Review and Critique of Operations Management (Part 1) Project Life Cycle (Part 2)

This article discusses the review and critique of operations management principles within the chosen organization, Marks and Spencer. It also includes a continuous improvement plan, including justified recommendations for improvement, based on the review and critique of operations management principles within the organization. The article covers topics such as operation vs operations management, Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management, and the Kaizen method of lean production. The subject is Operations and Project Management, and the course code is Unit 187.

ID
Unit Number and Title Unit 187 – Operations and Project Management
Title Review and Critique of Operations Management (Part 1)
Project Life Cycle (Part 2)
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Table of Content
Part 1: Business Report
1. An introduction to chosen organization p
2. An explanation of operation vs operations management p
3. A review and critique of the implementation of operations
management principleswithin the chosen organization p
4. An analysis of the extent to which the operations management of
the organisation inthe case study meets the requirements of the
organization p
5. Discussion of continuous improvement as a philosophy and
describe the Leanprinciples p
6. A continuous improvement plan, including your
justifiedrecommendations forimprovement, based on your review
and critique of operations managementprinciples within your
organization p
7. Conclusion p
References p
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1. An introduction to chosen organization
Marks and Spencer is Group Plc is a major British multinational retailer which
specializes in selling home products, food products and clothing under its own label. The
company is taking concern of how the customers are to be kept satisfied so that the scale of
the market and the expansion of the business both grow in a collaborative manner. Marks and
Spencer is currently dealing with 959 stores across UK (Swinney, 2019). The company also
offers the services and products which are related to food in which Ocado is the major source
through which the joint venture with Marks and Spencer is being profited. The company is
providing the services and the products which are best suited for the customers and through
which all the aspects of knowing what is to be done for engaging in the business is also
observed. Thus, Marks and Spencer is dealing with providing the best of what they can serve
in different categories and through which all the functions of the company are taken for the
process to be effective and efficient.
2. An explanation of operation v/s operations management
Operations are defined as the work which inculcates the inner workings of the
business so that the processing and the functions of the business run effectively and
efficiently (Müller and et.al., 2019). Operations are performance of the practical work which
is being applied for the principles and the processes which are taken place in significant
manner.
Operation function is defined as the term which is used to describe how the core and
important operations of the company and the business are designed and are functioned.
Operation function helps in the manufacturing process and how the raw materials are
transformed as this is the main source through which the business is being carried out
effectively.
Operations management is area of management which is designed, controlled and
redesigned for the business operations to produce the services and products in a proper and
appropriate manner (Fettermann and et.al., 2018).
Examples of how the operations, operation function and operation management apply
to Marks and Spencer is that how the company is taking the actions towards building the
business and this helps the company in making the best use of what is being desired of. The
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operations, operation function and operation management works in the company which helps
in benefitting the business on large scale (Ivanov and et.al., 2017).
3. A review and critique of the implementation of
operations management principles within the chosen
organization
In operation management process there are some strengths and limitations which are being
considered as important which are explained as –
Strengths – The operation management process helps in reviewing the scale through which
the processes and the systems of the operations management for the products and services to
be delivered to the customers are provided in an effective and efficient way (Choi and et.al.,
2018).
Limitations – The operation management process is a complex process which increases the
human error and the multi- level dependency which creates problem for the organization.
The operations management principles for Marks and Spencer is defined through the
Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management which are described below –
Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management – There are 14 principles of scientific
management which are –
 Science, Not Rule of Thumb – This principle states to not get stuck in the old
techniques of performing the tasks and the work.
 Harmony, Not Discord – There should be harmony in the organization which should
be followed by the employees and the management of company (Mouzelis, 2017).
 Cooperation, Not Individual – This principle explains that tasks in the organization
should be carried out with the collaboration of different individuals which helps in
accomplishing the goals.
 Development of each and every individual with greatest effectiveness and efficiency
– Efficiency of the individuals are to be taken care of with the help of training of the
individuals and the employees of the organization (Mouzelis, 2017).
These factors lead to mass customization, flexible specialization, agile manufacturing, lean
production which helps the organization in making the scale effective and efficient for which
all the aspects are being considered and the operations of the company are in order.
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4. An analysis of the extent to which the operations
management of the organisation in the case study meets
the requirements of the organization
Objectives of Marks and Spencer are concerned to build a sustainable business
through consistent and profitable growth and this helps the organization in ensuring the
accountability to wider shareholders (Merkle, 2020).
Objectives of Marks and Spencer concerns the cost reduction, quality and productivity
scales which helps in creating the base of the operations and the processes which helps in
evaluating the quality of the products and services and the productivity which the
organization delivers to the customers for becoming better on the scales of increasing the
company’s value and brand.
Yes, operation management meets the requirements of the Marks and Spencer as how
the company is taking concern and through this the operations are prioritized for smooth
functioning of the products and the services which helps in reaching the customers at large
scale (Strickland, 2017). The systems of the organization helps in making the clear way
through which all the aspects are in consideration of how the major work process are in
accordance of the company.
5. Discussion of continuous improvement as a philosophy
and describe the Lean principles
Marks and Spencer applies the Kaizen method of lean production which denotes the
continuous improvement of all the aspects of the business so that there is increase in the
efficiency and the waste is being eliminated by involving the six sigma for improving the
products and services of the organization (Goel and et.al., 2021).
Yes, they are effective in enhancing the whole operations and the process of
organization along with its functions.
Engineering and stock control are the aspects of operations which are important for
Marks and Spencer and helps in making the scale of knowing how the products are being
controlled within the stock and how these products are being engineered so that they are
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prepared for the purpose to reach the customers and this helps in increasing the business scale
(Helmold, 2020).
Six Sigma is applied in the following manner –
Define – Define factor for six sigma inculcates the goals of the company which are described
on the basis to reach the customers at large scale and with the help of this the main goal of the
organization is to achieve the objectives which are being formulated along with satisfying the
customers on large scale (Burggräf and et.al., 2019).
Measure – The measure factor analyzes the characteristics of Marks and Spencer which are
critical to quality. The product capability depends upon the customer perspectives and
reactions of how they perceive the product and the services rendered by the organization.
Along with this, there are various risks which are being analyzed and evaluated.
Analyze – The data of Marks and Spencer are collectively analyzed for up scaling the
business and this helps in gaining the competitive advantage over other businesses (Gupta
and et.al., 2020).
Design – New processes within the company are designed for the changes in the older
processes to be taking place. Along with this all the steps of the new processes are being
designed (Antony and et.al., 2017).
Verify – Verification of the design which is being framed with the help of the pilot run and
this helps in implementing the new process effectively and efficiently on large scale.
6. A continuous improvement plan, including your justified
recommendations for improvement, based on your review
and critique of operations management principles within
your organization
The continuous improvement plan is being framed and formulated on the basis of these
aspects which are described as follows –
Kaizen – Kaizen consist of five major elements which are – improved morale, suggestions for
improvement, personal discipline, teamwork and quality circles. With the help of these
elements, employees of Marks and Spencer focus on these elements so that their performance
is scaled as high on an effective and efficient basis (Carnerud and et.al., 2018).
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Pros – Improves teamwork, waste reduction, increases employee satisfaction etc.
Cons – It distorts the entire system of management etc.
Quality Circles – With the help of framing the quality circles the process and the functions of
Marks and Spencer ensure that the products and the services are being produced at business
scale which helps in growing and achieving success overall.
Pros – Improves problem solving ability, enhances employee communication etc.
Cons – Ill time management, lack of management support etc.
Benchmarking – Benchmarking helps in the process of measuring the business which Marks
and Spencer has created over the years by analyzing and evaluating the metrics and practices
which function in the company while comparing them.
Pros – Helps in setting performance expectations, developing standard of work etc (Eisert
and et.al., 2020).
Cons – Fosters mediocrity, does not measures efficiency etc.
Total Quality Management (TQM) - With the help of this approach, Marks and Spencer is
seeking long time success in the market by providing the customers products and services
according to their needs and requirements.
Pros – Helps in increasing profitability and develops higher productivity etc.
Cons – Changes the culture, creativity is discouraged etc.
Supply Chain Management (SCM) – Marks and Spencer’s supply chain management helps
in flow of products and services which are formed by transforming raw materials into the
final products.
Pros – Better at collaborating, improves the cash flow etc.
Cons – Risk of waste in labor force, missed deadlines of work etc (Saberi and et.al., 2019).
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) – Resource planning in Marks and Spencer is done
with the help of this software which helps the organization in managing the day – to – day
activities which is being conducted in the business such as accounting, risk management,
supply chain operations, project management etc.
Pros – Improvement in inventory cost, better customer service etc.
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Cons – Complexity in data conversion, training is required etc.
7. Conclusion
Thus, it concluded from Part 1 that introduction of Marks and Spencer was done.
Operation, operation functions and operation management terms were explained linked with
the organization. Operations management process strengths and limitations were explained
with the help of Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management. Along with this, objectives of the
organization were being discussed which included productivity, quality and cost reduction
factors which are important factors for the organization. Kaizen, the continuous improvement
is applied for the method of lean production followed by Marks and Spencer on large scale
was applied along with six sigma and its effectiveness. Further, a continuous improvement
plan was being framed and formulated effectively and in significant manner.
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References
Swinney, J.H., 2019. Marks and Spencer Made Me. Postcolonial Text.14(3 & 4).
Müller, U. and et.al., 2019. Resilience of data centre power system: modelling of sustained
operation under outage, definition of metrics, and application. The Journal of
Engineering.2019(12).pp.8419-8427.
Fettermann, D.C. and et.al., 2018. How does Industry 4.0 contribute to operations
management?. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering.35(4).pp.255-268.
Ivanov, D. and et.al., 2017. Global supply chain and operations management. A decision-
oriented introduction to the creation of value.2.
Choi, T.M. and et.al., 2018. Big data analytics in operations management. Production and
Operations Management.27(10).pp.1868-1883.
Mouzelis, N.P., 2017. Organization and bureaucracy: An analysis of modern theories.
Routledge.
Merkle, J.A., 2020. Management and ideology. University of California Press.
Strickland, J., 2017. Organisation and objectives. In The International Business Archives
Handbook (pp. 150-173). Routledge.
Goel, A. and et.al., 2021. Resource Requirements in Business Process Modelling from an
Operations Management Perspective. Available at SSRN 3869592.
Helmold, M., 2020. Lean management and kaizen. Springer International Publishing.
Burggräf, P. and et.al., 2019, October. Kaizen 4.0 Towards an Integrated Framework for the
Lean-Industry 4.0 Transformation. In Proceedings of the Future Technologies
Conference (pp. 692-709). Springer, Cham.
Antony, J. and et.al., 2017. Lean Six Sigma: yesterday, today and tomorrow. International
Journal of Quality & Reliability Management.
Gupta, S. and et.al., 2020. Big data in lean six sigma: a review and further research
directions. International Journal of Production Research.58(3).pp.947-969.
Carnerud, D. and et.al., 2018. Kaizen and continuous improvement–trends and patterns over
30 years. The TQM Journal.
Eisert, J. and et.al., 2020. Quantum certification and benchmarking. Nature Reviews
Physics.2(7).pp.382-390.
Saberi, S. and et.al., 2019. Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply
chain management. International Journal of Production Research.57(7).pp.2117-
2135.
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Table of Content
Part 2: Project Portfolio
Project Title p
An overview of the case study you have been given p
An explanation of each stage of the PLC that applies to your
selected project, including supporting documentation for each
stage (e.g., business case, the project plan, cost-benefit analysis
and work breakdown structure):
 Project initiation p
 Project planning p
 Project execution p
 Project closure p
Analysis of the project methodologies and tools used p
Review and critically evaluate the effectiveness of the PLC in
application to your project using the appropriate theories models
and concepts p
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Project Title
Operations and Project Management
An overview of the case study you have been given
The case study depicts that I have been appointed as member of Project and
Programme Office responsible for delivering change programme for the organization. The
line manager has therefore asked me to plan and manage an in – house project. Along with
this, information of two business objectives for the current financial year are being framed
and the project that is being formulated and focuses on providing healthy food to staff in the
in – house project (De Rezende and et.al., 2018). Therefore, this is the major base in which I
will gain the thorough understanding of how the organization has translated the business
objectives into identification of developmental projects which are framed for completing it
through planning and organizing.
An explanation of each stage of the PLC that applies to
your selected project, including supporting documentation
for each stage (e.g., business case, the project plan, cost-
benefit analysis and work breakdown structure):
 Project initiation - Project initiation is the process which helps in
initializing what is to be done and accomplished. The business needs is that to plan
and manage in – house project. The key participants and stakeholders in this in –
house project are me as a project and programme officer, the line manager and other
team members (Yemini and et.al., 2018). Objectives and overall goals of the project
are to plan and manage the in house project by providing the staff members’ healthy
food in – house.
Impact of other business systems and units help in measuring the scale through
which the in – house activities are taken place. This greatly impacts the other business
systems which are in the same category of business. There are various roles and
responsibilities which the staff will deliver (Belmas and et.al., 2021). Along with this,
there are milestones which are to be achieved and with the help of them all the other
factors promoting the healthy lifestyle for the staff members. There can be various
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risks while initiating this in – house project which can lack time constraints, excess of
information and data, wrongful information. Success measurement can be observed
with the help of gaining knowledge. And after all these steps the project is approved.
 Project planning -
 Scope Planning – The in – scope requirements for the project are for cooking the
food in – house on which the project focuses helps in making the providing the staff
members health lifestyle and health food (Sligo and et.al., 2017).
 Preparation of the Work Breakdown Structure – The work breakdown structure will
help in facilitating and creating the tasks and sub – tasks to be followed with the
structure on large scale by delegating the roles and responsibilities to the workforce.
 Project Schedule Development – All the implementation of the activities are framed
step by step for accomplishing the goals and the tasks that are to be fulfilled.
 Resource Planning – With the help of resource planning, at the position of
programme office and for the project, delegation of the authorities and roles will be
provided to the staff members for accomplishing the project tasks (Jünge and et.al.,
2019).
 Budget Planning – Cost to be incurred for the project is enunciated which helps in
gaining the financial scale.
 Procurement Planning – Subcontracting and focusing on vendors is done for the in –
house project which is being initiated.
 Risk Management – Possible risks are analyzed and evaluated on large scale for the
project.
 Quality Planning – Assuring that the quality project is the main focus for the in –
house project (Naeem and et.al., 2018).
 Communication Planning – Communication strategies are being framed including all
the stakeholders for the project to be completed significantly.
 Project execution – In this stage of project lifecycle, actions are taking
place for the in – house project and there are many changes which are being created
for the making the project successful and accomplished. The project deliverables
which are the tangible outputs required for the project facilitate the cooking materials
which are required in the in – house project (Mirza and et.al., 2017). The deliverables
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are reviewed, tested by the staff members for its approval. Changes are taken place in
cooking the food which is being provided to the staff of the organization if they are
not satisfied with the requirements offered to them.
 Project closure – This is the last stage of the in the project life cycle which
helps in its successful completion and then reporting of this in – house project is done
to the line manager (Villafáñez and et.al., 2020). In this, documentation of the
business, releasing the equipments and the staff, informing the line manager that the
project has been completed.
Building of the Case –
The project name is in – house project for cooking food for the staff of organization.
The objective of the project is to provide health food to the staff members of the organization.
The project is developed for increasing the staff performance by providing them healthy food.
The new idea of innovation is that all the staff members will be provided the diet food for
maintenance of their health (Tryhuba and et.al., 2019).
It is an opportunity as the staff members of the organization will perform better.
It improves the basis of the performance which initiates the scale through which all the
aspects are taken into concern concerned to providing food to the staff.
Resources required are people, time and food items (Lee, 2020).
The project plan is the plan which helps in making and framing of the project which is being
taken such as this in – house project for the staff members of the organization.
Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors
Initiation stage 16 days Tue 3/16/21 Tue 4/6/21
Market research 9 days Tue 3/16/21 Fri 3/26/21
Finding innovative
ideas 6 days Mon 3/29/21 Mon 4/5/21 2
Final approval from
project planner 1 day Tue 4/6/21 Tue 4/6/21 2,3
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Project Planning 25 days Wed 4/7/21 Tue 5/11/21
Setting of objective 1 day Wed 4/7/21 Wed 4/7/21 2,3,4
Deciding steps to build
on site catering 9 days Thu 4/8/21 Tue 4/20/21 6
Roles and
responsibilities 5 days Wed 4/21/21 Tue 4/27/21 7
Identification of budget 10 days Wed 4/28/21 Tue 5/11/21 8
Analyzing risk 4 days Wed 4/28/21 Mon 5/3/21 7,8
Execution of project 55 days Wed 5/12/21 Tue 7/27/21
Implementation of
project plan 26 days Wed 5/12/21 Wed 6/16/21 10,9
Making optimum
utilization of resources 12 days Thu 6/17/21 Fri 7/2/21 12
coordinating works of
diverse individuals 17 days Mon 7/5/21 Tue 7/27/21 13
Monitoring and
evaluation 19 days Wed 7/28/21 Mon 8/23/21
Monitoring and
evaluation 8 days Wed 7/28/21 Fri 8/6/21 14
Comparing the outcome
with standard set 7 days Mon 8/9/21 Tue 8/17/21 16
Closure 4 days Wed 8/18/21 Mon 8/23/21
Accomplishment of
project 3 days Wed 8/18/21 Fri 8/20/21 17
Information send to
stakeholders 1 day Mon 8/23/21 Mon 8/23/21 19
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14

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The risks and benefits work same all along the project while taken up. The risk can be
wrongful information of the staff members concerning their health, lack of information for
the project to be started. The benefits are – health of the staff members will be improved by
framing of this project (Shylesh, 2017).
The cash flow will work depending upon the food items which is being purchased for the
staff of the organization for the project.
Costs are incurred when the project is being completed effectively and efficiently (Koopmans
and et.al., 2020).
If the project changes then the savings will be done on the basis of how the project was being
completed by measuring the financial scales for the project.
Advantages of the project will be that the performance of the staff members will be improved
by providing them health food, there will be positive work environment in the organization.
Problems of the project can be lack of resources, lack of time required etc.
Solutions for the problems are that resources should be taken into concern at priority and
along with this, the project should also enable sufficient time for the project to be undertaken
on large scale.
Recommendations –
 Strategies for the project should be implemented effectively and efficiently.
 Ample of resources should be provided for the project to be completed effectively and
efficiently.
 Framing of rules and regulations should be done in a proper manner so that project is
followed step by step.
Pros of Project lifecycle – Project lifecycle provides structure for project delivery, improves
communication between team members and along with this the tracking of the progress is
being measured on large scale (Yang, 2021).
Cons of Project Lifecycle – Higher uncertainty and risks, not ideal for object – oriented
projects, progress of the project lifecycle is too hard to measure.
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Project plan is the formal approved document which helps in framing the work breakdown
structure, a project schedule, a resource list and a risk plan which is being framed for the
purpose of making of the plan in an effective and efficient manner.
Pros of Project Plan – Project plans helps in tracking the progress, helps in focusing on the
teams and the objectives (Schöttle and et.al., 2017).
Cons of Project Lifecycle – Framing and formulating of project is time consuming, there is
rigidity which is followed in the whole process of project.
Cost benefit analysis of the project is dependent upon the factors which assemble altogether
the cost structure and the financial scales through which all the costs which is used up in the
project is being framed so that there is proper cost structure which is framed for in – house
project being undertaken (Mishan and et.al., 2020).
Pros of Cost Benefit Analysis – It helps in simplifying the decisions which are complex in
the process, clarity to unpredictable situations is framed.
Cons of Cost Benefit Analysis – It increases the budget of the project, inaccurate
calculations mislead the data.
WBS
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Analysis of the project methodologies and tools used
Within Project Lifecycle the agile methodologies is defined by the Scrum
methodology which is defined as the framework which helps in utilizing the agile mindset for
delivering, sustaining and developing the products in the environment which is complex. The
Scrum methodology helps in development of team which contributes and collaborates with
the project plan to be completed effectively (Srivastava and et.al., 2017). Scum is the
software development project management and tracking method which helps in initiating the
scale through which all the aspects of the project are being undertaken effectively and
efficiently.
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ONSITECATERINGInitiationstageMarketresearchFindinginnovativeideasFinalapprovalfromprojectplannerProjectPlanningSettingofobjectivedecidingstepstobuildonsitecateringRolesandresponsibilitiesIdentificationofbudgetAnalysingriskExecutionofProjectImplementationofprojectplanMakingoptimumutilisationofresourcescoordinatingworksofdiverseindividualsPorjectMonitoringMonitoringandevaluationComparingtheoutcomewithstandardsetCheckingofcompliancerelatedtochangemanagementProjectClosureAccomplishmentofprojectInformationsendtostakeholders

The project management tools which are being used for this in house project to be
framed is MS Project Tool which has helped in framing the Gantt Chart through an effective
and efficient manner along with the network diagram.
Project leadership is important in the project lifecycle as it helps in making and
framing the project with the help of accurate application of leadership skills of the individuals
that are involved in the framing the project (Cha and et.al., 2019). With the help of effective
leadership within the project lifecycle the project is being completed effectively and
efficiently.
Pros of Project Leadership in Project Lifecycle – It helps in collaborating with the team
members effectively, work is processed with the delegation of duties and responsibilities in
proper manner.
Cons of Project Leadership in Project Lifecycle – There can be interpersonal conflicts
between the team members and the leader which may affect the performance during the
forming of the project in the project lifecycle.
Review and critically evaluate the effectiveness of the PLC
in application to your project using the appropriate
theories models and concepts
It is very important to use the model and theory for the project which is to be completed on
time. The use of model enables different stages of Project Lifecycle which makes the process
easy in framing the project as all the tasks and activities which are being stepped into the
stages of project lifecycle creates the need for which the project lifecycle is being framed and
formed on large scale. Project lifecycle planning helps in forming the stages so clearly that it
helps in justifying the roles in each step and in this process lean method is also useful for
generating the effective scales through which all the process and the stages of the project
lifecycle are being created in an appropriate manner. The stages of Project Lifecycle are as
follows –
Initiating – In the initiation phase, the programme officer for the in – house project initiates
the steps of how the healthy food is to be provided to the staff members of the organization
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and by initiating this project the concern for the staff members to provide them effective
business environment is initiated.
Planning – Planning for the in – house project is done so that the organization is able to
provide the staff members healthy food by catering them productively. With the help of
planning, all the essential steps are being taken for making the project successful on large
scale (Jünge and et.al., 2019).
Executing – Execution of the in – house project is taken into consideration for all the process
through which the effectiveness and efficiency of the project is gained into making and
achieving the success stages which helps in executing of the project.
Monitoring and Controlling - In the next step which is monitoring and controlling the main
thing which is being considered is that how the in – house project for the staff members is
being monitored and the negative factors are controlled overall (Berawi and et.al., 2019).
Closing – Closing of the in – project leads to successful stage which helps in knowing that all
the process of the project was done in an effective and efficient manner which created the
manner of how the project would deliver the health food products to the staff members.
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complexity: A bibliometric network analysis of 50 years of project complexity
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Yemini, M. and et.al., 2018. Project Initiation. In Project Management in Schools (pp. 23-
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Sligo, J. and et.al., 2017. A literature review for large-scale health information system project
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Jünge, G.H. and et.al., 2019. Lean project planning and control: empirical investigation of
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Naeem, S. and et.al., 2018. Impact of project planning on project success with mediating role
of risk management and moderating role of organizational culture. International
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Mirza, E. and et.al., 2017. Quantification of project execution complexity and its effect on
performance of infrastructure development projects. Engineering management
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Villafáñez, F. and et.al., 2020. Portfolio scheduling: an integrative approach of limited
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Lee, S., 2020. Artificial Agent-based Bargaining Game considering the Cost incurred in the
Bargaining Stage. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.20(11).pp.292-
300.
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