Review and Critique of Operations Management and Project Life Cycle

This report provides an introduction to the chosen organization, explanation of operation vs operations management, review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles within the chosen organization, analysis of the extent to which the operations management of the organisation in the case study meets the requirements of the organization, discussion of continuous improvement as a philosophy and describe the Lean principles, and a continuous improvement plan, including justified recommendations for improvement, based on review and critique of operations management principles within the organization.

ID
Unit Number and
Title Unit 187 – Operations and Project Management
Title Review and Critique of Operations Management (Part 1)
Project Life Cycle (Part 2)
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Table of Content
Part 1: Business Report
1. An introduction to chosen organization 3
2. An explanation of operation vs operations management 3
3. A review and critique of the implementation of operations
management principles within the chosen organization 4
4. An analysis of the extent to which the operations management of
the organisation in the case study meets the requirements of the
organization 5
5. Discussion of continuous improvement as a philosophy and
describe the Lean principles 6
6. A continuous improvement plan, including your justified
recommendations for improvement, based on your review and
critique of operations management principles within your
organization 10
7. Conclusion 11
References 11
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1. An introduction to chosen organization
Operations management refers to an activity which helps the organisation in
making their processes of production more impressive and efficient. It is important
for the organization to make sure that the operations management department of the
company is working continuously towards designing and controlling their production
processes in order to manage the cost and superior of the products as much as
possible (Anning-Dorson., 2018). reducing the cost of products and services and
increasing the quality of products and services, both are highly beneficial for the
company and will also increase the profitability of the company. In context to
AstraZeneca, the company is specialized in manufacturing pharmaceuticals. They
are a leading healthcare manufacturing company providing healthcare solutions to
their customers from 1999. The company is one of the leading company and are
delivering products in all around the world which makes them one of the most
reliable brands. The products of the company is an ideal choice for long term health
challenges.
2. An explanation of operation vs operations management
Company overview:
AstraZeneca is a British-Swedish multinational pharmaceuticals and
biotechnology company. The company was based in the year 1999 by a
amalgamation between two companies namely Astra AB and Zeneca Group. The
company is headquartered in Cambridge, England. The establishment has global
presence and is having a products which can cure major diseases in the areas
including cardiovascular, respiratory, inflammation, etc. the company came into light
after making and introducing COVID 19 vaccine in the year 2021. the company is
manufacturing pharmaceuticals which are helping people in making their lives better.
Difference between operations and operations management.
Operations refers to a set of activity through which the company convert their
raw material into final products. The production process of the company includes
stages through which the raw materiel of the company will get converted into final
product. In order to make these processes effective and efficient, the company
introduce a department called operation management in the workplace (Dy., 2019).
Operation management helps the company in making their operation processes
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highly effective and will also help the company in reducing cost of production and
improving quality and performance of the products of the company. The workings of
operations management will directly have an effect on the profitability of the
company and is highly advantageous for the workings of the company. In case of
AstraZeneca, the company is dealing in pharmaceuticals and it is important for the
company to include research and development department in the workings of
operation management department.
3. A review and critique of the implementation of
operations management principles within the chosen
organization
Lean production: It refers to a know-how which helps the company in eliminating
any type of waste occurring in the manufacturing processes of the company which
are not adding value to the products of the company. It majorly focusses on reducing
cost, improvement in the quality of products and decreasing lean time in the
processes of the company.
Pros: It helps the organisation in having competitors advantage in the market
as the products of the company will b able to provide more value to the customers of
the company through their products.
Cons: Lean production techniques can be overused by the company easily
(Alzaydi and et. al., 2018). It can also create frustration in the workers of the
company which will reduce the motivation level of employees results in lower
productivity.
Mass customisation: It is a process of sending, receiving and communication the
information to a large audience via various mediums such as billboards, social
networking, newspapers, etc. it helps the establishment in reaching to a wider
audience and will also make sure that right information is reaching to the potential
customers.
Pros: It provides effective marketing method to the company as it helps the
company in promoting mass consumer products.
Cons: Selection of billboard and newspaper has a certain geographical
limitations and this can also lead to high marketing cost for the company.
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Agile manufacturing: It refers to a process or training tool which can help the
company in making their resources more effective and efficient (Karatzas and et. al.,
2020). It focuses on responding to the customers needs and market needs as soon
as possible. It helps the company in having challenger advantage in the marketplace
and will also make sure that the company is able to attract potential customers by
taking early advantage of opportunities.
Pros: The focus of the method is on customers which helps the company in
capturing a large segment of the market and will also make sure that the
establishment is working according to the trends of the market.
Cons: Highly skilled employees are needed in the organisation to handle
agile manufacturing process company (Tsui., 2019). Also the maintenance cost of
these types of companies are slightly high than other processes. These cost
increases the overall expenses of the company which makes it unsuitable for
companies who have low profit margins.
4. An analysis of the extent to which the operations
management of the organisation in the case study meets
the requirements of the organization
In order to meet the necessitate of the company, objectives that are needed to be
achieved are given below:
Use of lean production in the processes of the company will help in reducing
waste and saving cost in the manufacturing stage of the company (Sunarsi., 2019).
This would help the company in making the processes of the company highly
effective and efficient and will also make sure that the company is having
competitors advantage in the market.
Use of mass customisation in the administration of the company will help the
company in delivering relevant and true information to its customers and will also
make sure that the establishment is reaching out to a wider audience. It is important
for the company to reach out to their customers so that their new products and
services can attract large number of audience.
Use of agile manufacturing in the processes of the company will make sure
that the company is having a training tool which can enhance and improve the
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manufacturing process of the company (Li and et. al., 2021). It is efficient when
company has skilled employees and is ready to invest in the processes of the
company. It will help the establishment in reacting to the market trends early and
gain competitors advantage in the market.
In case of AstraZeneca, the company makes sure that they are adopting lead
production, mass communication and agile manufacturing techniques as it meets the
requirements of the company and will also make sure that the company is achieving
their goals and objectives efficiently. It will help the organisation in reducing the cost
of products and services and will ensure that the company is providing high quality
products to its customers which will help the company in having rival advantage in
the market.
5. Discussion of continuous improvement as a philosophy
and describe the Lean principles
Lean principles: It refers to a practice which encourages continuous improvement
in an organization and its production process (Ronchi., 2018). It helps the
organization in reducing waste and ill also make sure that the company is providing
respect to its people which will enhance job satisfaction in the employees of the
company and the company will be able to retain employees for a longer duration of
time.
Define value: It is important for the company to understand the meaning and
importance of value. Value refers to the element of the product which can fulfil the
needs and wants of the organization and for which the customers are willing to pay
price.
Mapping the value stream: It refers to the identification step of the company
where the company can analyse the needs of the market and can add value to the
products of the company according to these needs and wants.
Create flow: At this step the process of the company is free from waste and
element which are not providing value to the products of the company (Chow.,
2020). It is important for the organisation to include value adding activities such as
training of employees, levelling out the workload, etc.
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Establish pull: In a manufacturing process of the company, inventory is
considered to be the biggest waste for the company. The aim of pull methods is to
limit the WIP and inventory in the process and provide adequate amount of
resources to the processes so that there is a smooth functioning of department.
Pursuit perfection: In this step as the company has achieved the aim of
reducing waste it is essential for the company to make sure that they are
continuously thriving towards achieving perfection.
In case of AstraZenca, the company uses lean production in order to make
their processes effective and efficient and in order to reduce the waste in the process
as much as possible (Baiomy and et. al., 2019). It will help the company in
increasing their profits and will also make sure that the establishment is achieving
the aim of reduced cost and improved quality. It will also help the company in having
competitors advantage in the market.
Six sigma
It refers to the strategies which are continuously working in order to improve
the processes of the company and to improve the quality of the manufacturing
products of the company. It tries to identify the causes of defects and also minimize
the variabilities in the production process of the company.
Define: It refers to the stage where the actual problem is defined and the
improvements that can be made in the activities are also put emphasis on
information.
Measure: At this stage the company measures the actual abilities of the
present process so that they can focus on problematic areas effectively (Zientara
and Zamojska., 2018).
Analyse: The data gathered by the company in the previous stage is ready to
be analysed in this stage.
Improve: It refers to the stage here the company initiates the improvement
activities in the processes of the company and design a plan through which the
activities of the company can be improved.
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Control: It refers to the final stage where the company can control the
processes in which the changes has been made. It is one of the most important step
as it helps in involving changes effectively in the processes of the company.
Prepare a Continuous improvement plan
Kaizen: It refers to a Japanese term which means change for better or continuous
improvement. It provides a framework to the company which will help them in
analysing opportunities and will also help in improving their processes. The PCDA
framework is given below:
Plan: The first step is planning which helps the company in identifying the
problem.
Do: The next step is to take necessary actions in small scale so the the
testing can be done regarding the changes.
Check: At this stage the company analyses the final result of the testing and
experimental stage (Tooranloo and Saghafi., 2019). It helps the company in deciding
whether the change should be made on large scale or not.
Act: It refers to the level, the organisation inform the management about the
change and try to implement changes in the workings of the company on large scale.
Pros: It helps the company and its employees in improving teamwork.
Cons: The company may have to face difficulty in implementing the system in
existing system of the company.
Bench marking: It refers to a process where the company measures the success of
competitors and compare it with the success of themselves in order to identify ho
they can improve their performance (Younis and Sundarakani., 2019).
Pros: It helps the company in implementing creative ideas in the mechanism
of the company and will also make sure that the establishment is improving their
performance.
Cons: This method leads to lack of understanding within the management of
the company as the company must give attention to its growth rather than comparing
themselves with competitors.
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TQM: It refers to the efforts of the company where they try to make an environment
in the workplace which enhance the abilities of the employees and make them
capable to improve the products and services of the company .
Pros: It reduces the defects in the product and will provide more satisfaction
to the customers as the quality of the products improves.
Cons: It requires involvement of all levels of the company and will also
require full efforts and resources (Bozhikin, Macke and da Costa., 2019). If their is
lack efforts or resources then TQM is bound to fail.
ERP: It refers to a software incorporated by the company in order to enhance and
manage the day to day activities of the company such as procurement, accounting,
risk management, etc.
Pros: It provides accurate and reliable information to the company and will
also optimise the processes of the business.
Cons: It requires skilled employees in the organisation to manage the
software, also it includes high costs.
A continuous improvement plan, including your justified
recommendations for improvement, based on your review and
critique of operations management principles within your
organization
Kaizen: This method focuses on continuous changes in the company for betterment
of the processes (Kearney, Harrington and Kelliher., 2018). It promotes the working
environment where staff can discuss their problems easily and can also provide ideas.
TQM: It possess a strong relationship between communication and quality of
the products of company. It provides satisfaction to the customers due to improved
quality.
Benchmarking: It focuses on comparing the workings of the company with
competitors. The company can get benefits if they focuses more on lean production
and try to reduce waste as it will reduce cost and improve quality of products.
ERP: This method will reduce the inventory wastage in the organisation and
will also decrease the WIP so that the company can find its economic order quantity.
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Analyse the effectiveness of a continuous improvement
plan using appropriate theories, concepts and/or models
The continuous improvement plan helps the organization in reducing wastage
and improving the quality of the merchandise. By reducing the wastage in the
process the company will be able to achieve reduced cost of products and services
of the company (Kearney, Harrington and Kelliher., 2018). In case of AstraZeneca,
the company makes sure that they are using effective models in order to enhance
the quality of their products and reduce the cost of products so that the products of
the company can reach to a wider audience.
6. A continuous improvement plan, including your justified
recommendations for improvement, based on your review
and critique of operations management principles within
your organization
Benchmarking:
pros: It refers to the stage where the company tries to compare their processes with
the processes of competitors.
Cons: It makes the company focus on its competitor growth rather than their own
growth.
TQM:
Pros: It helps the company in improving the quality of their products.
Cons: It includes high implementation costs.
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7. Conclusion
From the above report it is concluded that, operations management helps the
company in improving the manufacturing and production processes of the company
and will also make sure that the establishment is able to reduce cost and will be able
to enhance the quality of the product which can provide value to the customers and
will help in increasing the profits of the organisation.
References
Alzaydi and et. al., 2018. A review of service quality and service delivery: Towards a
customer co-production and customer-integration approach. Business
Process Management Journal.
Anning-Dorson, T., 2018. Innovation and competitive advantage creation: The role of
organisational leadership in service firms from emerging markets.
International Marketing Review.
Baiomy and et. al., 2019. The influence of menu design, menu item descriptions and
menu variety on customer satisfaction. A case study of Egypt. Tourism and
Hospitality Research, 19(2), pp.213-224.
Bozhikin, I., Macke, J. and da Costa, L.F., 2019. The role of government and key
non-state actors in social entrepreneurship: A systematic literature review.
Journal of cleaner production, 226, pp.730-747.
Chow, W.M., 2020. Assembly line design: methodology and applications. CRC
Press.
Dy, A.M., 2019. Levelling the playing field? Towards a critical-social perspective on
digital entrepreneurship. Futures, p.102438.
Karatzas and et. al., 2020. Observation and the effect of training on service delivery
system performance. Production and Operations Management, 29(5),
pp.1101-1121.
Kearney, A., Harrington, D. and Kelliher, F., 2018. Executive capability for
innovation: the Irish seaports sector. European Journal of Training and
Development.
Kearney, A., Harrington, D. and Kelliher, F., 2018. Executive capability for
innovation: the Irish seaports sector. European Journal of Training and
Development.
Li and et. al., 2021. A review from environmental management to environmental
governance: paradigm shift for sustainable mining practice in Ghana.
Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(7), pp.9710-9724.
Ronchi, S., 2018. The Internet and the customer-supplier relationship. Routledge.
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Sunarsi, D., 2019. Penerapan MSDM Strategis Dalam Upaya Meningkatkan
Kemampuan Organisasi dalam menyongsong Revolusi 4.0. Jurnal Ilmiah
MEA (Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi), 3(1), pp.221-233.
Tooranloo, H.S. and Saghafi, S., 2019. Investigating the impact of using knowledge
management on organisational agility through competitive intelligence and
strategic thinking. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 18(02),
p.1950016.
Tsui, A.S., 2019. Guidepost: Responsible research and responsible leadership
studies. Academy of Management Discoveries, (ja).
Younis, H. and Sundarakani, B., 2019. The impact of firm size, firm age and
environmental management certification on the relationship between green
supply chain practices and corporate performance. Benchmarking: An
International Journal.
Zientara, P. and Zamojska, A., 2018. Green organizational climates and employee
pro-environmental behaviour in the hotel industry. Journal of Sustainable
Tourism, 26(7), pp.1142-1159.
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Table of Content
Part 2: Project Portfolio
Project Title 10
An overview of the case study you have been given 10
An explanation of each stage of the PLC that applies to your
selected project, including supporting documentation for each
stage (e.g., business case, the project plan, cost-benefit analysis
and work breakdown structure):
 Project initiation
 Project planning
 Project execution
 Project closure 10
Analysis of the project methodologies and tools used 12
Review and critically evaluate the effectiveness of the PLC in
application to your project using the appropriate theories models
and concepts 12
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Project Title
One step towards healthy lifestyle project.
An overview of the case study you have been given
A manufacturing organisation based on Midlands are facing problems due to
the lack of on-site catering services in the organisation(Rogozov and et. al., 2019).
The company is currently employing approx. 1250 employees in the premises and
want to provide healthy lifestyle and food to their employees in order to decrease
absenteeism and improve productivity.
An explanation of each stage of the PLC that applies to
your selected project, including supporting documentation
for each stage (e.g., business case, the project plan, cost-
benefit analysis and work breakdown structure):
 Project initiation:
Title: One step toward healthy lifestyle.
Brief Description: The aim of the company is to provide healthy food to its workers
so that they can increase their productivity and decrease the rate of
absenteeism.
Background: The company situated in Midlands are facing the problem of
overcrowding on the outside area of site and are also facing problems
related to the health of their employees which decreases the productivity of
employees an increases the rate of absenteeism of employees.
Goals:
 To provide healthy meals to its employees.
 To reduce the movement of staff in local area
 to help staff in developing healthy lifestyle habits.
Scope: The scope of the project is to provide health lunch boxes to their employees
(Najjar and et. al., 2019). There are 1250 employees in the organisation and
the taste and preferences of employees are needed to be collect.
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Impact on Other Business Systems and Units: It will help the company in
promoting CSR activities and will also sort sure that the employees of the
company are working with greater productivity. It will create a positive impact
on the other business units of the organisation.
Stakeholders: It is important for the organisation to inform stakeholders before
starting any new project as it is going to affect them as well (Gamarra and et.
al., 2018). The catering services which the company is gong to provide to its
employees will make sure that the company is fulfilling their roles and
responsibilities towards the society and are also fulfilling their CSR activities.
Milestones: It refers to a specific stage of project which will help the company in
measuring the growth of the project. The approval from stakeholders can be
considered as one milestone.
Budget:
Particulars Calculation Amount
Sales £25*2*200 £10000
Less: variable cost £3*100*2 £600
Contribution Sales-variable cost £9400
Less: fixed cost £1500
Less: estimated cost of sales £10*100*2 £2000
Net profit £5900
Constraints, Assumptions Dependencies, and Risks: It is important for the
organisation to make sure that the workings of the project is taking place on
time as the company is dealing with perishable goods (Yusni and et. al.,
2018, March). The budget approved by the stakeholder can also be a major
risk or constraining factor for the company as everything is needed to be
achieved within the given budget and within given time period.
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Success measurements: the measurement of success will be the increased
productivity of employees and when there is a decrease in the absenteeism
rate of employees.
 Project planning
It refers to a stage where the company starts to plan the steps in the development of
project life cycle. This step plays a major role in the development of the project as it
will help the company in implementing strategies step by step.
Scope planning – It includes the identification of scope, objectives, budget and
goals that the company want to achieve through the project. The company
wants to cater healthy food to their employees through this project.
Preparation of the work breakdown structure – The structure is given below:
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Project schedule development– The schedule of the project must ensure that
quality food products is reaching to the employees of the company. The major step is
to collect data about the taste and preferences of the workers and try to create a
specific area for cafeteria.
Resource planning – The next step is to identify the resource required such as
transportation vehicle, specific kitchen, budget, etc (Panggabean., 2018,
March). It will help the company in achieving levels of project on time.
Budget planning – The budget decided for the respective project is £4500.
Procurement planning – It refer to timely availability of resources on the site where
the employees are working.
Risk management – In this step the company needs to analyse the potential risks
for the company's project and make strategies in order to reduce the risk
(Akça., 2018).
Quality planning – The food that the company is providing is needed to be of high
quality in order to provide healthy meal to the workers.
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Communication planning – It refers to the communication channel that the
company is going to utilize in order to complete the project.
 Project execution
It refers to the steps that the company is going to follow in order to complete the
project (Opawole and et. al., 2020). It refers to the phase where the company try to
implement their plans in the actual project and will try to develop convert those plans
intro actual reality.
Project deliverables: It is the result that the company will achieve from the
completion of the project. the catering project of the company will be able to create
positive environment in the workplace and will also be able to provide healthy food to
the workers of the company. It will enhance the job satisfaction of employees.
Change requests: It refers to the step in which analysis is needed to be done
in order to identify if there is any changes required.
Performance data: It refers to the data collected by the company regarding
the performance of the company.
Issue log:
Issue Title Reporte
d on
Reported by Severity Priority Status
Communication
defect
30/6/21 IT staff High Urgent New
Cost exceeding
budget
2/6/21 Finance
manager
Medium Low Closed
Food wastage 5/6/21 Project
supervisor
Critical Low On hold
Documentation updates: It refers to the necessary documentation collected by
the company at the time when the company was starting the project and to check
those documentation again.
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 Project closure
It refers to the last step or the ending stage of the project where the company
tries to evaluate the benefits that the company get after the completion of the project
and whether the company has achieved the goals and objectives or not (Forakis and
et. al., 2019). It is important for the organisation to analyse the end result so that they
can have a clear idea about the end result.
Building a case:
NAME OF THE PROJECT: One step towards healthy lifestyle.
VISION: The vision of the company is to create a healthy work environment and to
improve the lifestyle of the workers of company.
OBJECTIVES:
 to eliminate absenteeism
 to improve health of workers to reduce overcrowding in local area
MISSION: The main aim of the company is to make sure that they are creating a
workplace where workers are satisfied and are living a healthy life.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Midlands based manufacturing company is facing issues
regarding the health of their workers and and overcrowding in the local areas in
lunch time. In order to resolve these issues the company is trying to provide healthy
meals to its 1250 employees on site.
What is the new idea of innovation?
The idea for innovation is to create a mid day meal system which can serve healthy
and fresh food according to the choices of the employees and will be able to cater a
large number of employees.
Why is it an opportunity –
the opportunity to provide job satisfaction to the employees of the company.
How does it improve on what we already have?
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We already have appropriate amount of resources which can help us but we need to
discuss the plan with the stakeholders of the company.
What resources do you need to bring it about – people, equipment, time, etc.?
The company need to buy utensils with the help of which they can serve the food to
the employees (Yao and et. al., 2019). It requires a minimum time of one month and
the people that are needed in the project is stakeholders.
What is the project plan? – give as much detail (and usefully some kind of map
like a Gantt chart – for how the project will proceed).
The aim is to identify the needs of employees regarding food and then to serve them
healthy and fresh food.
What are the risks and the potential benefits?
Risk of financial loss and benefit is of reduced absenteeism rate.
How will the cash flow work –
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The investment n the project will be initiated with a bank loan. If their is any
additional needs then it will be fulfilled by reserves.
Business Strategy for the project:
The strategy of the firm is to retain employees by providing them job satisfaction.
Conclusions/recommendations:
It is recommended to the company to make sure that the workers are actually having
the benefit of meal and are not looking for more option outside the premises as it will
make the efforts of the company waste.
Project plan:It refers to a formal written document created to maintain project
execution.
Cost benefit analysis of the project
The advantage is that they will be able to retain the employees which will help in
saving recruitment cost and the disadvantage is that it includes high costs.
Work breakdown analysis
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Analysis of the project methodologies and tools used
The first methodology used is agile methodology that are defined as project
management process which helped in providing demand and solution that is created
due to the collaboration in between cross functional departments (Zhao and et. al.,
2019).
Gantt chart and work breakdown structure are the project management tools which
can help the organisation in analysing the stage of the project and also provide
assistance in effective management of the on site workings.
Review and critically evaluate the effectiveness of the PLC
in application to your project using the appropriate
theories models and concepts
The advantage of performance management is that it helps the organisation
in creating a plan which can help them in analysing the stages through which the
company can complete the project whereas the disadvantage of this method is that it
is extremely time consuming and can delay the project which will have an adverse
effect on the finances of the company (Figueiredo and et. al., 2021).
The use of project deliverables in the project can help the organisation in
having a clear idea about the time and cost consumed by the project and what will
be the additional requirements of the project whereas the demerit of the deliverable
is that the stakeholders cannot see the progress of the project which may create a
situation of tension in between the workings of the project from the side of
stakeholders.
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References
Akça, Z., 2018. Reflection of sustainability issues in airline strategies and overview of
life cycle cost analysis. International Journal of Sustainable Aviation, 4(2),
pp.133-146.
Figueiredo and et. al., 2021. Sustainable material choice for construction projects: A
life cycle sustainability assessment framework based on BIM and Fuzzy-
AHP. Building and Environment, p.107805.
Forakis and et. al., 2019. Project de-risking: the importance of metallurgical testing
and piloting within the project lifecycle.
Gamarra and et. al., 2018. Energy and water consumption and carbon footprint of
school buildings in hot climate conditions. Results from life cycle
assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, pp.1326-1337.
Najjar and et. al., 2019. Life cycle assessment methodology integrated with BIM as a
decision-making tool at early-stages of building design. International Journal
of Construction Management, pp.1-15.
Opawole and et. al., 2020. Analysis of barriers to the application of life cycle costing
in building projects in developing countries: A case of Nigeria. Smart and
Sustainable Built Environment.
Panggabean, Y.B., 2018, March. Managing Big Data of Offshore Project Lifecycle
through Investment Information System. In Offshore Technology Conference
Asia. OnePetro.
Rogozov and et. al., 2019. Methodological approach to constructing the life cycle
model of the information system. International Multidisciplinary Scientific
GeoConference: SGEM, 19(2.1), pp.421-427.
Yao and et. al., 2019. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness evaluation of pavement
treatments using life-cycle cost analysis. Journal of Transportation
Engineering, Part B: Pavements, 145(2), p.04019006.
Yusni and et. al., 2018, March. Life cycle management on the operation of 400 MW
power generation. In 2018 International Conference on Information and
Communications Technology (ICOIACT) (pp. 838-843). IEEE.
Zhao and et. al., 2019. Life cycle cost analysis: A case study of hydrogen energy
application on the Orkney Islands. International journal of hydrogen energy,
44(19), pp.9517-9528.
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