applications that are listed in windows server are names as
well as status and also includes memory, hard disk, network utilization and memory (Chilimbi et
al., 2014). The process information that are found in older version of windows server are all
moved in the new tab known as Details tab. Performance tab shows memory, disk, wi-fi, cpu and
graphs which includes Ethernet. The tab in the CPU does not shows the individual gaps for the
logical processor.
 Memory Management
The memory space of windows operating system are managed by sharing the applications
that are active and also in kernel. The address space of the kernel includes a page entry table of a
system (PTE), paged tools and the system cache and also non paged pool which includes images.
The Windows Operating System that has 32 bit default configures up to about 4GB of the
memory space that are addressable and are divided equally in between user application and

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kernel. The physical memory space of about 4 GB that is present has 2 GB allocated with the
kernel and 2 GB with the application of memory (Criswell, Dautenhahn & Adve, 2014). The
address space of the kernel mode is mainly shared with all the processes and application mode of
access space that is allocated for all user process.
 Processor Management
The windows has a system resource manager that manages the resources of the processor
by adjusting all the processes that are in priority. This ensures a percentage of CPU bandwidth
that are available with minimum percentage to all the process groups which defines the matching
criteria of the processes (Stefanovici et al., 2015). The resource management in Windows are not
used until the CPU has used more than 70 % of its space. The resource manager guarantees the
bandwidth of the CPU that are available for limiting the CPU utilization and bandwidth. The
actual space used by the CPU is mainly managed by process groups which can exceed the lowest
allocation.
 User Interface
The windows server manager has redesigned with emphasis which ease the management
of many servers. The operating system uses a user interface that is metro based unless the mode
of Server Core is not installed. PowerShell of Windows is the version which has 2300
commandlets as compared with 200 Windows Server 2008.

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