Geothermal Power Plant Corrosion Research

This assignment delves into the corrosion behavior of materials used in a hydrogen sulfide abatement system at a geothermal power plant. Students are tasked with conducting a literature review, developing a research design to investigate this issue, and addressing ethical considerations related to human research. The focus lies on understanding the factors contributing to corrosion and potential solutions for mitigation.

Running Head: WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Operation Management in Gas Pipeline Construction in Australia
Welding Related Accidents during Pipeline Construction.
Student’s name:
Institution Affiliation:

WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Table of Contents
Figure...............................................................................................................................................3
Table................................................................................................................................................3
Abstract............................................................................................................................................4
Introduction......................................................................................................................................5
Australia's gas transmission pipeline framework.........................................................................5
Pipeline construction....................................................................................................................5
Pipeline accidents.........................................................................................................................6
Literature Review............................................................................................................................7
Gas leakage due to stress corrosion cracking...............................................................................7
Gas leakage due to Natural Force Damage..................................................................................7
Excavation damage to gas pipes..................................................................................................8
Equipment failure of the plant.....................................................................................................9
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................10
Research Design............................................................................................................................11
Research Question......................................................................................................................11
Related work..............................................................................................................................11
Casual research design...........................................................................................................11
Cross-section research design................................................................................................12
Design....................................................................................................................................13
Mind map on the research method.............................................................................................15
Design Questions...........................................................................................................................16
Correlation.................................................................................................................................16
Advantages of correlation......................................................................................................16
Experiments...............................................................................................................................16
Advantages of Experiments...................................................................................................17
Disadvantages of Experiments..............................................................................................17
Ethical issues associated with human being as participants of research....................................17
Respect for Persons................................................................................................................17
Beneficence............................................................................................................................18
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Justice....................................................................................................................................18
Result analysis............................................................................................................................19
Interpretation..........................................................................................................................19
Literature Planner..........................................................................................................................20
Research question......................................................................................................................26
Themes discussed in the Literature Review...............................................................................26
Design........................................................................................................................................26
Finding.......................................................................................................................................26
Gaps...........................................................................................................................................26
References......................................................................................................................................27
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Figure
Mind Map (fig 1.0)
Table
P-value table (Table 1.0)
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Abstract
This paper is about operational management in the gas pipeline in Australia. However, the paper
narrows down into the welding related accidents during pipeline construction. There are a lot of
accidents associated with the gas industries that need to be addressed to create a control
mechanism. The significance of the research topic is to analyze the accidents caused by welding.
The research will use the casual research design methodology which uses the cause and effect
approach in its analysis. The research analyses the cause which in turns dictates the effect of
insinuated by the research question. The research indicated that there are a lot of accidents
related to the welding activities. When the pipes are not well fixed during welding, they cause
leakages which cause a lot of losses. In this case, the company can formulate a testing
mechanism before releasing the gases to ensure that there are not gas leakages. However, the
employee should be re-evaluated to ensure that all of them qualify to do welding and also ensure
that they uphold the company’s goals in mind.
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Introduction
Pipelines are used to transmit assorted sorts of gas and diverse liquids, for instance, oil, slurry,
and water. They are an essential establishment for Australia and basic for the essentialness
business.
Australia's first pipeline was charged to transport water to the Coolgardie gold fields in the late
1800s. This set a general perspective by being more than ten times longer than some other
pipeline than in nearness. The Moonie to Brisbane pipeline was the foremost Australian pipeline
attempted to transport oil. It was done in 1964 and was 306 kilometers long. Around at that
point, it was the longest high-weight pipeline in Australia. Presently, more than 37,000km of
high-weight gas transmission pipelines explores the country. Vaporous oil is the third most basic
essentialness item in Australia, giving a normal 20 for every penny of Australia's imperativeness
requirements.
Australia's gas transmission pipeline framework
Australia has more than 37,000 kilometers of vaporous oil transmission pipelines that capably
transport gas under high weight from where it is conveyed to the edges of urban territories both
colossal and little. Every molecule of gas used as a piece of Australia goes in any occasion
practically to its objective in a transmission pipeline.
Pipeline construction
Transmission pipelines can be many kilometers long, and they can go through a wide assortment
of landscape with various geographical and geological highlights, and additionally State and
Territory outskirts. Picking the last course relies upon various factors, including soil sorts,
geological highlights that represent extra difficulties, for example, waterway intersections and
bluffs, the area of verdure environment, the nearness of different utilities, for example, high-
pressure electrical cables, populace focuses, legacy locales, and land obtaining and other
authoritative necessities. Once the course has been chosen, the way toward securing all the vital
endorsements starts. This is probably going to incorporate applications including a few
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
procedures in various government divisions and organizations – in more than one ward if the
pipeline is crossing fringes – and working with nearby governments. While the endorsements
procedure is underway, the plan designers and group contact officers begin work.
Pipeline accidents
There are a ton of mischances required amid pipeline development. These incorporate blast,
Welding mischances, and numerous others. Be that as it may, this report handles the welding
related mishaps amid the development of the pipeline. For example, the blast happened when an
excavator for a Georgia-based development organization struck an underground transmission
pipeline when utilizing an excavator. The pipeline, which was conveying fuel, burst and started
to spill. The gas touched off, causing a little fire. At the time, one man was articulated dead and
five others taken to zone healing centers. One of the five harmed men was hospitalized as of not
long ago, when he passed far from the wounds, he maintained in the blast.
Work environment mishaps happen, particularly in unsafe callings, for example, development,
horticulture, and production line work. To enable harmed specialists to recoup from their wounds
and keep on supporting themselves and their families, Georgia officials have passed the Workers'
Compensation Act, which takes into consideration harmed laborers to get pay while they
recuperate. Specialists' remuneration advantages might be long-or here and now, contingent upon
the idea of the wounds managed and the normal recuperation time. Furthermore, the groups of
laborers who have been murdered at work because of a work environment mishap may likewise
be qualified for long-haul specialists' remuneration advantages to help balance the loss of salary
caused by their misfortune.
As a rule, laborers' pay claims don't require that the harmed party build up that their damage was
the blame of the business. Nonetheless, over and over again, the insurance agencies that
guarantee laborers' remuneration approaches see claims with an eye toward denying them. It is
like this recommended that any individual who has managed work environment damage contact
a devoted Georgia specialists' remuneration lawyer to examine their case.
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Literature Review
Gas leakage due to stress corrosion cracking
Just about 40,000 individuals in South Australia's north confronted days without gas after the
Moomba-Adelaide pipeline cracked. The Residents in Port Pirie and Whyalla persevered through
chilly showers and cooked on grills, while nursing homes and healing centers attempted to watch
over inhabitants with gas supplies not anticipated that would return until the point that the issue
was fathomed. Stress erosion breaking is a characteristic procedure that can cause a continuous
lessening in the divider thickness of a pipe when the surface of a pipe interacts with nature. This
could be on the inward or outer surface of a pipe. We utilize coatings, thorough manufacture,
establishment and assessment measures, and cathodic insurance frameworks to constrain the
danger of erosion. (“Gas pipeline rupture caused by ‘stress corrosion cracking’),” n.d.)
This examination was finished by the utilization casual research design. The research team at
Pipeline Industry examined the cause of gas leakage through the use of experimental and
statistical methods and identified that the leakage was caused by stress corrosion cracking.
These analyses lead to an effect of installing new pipes and also ensuring that the new pipes
would be sealed against corrosion. (Westlund & Stuart, 2017)
Gas leakage due to Natural Force Damage
Common power harm implies normally happening occasions. These occasions incorporate a
discharge or disappointment coming about because of earth development, seismic tremors,
avalanches, subsidence, lightning, substantial downpours/surges, washouts, buoyancy,
mudslides, scouring, temperature, ice hurl, solidified segments, high breezes, or comparative
regular causes. The greatest commitments to real mishap hazard at the land-based plants will be
hydrocarbon spills with subsequent flames or blasts. Such plants regularly highlight generation
forms which include substantial streams of hydrocarbons, and habitually have the impressive
capacity limit. (Fu, A., Kuang, X., Han, Y., Lu, C., Bai, Z., Yin, C., & ... Yang, Y, 2016).A
noteworthy escape of hydrocarbons ashore could as needs be bigger than a major hole on a
seaward establishment. What's more, forms at a plant are regularly more mind-boggling, with
high temperatures and weights.
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Therefore, the results of a fire or blast could be extensive. Be that as it may, the danger of
individual damage will be bringing down ashore than with a comparative occurrence seaward.
This is because clearing openings are better in the previous case, while the quantity of
individuals near the procedure zone won't be as high amid ordinary operation.
At the point when adjustments are being completed in parallel with full creation, nonetheless,
that photo could change and a bigger number of individuals might be uncovered.
Experience from remote plants shows that significant support errands speak to an unmistakable
increment in chance.
This research was done through the cross-section research design. In this case, the group of
stations that were affected by the hydrocarbons was analyzed. (“Hydrocarbon leaks and fires -
Petroleum Safety Authority Australia,” n.d.)This analysis leads to the identification of high
levels of hydrocarbon.
Excavation damage to gas pipes
Excavation Damage is harm to the outer covering of a pipe or imprints, scratches, cuts or
punctures caused by exhuming (burrowing, reviewing, trenching, exhausting, and so on).
Exhuming harm can cause prompt disappointment because of contact with the removal hardware
and the pipe, or a postponed disappointment or expanded potential for future holes. Those diving
in the Australia is required to call 811 for a free support of find underground utilities. There have
additionally been noteworthy upgrades in markings to caution about diving in specific territories.
The first occurrence was at a clinic and it took a touch of examining work in light of the fact that
the flag continued hopping onto different administrations, however in the long run the
organization could get it by tailing it in reverse from the end point in the cellar auto stop to
where they were delving in the garden bed. (Fu et al., 2016) The second example was in a jail
and they at first had a person out who just utilized ground infiltrating radar. At the point when
the business got at the jail, they demanded to do a full situate by snaring onto completely all that
they could and finding everything out. The last case was in a private road. Scarcely any of the
gas administrations to the houses had followed wires on them. (Westlund & Stuart, 2017) After
spending a large portion of a-day on location with the locator checking everything conductive
out (control links, phone links, water pipes), the industry backpedaled the next day and spent an
additional 4 hours on location utilizing the GPR and found a load of obscure administrations.
8

WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Equipment failure of the plant
Equipment failure is a failure of a pipeline part or device other than the pipeline. This regularly
realizes a release that is contained on association property, customarily not achieving harm to the
overall public. (Stadelmann & Buhlmann, 2008) At the point when hardware does not work as
foreseen, the expenses to business come in a few structures. Right off the bat, variable monetary
obstacles like repair and upkeep expenses can spike, extending your opex spending plan. Over
this, lost benefit and profitability can hamper the primary concern. The more extended a bit of
hardware takes to be settled or supplanted, the more drawn out staffs are without a key resource,
and benefit age is put on hold. It's a costly circumstance for any association to end up in, and can
apply to IT gear, transport, development materials, plumbing devices and the sky is the limit
from there. With a sound upkeep design, organizations might have the capacity to hold gear
within proper limits, limiting the danger of disappointment or underperformance and rather
promising long haul execution. (Leavy, 2016)
One approach to bringing down the money related effect of gear disappointment or profitability
issues is to utilize a working lease. Working lease terms can be shorter contrasted with the
helpful existence of a bit of hardware, yet they give more prominent adaptability as far as
permitting the installment of another advantage for being spread over the life of the
understanding, and furthermore, adaptability to return or update the gear toward the finish of the
term.
(Per & Louise, 2017)An advantage of this is the association does not claim the gear and can
return it should it come up short, wind up plainly out of date or if it doesn't meet principles.
With our examination demonstrating that 24.9 for every penny of organizations plan to help their
advantage base as of September 2015, many organizations are hoping to limit the danger of
hardware disappointment. (Ozdemir, 2017)By lessening their particular obligation and in
advance gear costs through a working lease, organizations and government offices can discover a
fiscally stable path for viably dealing with their benefit base.
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Conclusion
There has been a lot of research concerning the accidents involved in gas pipeline industry in
Australia. However, the welding related accidents have not been tackled. There has not been
research to show how many accidents have been caused by welding activities. For this reason,
this paper will be discussing much welding activities in Australia gas pipeline industry.
The end goal is to use operational management mechanisms to help the company devised a way
to control those accidents. This can also explain the quantity of the gas that cannot be accounted
for by the industry while trying to balance their returns.
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Research Design
Research Question
How have welding caused accidents in pipeline industry in Australia? This Question is aimed at
analyzing the accidents that have occurred in pipeline Industry in Australia due to welding
related activities. This question will help the industry to control the accidents that happen in due
course. (Lindoff, 2010)
Every Company needs to regulate the number of accidents that occur both to the public as well
as those that occur to its employees. It's vital to understand if their activities would lead to the
risk of loss of life.
Related work
Research Designs methodologies include;
Casual research design
Cross-section research design
Casual research design
Causal research, generally called enlightening exploration is coordinated to recognize the degree
and nature of conditions and final products associations. Causal research can be coordinated
remembering the true objective to assess impacts of specific changes on existing norms,
distinctive systems et cetera. Causal examinations focus on an examination of a situation or a
specific issue to clear up the cases of associations between factors. Investigations are the most
conspicuous fundamental data gathering procedures in considers with causal research design.
(Lindoff, 2010)
Advantages of casual research design
Causal research may assume an instrumental part as far as distinguishing explanations for an
extensive variety of procedures, and also, survey the effects of changes in existing standards,
forms and so forth.
Causal research typically offer the benefits of replication if need emerges
This kind of studies is related to more noteworthy levels of inner legitimacy because of
efficient determination of subjects
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Disadvantages of casual research designs
Incidents in occasions might be seen as circumstances and results connections.
It can be hard to achieve suitable conclusions on the premise of causal research discoveries
because of the effect of an extensive variety of elements and factors in social condition. As
such, while the loss can be construed, it can't be demonstrated with an abnormal state of
conviction.
It certain cases, while the connection between two factors can be successfully settled;
recognizing which variable is a reason and which one is the effect can be a troublesome
assignment to fulfill.
Cross-section research design
Cross-sectional research ponders rely upon recognitions that occur in different get-togethers at
one time. (Wladis et al., 2016)This suggests there is no analysis framework, so no components
are controlled by the examiner. Instead of playing out an investigation, you would simply record
the information that you find in the social occasions you are examining. Like this, a cross-
sectional research study can be used to depict the qualities that exist in a social event; in any
case, it can't be used to choose any relationship that may exist. (Ryan and St.Lago, 2016) This
method is used to collect information so to speak. The information may then be used to make
distinctive methodologies to inspect the connection that is viewed.
Advantages of Cross-section research design
Used to demonstrate or potentially refute suspicions
Not expensive to perform and does not require a ton of time
Catches a particular point in time
Contains numerous factors at the season of the information preview
The information can be utilized for different sorts of research
Innumerable discoveries and results can be examined to make new speculations/thinks about
or inside and out research.
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Disadvantages of Cross-section research design
Can't be utilized to examined conduct over a period
Does not help decide circumstances and results
The planning of the preview isn't ensured to be illustrative
Discoveries can be defective or skewed if there is an irreconcilable circumstance with the
financing source
May confront a few difficulties assembling the testing pool given the factors of the populace
being considered
Design
The examination question will be separated through the careful investigation strategy. To choose
causality, it is basic to watch assortment in the variable acknowledged to cause the modification
in interchange variable(s), and after that measure the changes in substitute variable(s). (Boggio,
2010) Other disordering impacts must be controlled for so they don't mangle the results, either
by holding them reliable in the exploratory arrangement of data or by using quantifiable systems.
This kind of research is outstandingly mind-boggling, and the examiner can never be certain that
there are the same factors influencing the causal relationship, especially while dealing with
people's perspectives and motivations. (Ozdemir, 2016)There are as often as possible generously
more significant mental considerations that even the respondent may not think about. There are
two research techniques for investigating the circumstances and results connection between
factors, these are;
Experimentation
Statistical research
Experimentation
An experiment usually tests a speculation, which is an assumption about how a specific
procedure or wonder functions. In any case, an examination may likewise mean to answer a
"consider the possibility that" question, without a particular assumption about what the test
uncovers, or to affirm earlier outcomes. On the off chance that an experiment is precisely
directed, the outcomes more often than not either bolster or refute the theory. (Boggio, 2010) As
per a few rationalities of science, an investigation can never "demonstrate" a speculation; it can
just include bolster. Then again, an investigation that gives a counterexample can invalidate a
hypothesis or theory. An experiment should likewise control the conceivable frustrating
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
components—any variables that would deface the precision or repeatability of the investigation
or the capacity to translate the outcomes. (Malhota, Schaller & Patil, 2017)Jumbling is regularly
killed through logical controls as well as, in randomized experiments, through the irregular task.
Statistical research
Two primary factual strategies are used as a piece of data examination: expressive estimations,
which gather data from an example using records, for instance, the mean or standard deviation,
and inferential bits of knowledge, which achieve judgments from data that are at risk to the
subjective assortment. Enlightening estimations are routinely stressed over two game plans of
properties of flow (test or masses): central slant (or range) tries to depict the transport's central or
average regard while scrambling (or variability) depicts how much people from the scattering
leave from its center and each other. Inducing on logical estimations is made under the
arrangement of probability speculation, which deals with the examination of subjective wonders.
A standard quantifiable system incorporates the analysis of the association between two true
enlightening lists, or an educational accumulation and built data drawn from romanticized
appear. A hypothesis is proposed for the real association between the two enlightening
accumulations, and this is stood out as an alternative from an appreciated invalid theory of no
association between two educational files. Expelling or disparaging the invalid theory is done
using verifiable tests that measure the sense in which the invalid can be shown false, given the
data that are used as a piece of the test. (Malhota et al., 2017)
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Mind map on the research method
fig 1.0(“Chapter 6Fundamentals of Research Design - Mind Map,” n.d.)
The above mind up above shows the fundamentals of research design. This helps in the
identification of variables, showing the general research definition as well as the specific
research design. In this particular case, the actualization of the design mechanism should involve
the specifics of the projects as well as the coras involved.
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Design Questions
Correlation
Connection measures the connection between two factors. Dissimilar to in experimentation, the
correlation is seen in a more common habitat. There's no experimenter to control factors; rather,
factors communicate outside of the research facility. Since there's no experimenter to control
how factors collaborate, no correlational investigation can decide how a wonder is caused. This
has prompted the critical mantra that correlation doesn't demonstrate causation. In any case, for
expansive yet at the same time significant perceptions, correlative discoveries can give
extraordinary knowledge. (Doused,2013)
Advantages of correlation
Correlational research empowers investigators to accumulate significantly more data than tests.
Also, in light of the way that correlational research as a general rule occurs outside of the lab, the
results tend to be more significant to standard everyday presence. Another preferred standpoint
of correlational research is that it opens up a great deal of further research to various specialists.
(Malhota et al., 2017) Disadvantages of correlation
Association research just uncovers a connection; it can't give a definitive inspiration to why
there's a relationship. A correlative finding doesn't reveal which variable effects the other. For
example, finding that wealth relates exceedingly with direction doesn't illuminate on account of
having wealth prompts all the more preparing or whether guideline prompts more wealth.
Purposes behind either can be normal, however until the point when the moment that more
research is done, causation can't be settled. Also, a third, cloud variable may cause both. For
instance, living in the region of New York can provoke both wealth and direction.
Experiments
There are various ways to deal with test and do investigate on new considerations, things, or
hypotheses. One of these courses is by analysis ask about. This is the time when the pro has
complete control more than one game plan of the variable and controls the others. An average
instance of this is pharmaceutical research.
16

WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Advantages of Experiments
Analysis asks about is the most reasonable course to reach causal deductions, as for intercessions
or pharmaceuticals and setting up paying little heed to whether no less than one segments causes
a change in an outcome. This is, as it were, due to the emphasis in controlling unessential
elements. If diverse components are controlled, the researcher can state with sureness that
control free factor caused a changed in the poor variable. (Wladis, Conway and Hachey, 2016)It
is a basic, immediate, capable sort of research that can be associated with a variety of requests.
Test ask about diagrams are repeatable, and this way, results can be checked and affirmed. Due
to the controlled state of test ask about, better results are frequently proficient.
Disadvantages of Experiments:
Exploratory research can make fake conditions that don't come by and large address honest to
goodness conditions. This is, as it were, as a result of sureness that every other variable is
immovably controlled which may not make a sensible condition. Since the conditions are
specially controlled and don't every now and again address honest to goodness living, the
reactions of the guineas pigs may not be honest to goodness pointers of their practices in a non-
explore condition
Ethical issues associated with human being as participants of research
Respect for Persons
Members ought to be dealt with as self-governing specialists and no weight ought to be utilized
or inferred to support interest. Besides, members ought to be given a chance to choose to pull
back from support whenever, without bias or punishment. Members ought to be given a chance
to make inquiries about the examination. Exceptional thought must be brought while cooperating
with members who might be unequipped for understanding data to settle on a completely
educated choice about research. Test conventions ought to be examined for consistency with
current ASHA approaches and rules.
17

WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Beneficence
To secure the prosperity of all examination members, each move must be made to shield them
from hurt and guarantee that they encounter the conceivable advantage from taking an interest in
the exploration. The idea of potential mischief goes past physical damage. It might incorporate
feeling stress or humiliation. Visit breaks or rest periods ought to be wanted to stay away from
against conceivable weariness or weakness. Moreover, boosts for use in research ought to be
examined for conceivable vocabulary or ideas that may annoy members.
Justice
Each exertion ought to be made to convey the dangers and advantages reasonably, and without
predisposition, in this way the choice about whom to incorporate or prohibit in an exploration
movement is delicate. Rise to open the door for investment ought to be given, free of race,
financial status, or instruction unless it is advocated by the targets of the examination action.
(Wladis, Conway & Hachey, 2016)Furthermore the choice to reject a gathering, for instance,
youngsters or ladies, from interest must be driven by experimentally solid contentions. Safety
measures ought to be taken to make preparations for the impression of conceivable control or
compulsion that might be a piece of instructor understudy, clinician-customer, or specialist
tolerant relationship. Educated assent includes the learning of the potential dangers intrinsic in
taking an interest in investigate and what individual or general advantages, assuming any, might
be picked up by taking an interest. Each exertion ought to be made to guarantee that those
requested to hold up under the potential dangers likewise get the advantages.
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Result analysis
Table 1.0
Interpretation
In this case, the effect on performance describes the substantive significance while the P-value
describes the statistical significance. Statistical significance is the likelihood that the watched
contrast between two gatherings is because of the shot. On the off chance that the P esteem is
bigger than the alpha level picked (e.g., .05), any watched distinction is thought to be clarified by
testing inconstancy. With an adequately expansive example, a factual test will quite often show a
huge distinction, unless there is no impact at all, that is, the point at which the impact estimate is
precisely zero; yet little contrasts, regardless of the possibility that noteworthy, are frequently
good for nothing. Along these lines, detailing just the critical P esteem for an examination isn't
satisfactory for peruses to completely comprehend the outcomes. Statistical power is the
likelihood that your investigation will discover a factually critical distinction between mediations
when a genuine contrast exists. If measurable power is high, the probability of choosing there is
an impact, when one exists, is high. Power is 1-β, where β is the likelihood of wrongly finishing
up there is no impact when one exists. This kind of mistake is named Type II blunder. Like
measurable hugeness, factual power relies on impact size and test estimate. On the off chance
that the impact size of the mediation is extensive, it is conceivable to identify such an impact in
littler specimen numbers, while a littler impact size would require bigger example sizes. Colossal
specimen sizes may distinguish contrasts that are very little and perhaps paltry. (Wladis et al.,
2016)
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Literature Planner
Student Name: Student Number:
Topic: Operation Management in Gas Pipeline Construction in Australia
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Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Secondary Number of citations:3
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Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 1
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Authors: Boggio, A.
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Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 2
Reference Number: 4
Title of Article: Mind Map
Authors:
Publications:
Type: Web Page
Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 5
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
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Year Published: 2012
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 2
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Title of Article: 'Doused contractors survive major fuel leak'
Authors: David G., M., Paul, S., Sandra J., E., Dean T., T., & Jonathan, S.
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Year Published: 2012
Primary or Secondary: Secondary Number of citations: 4
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Title of Article: Failure analysis of girth weld cracking of mechanically lined pipe used in
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Authors: Fu, A., Kuang, X., Han, Y., Lu, C., Bai, Z., Yin, C., & ... Yang, Y.
Publications:
Type: Jounal
Year Published: 2016
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 3
Reference Number: 8
Title of Article Gas pipeline rupture caused by “stress corrosion cracking”
Authors:
Publications:
Type: Web Page
Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Secondary Number of citations: 1
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Reference Number: 9
Title of Article: Inclined stress corrosion cracks in steel pipelines. Corrosion Engineering,
Science & Technology
Authors: Gamboa, E
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2015
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 6
Reference Number: 10
Title of Article: Greenhouse Gas Abatement from Establishing Kikuyu-Based Perennial Pastures
in South-Western Australia.
Authors:
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2012
Primary or Secondary: Secondary Number of citations: 2
Reference Number: 11
Title of Article: Hydrocarbon leaks and fires
Authors:
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Secondary Number of citations: 4
Reference Number: 12
Title of Article: Corrosion behavior of materials in hydrogen sulfide abatement system at
Hellisheiði geothermal power plant
Authors: Karlsdóttir, S., Hjaltason, S., & Ragnarsdóttir
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 7
22

WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Reference Number: 13
Title of Article: Microstructural and mechanical factors were influencing the high pH stress
corrosion cracking susceptibility of low carbon line pipe steel.
Authors: Lavigne, O., Gamboa, E., Costin, W., Law, M., Luzin, V., & Linton, V
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2014
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 9
Reference Number: 14
Title of Article: Research Design
Authors: Leavy, P
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 9
Reference Number: 15
Title of Article: Research Design
Authors: Leavy, P
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 9
Reference Number: 16
Title of Article: Ethics, Ethical Human Research and Human Research Ethics Committees.
Australian
Authors: Lindorff, M.
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2010
Primary or Secondary: Secondary Number of citations: 1
23

WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Reference Number: 17
Title of Article: Failure analysis of stress corrosion cracking occurred in a gas transmission steel
pipeline. Engineering Failure Analysis
Authors: Sadeghi Meresht, E., Shahrabi Farahani, T., & Neshati, J.
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2011
Primary or Secondary: Secondary Number of citations:3
Reference Number: 18
Title of Article: Common Method Variance in Advertising Research
Authors: Malhotra, N. K., Schaller, T. K., & Patil, A.
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 1
Reference Number: 19
Title of Article: Nip equipment failure in the bud
Authors:
Publications:
Type: Web Page
Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Secondary Number of citations: 2
Reference Number: 20
Title of Article: Mathematical Practices in a Learning Environment Designed by Realistic
Mathematics
Authors: Özdemir, B. G.
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Secondary Number of citations: 2
24

WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Reference Number: 21
Title of Article: Collaborative Research Design
Authors: Per Vagn, F., & Louise, Y.
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Secondary Number of citations: 3
Reference Number: 22
Title of Article: Exploring Experimental Design
Authors: Ryan, W. L., & St. Iago-McRae, E.
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2016
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 2
Reference Number: 23
Title of Article: Space and time in comparative political research
Authors: Stadelmann-Steffen, I., & Bühlmann, M.
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2008
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 1
Reference Number: 24
Title of Article: Research Models
Authors: Wladis, C., Conway, K. M., & Hachey, A. C.
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2016
Primary or Secondary: Secondary Number of citations: 4
25

WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Reference Number: 25
Title of Article: Experimental Evaluation Research
Authors: Westlund, E., & Stuart, E. A.
Publications:
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2017
Primary or Secondary: Primary Number of citations: 1
Research question
How have welding caused accidents in pipeline industry in Australia?
Themes discussed in the Literature Review
The outline topic area
The significance of the research
The methodology used in the specific case
The finding of the research
The conclusion of the case
Design
Casual research design
Finding
There have been numerous cases of accidents related with welding in the industry and it’s a case
that needs to be addressed.
Gaps
There is the need to do research on the welding related activities that cause accidents in pipeline
industries.
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WELDING RELATED ACCIDENTS DURING PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
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