Operations and Project Management: Review and Critique of Operations Management Principles within TESCO

This report concerns the operations and operational management of TESCO, the third largest retailer in the world. It includes an introduction to the organization, explanation of operation vs operations management, review and critique of operations management principles, analysis of extent to which the principles meet the requirements of the organization, discussion of continuous improvement as a philosophy and Lean principles, and a continuous improvement plan with recommendations.

ID
Unit Number and Title Unit 187 –
Operations and
Project Management
Title Review and Critique
of Operations
Management (Part
1

Table of Content
Part 1: Business Report
1. An introduction to chosen organization p
2. An explanation of operation vs operations management p
3. A review and critique of the implementation of operations
management principles within the chosen organization p
4. An analysis of the extent to which the operations management of
the organisation in the case study meets the requirements of the
organization p
5. Discussion of continuous improvement as a philosophy and
describe the Lean principles p
6. A continuous improvement plan, including your justified
recommendations for improvement, based on your review and
critique of operations management principles within your
organization p
7. Conclusion p
References p
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1. An introduction to chosen organization
This report concern about the TESCO business operations and operational
management. TESCOCompany is the third largest retailer in the world, founf in 1919
by Jack Cohen and its headquarter is in Welwyn garden city, England. TESCO deals
in various product and services like grocery, toys, clothing, furniture, electronic etc.
Company classified their business into three main departments such as home care,
foods and refreshments and personal & beauty products. It also provides various
services to their customers such as insurance services, consultancy sevices and
retail banking.They also operates their business through various multi-format stores
and through online (Edwards and Norman, 2018). Now onwards TESCO expanding
their business rapidly which helps the business to achieve their goal efficiently and
effectively. TESCO earn high goodwill and reputation in the whole market. TESCO
believes in offering products at the right time to the right people. In this report the
business operations and operational management of TESCO company were
discussed that is how the company manage and regulates their operations by
controlling and monitoring all the operational activities, on a regular basis to offer
effective and efficient quality of goods and services to the customers. Both the
operations and operational management plays important role in the business.
2. An explanation of operation vs operations management
Operations: It refers to managing the internal working of the whole business
for the effective functioning. Operations require everywhere whether it can be
product and services distribution, manufacturing process, each department of the
management requires to analyse the effective functoning of each and every
operations, and it also includes various aspects like operations planning, resourcing,
and efective technology which plays vital role in business growth and survival.
According to the size of business, type of the business every organisation analyse
their operations, It cannot be state as the proper physical movement, sometimes it
can be defined as improvement in the planning, strategies of the different markets or
systems. Operations also includes the ground woek which involves even the low
aspect of the task (Firdaus, 2021). From low to high. In case of small companies,
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operations functions do not involves only by a one person it needs the whole team
members for the effective cordination.
Operational Management: It refers to the Top management which vision
and mission is based upon achieving the long-term goals for the organisation. It
provides all the action-plan to be done in order to ensure that all the planned actions
are essential to achieve the Organisational goal. It refers to variation of labour and
raw material with the effective quality service and commodities as better which helps
the organisation to earn maximum profit for that specific organisation. It includes the
proper utilization of limitted resouces with the proper technology, resources, staffing.
Operation management team frames their goals planning, startegies for maintaing a
equal balance between the costs and the revenue so, that the organiisation can
achieve their goals efficiently with high operating profit. It is the operations manager
duty is to establish, maintain products according to the needs and wants of the
customer's. They face and manage the high startegic issues which includes the
selection of plant production size, establish the networks of information technology.
There are also other issues related to the operational management like stock level
management, raw material etc which also effects the overall functions of the
management (Gapp, Mankekar and Mitten, 2019).
3. A review and critique of the implementation of
operations management principles within the chosen
organization
Both the operations and operation management plays important role in an
organisation. It supports the whole organisation in the smooth functioning with high
productvity in work as well as in work place. TESCO is a highly reputated in terms of
retail businesses and manufacturing. They manage and control their overall
management\ with an effective planning and strategies for manufacturing improved
products every time with some new technology, innovations, distribution for the
effective inventory management. TESCO business main aim is to focuse on offering
the high quality goods and services to their targeted customers. All these policies
and ways helps the management to work in efficient manner (Jayasuriya and
Finlayson, 2019). There are various models which are available to maintain the cost
effectiveness:
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 Organised: In organisation at the workplace whole operations and functions
whether it is financing, production, distribution all are co-related with each
other. Top level management deals and manage all the functions for the
better outcomes f the business. A well organised management of operations
includes the promotion of all functions so, that every single function or activity
can improve the productivity of other various functions (Johnston and
Brennan, 2019).
 Reality: It refers to the important principal of management, this principle
mainly focuses on the operation management on all the problems of the
organisation instead methods and tools. This is because no single technique,
method, tool is efficient and able to give better solution of all the problems at
the specific time. That's why operations management if analyse all the
techniques and tools will finds the better solution of every problem.
 Accountability: Manager role in organisation plays an essential role. If
manager is accountable for the operations has the key for the effective
functioning of business. Role of manager is to establish rules and regulations
for performing various organisational fuctions and activitieseffectively for the
goals of the organisation, and then they have to manage and check that
working should go as per the requirement of the product and are able to solve
all issues on time to achieve goals.
 Humility: It refers that all department should needs to understand that
reconciliation cost is highly expensive,errors In models there are some
limitations on making mistakes, and there is need to make the strategies
carefully. This will help the organisation in protecting the limited resources,
time and money. Which enhance the better outcomes in an organisation
(Magdy and Daifullah, 2018).
 Variance: It refers to in demand variance give sign of araising isues in the
manufacturing facilities and production units. IN other words, In terms of
procedures and techniques variance must be improved for improving
innovation or creativity and agree for generating the effective decision in
terms of high variance in other elements. There are also some other variance
which helps in enhancing the creativity and innovation in an organisation.
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4. An analysis of the extent to which the operations
management of the organisation in the case study meets
the requirements of the organization
Management of operations principles are effective and important for the
success and growth of the organisation. TESCO is one of the most reputed
organiisation and covers wide area in the overall market, their share in the market is
huge which shows the better and efficient development and growth of the
organisation, but also along with this many problems and hurdles are also available
while making decision regarding the plans and strategies of all the operations and
function in terms of branding, advertising, manufacturing and distribution, till the
product reach its consumer. Operational management helps the oganisation in
achieving the respected objective and goals as well as the objectives of employyes,
and all that helps the organiisation on reaching their target in the whole market or
help to earn more profit with consumer's satisfaction (Masella and Rangone, 2021).
 Quality of the product is the primarily requirement of the consumer. It is the
want of the consumer to consume that quality of goods which are healthy in
nature. Every single consumer wants to buy safe and durable goods and
services. Consumer's attract on that goods and services which are rich and
healthy. Effective quality of products attract the more consumer's this happens
because after the covid now every person becames quality consious.
 TESCO should need to handle cost effective techniques in their operations
management because that supports them in earning customer's trust in terms
of product and services, and also towards their product brand if they sell their
goods and services on a reasonable price with the effective quality in the
whole market.
 TESCO have to focuse on building an effective workplace which helps them in
better co-ordination, or achieving targets before deadlines. Manager should
focus on creating proper meetings, sessions for their targets along with
fulfilling the employees objectives. So, that helps in better co-ordination
between the employees, which will enhace the productivity of work and helps
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the organisation in achieving their goals effectivily and efficiently (Sousa,
2018).
5. Discussion of continuous improvement as a philosophy
and describe the Lean principles
Continuous improvement ploans are the procedure for creating rules,
strategies and plans with improvement in efficiency of activities within workplace.
Improvements are very necessary for everything the world because it ensures
betterment of products and services that also helps organisations in maintaining a
high reputation in the market. Therefore, continuous improvement and ongoing
processes that helps businesses in maintaining control over quality of goods and
services. This results in geowth and development with achieving success of TESCO
and also helps in expanding their operational activities in the globe (Sukwadi, Wee
and Yang, 2018).
Lean principles
Lean is a philosophy of continuous improvement plan. It main focus is on
raising value of customers and eliminating the wastage of resources with their proper
optimization in the operations. Key components of lean is applicable to all kind of
organisation whether it is small or big. Some lean principles are discussed below:
 Value defining: This principle states that, requirement of customers can
better defines the value of goods and services provided by TESCO. Every
consumer wants to purchase product at reasonable rate with high quality and
improved product. TESCO never dissappoints expectations of their customers
by meeting their expectations everytime with their new and innovative goods.
 Mapping of value stream: This principle mainly focuses on defining the
factors that every consumer going to value. TESCO analyse even a small
factor in the market from manufacturing to the distribution and receiving
feedback. Then after, ensures that they produce good quality goods, with
timely delivery in correct state of product at very rasonable price that every
low scale customer can purchase.
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 Pull establishment: Inventory management is essential targeted area of this
principle. It describes, that resources are very scare in the world and each
business has limites amount of resources so it must be used in very efficient
and effective manner, by ensuring no wastage whether it is raw material or
productivity of an employees.
6. A continuous improvement plan, including your justified
recommendations for improvement, based on your review
and critique of operations management principles within
your organization
Continous improvement plan are essential tool which helps in analysing and
solving different problems related to the product quality and also within the
production procedure. There are some excerise which the TESCO business should
perform, by executing this PDCA approach in functions and in their strategy:
 Plan: According to the Colon planning an organisation should not avoid
planning this is because that process must be run within the workplace of
TESCO, for strategies, planes, and analysation of trageted market with the
demand and wants of consumer by accepting the changes and improvement
that they can done. TESCO business sholud maintain planning on daily basis
in terms of implementation of upgraded and new technology. As the
management at top level will determine the market in covid that market needs
eco-friendly, and healthy products.
 DO: TESCO needs to start perform activities in order to improve and enhance
changes in the workplace. It can be better if the activities are performs on
short term basis because it is not necessary that all these chances will
ehance the performance but most of the time effect in positive way. TESCO
manager themselve should keep visits that workers are able to do task
according to the guidelines and if they face any kind of issue then the proper
development and training programmes sholud make available for them.
 Check: Proper analysis, control and observation of changes which arises with
colon planning should maintain. Checking on regular basis that means every
small thing that is connected with the goodwill and profit of the organisation
should check on daily basis this is because many times all small things which
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are easily ignore becames the reason of huge loss in the organisation
(Wilmore and Kehlet, 2021).
 Act: Changes or modification by colon planning not arises in a while, there is
some action of management behind that. All these actions should be in that
way that every new change will leads the organisation towards the success.
All above models are very essential that every organisation should considered
on it.
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7. Conclusion
From the above report it concluded that both the operations and operational
management plays a vital role in the field of company's management. Both are
essential in order to maintain and controll the effective quality of product that helps in
maintaing the customer's trust which enahnce the success and growth of the
organisation. It is the operational management department responsibilty is to mange
all the decisions, conflicts, issues which effect the goods and services demand and
growth in the market. It also involves the decision in terms of product which are
produce, desiging of product, utilization of raw material, Analysing different channels
of marketing and distribution, the performance of all these function should be done
on a regular basis which helps the company achieving goal early. There is a high
difference between the operations and operational management. Operational
management includes the directing and controlling of all the operations which are
done in an organisation, after that taking care of proper improvement planning done
with the help of principles. All the activities and functions of both operationa nad
operational management are essential at the same time for the organisation in
achieving goal on time and in efficient manner.
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References
Edwards, D.C. and Norman, P.E., 2018, September. best practices for management
of wastewater treatment operations during extended refinery shutdowns.
In WEFTEC 2015. Water Environment Federation.
Firdaus, F.E., 2021. Fabrication of Seed Oil-Based Flexible Polyurethane and
Identify Failures from the Processing Pathway, Proceedings of the 11th
Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management Singapore, March 7-11, 2021, TURNITIN RESULT.
Gapp, W., Mankekar, P.S. and Mitten, L.G., 2019. Sequencing operations to
minimize in-process inventory costs. Management Science, 11(3), pp.476-
484.
Jayasuriya, M.D.A. and Finlayson, B.L., 2019. Water quality in mountain ash forests
—separating the impacts of roads from those of logging operations. Journal of
Hydrology, 150(2-4), pp.459-480.
Johnston, R.B. and Brennan, M., 2019. Planning or organizing: the implications of
theories of activity for management of operations. Omega, 24(4), pp.367-384.
Magdy, Y.H. and Daifullah, A.A.M., 2018. Adsorption of a basic dye from aqueous
solutions onto sugar-industry-mud in two modes of operations. Waste
Management, 18(4), pp.219-226.
Masella, C. and Rangone, A., 2021. A contingent approach to the design of vendor
selection systems for different types of co‐operative customer/supplier
relationships. International Journal of Operations & Production Management.
Sousa, R., 2018. Linking quality management to manufacturing strategy: an
empirical investigation of customer focus practices. Journal of operations
management, 21(1), pp.1-18.
Sukwadi, R., Wee, H.M. and Yang, C.C., 2018. Supply chain performance based on
the lean–agile operations and supplier–firm partnership: An empirical study on
the garment industry in Indonesia. Journal of Small Business
Management, 51(2), pp.297-311.
Wilmore, D.W. and Kehlet, H., 2021. Management of patients in fast track
surgery. Bmj, 322(7284), pp.473-476.
Table of Content
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Part 2: Project Portfolio
Project Title p
An overview of the case study you have been given p
An explanation of each stage of the PLC that applies to your
selected project, including supporting documentation for each
stage (e.g., business case, the project plan, cost-benefit analysis
and work breakdown structure):
 Project initiation p
 Project planning p
 Project execution p
 Project closure p
Analysis of the project methodologies and tools used p
Review and critically evaluate the effectiveness of the PLC in
application to your project using the appropriate theories models
and concepts p
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Project Title
Project Life Cycle in organisations
An overview of the case study you have been given
The life cycle of project can be describe as a framework which processes the
project functions with great level for throwing a successful project. Large and small
both organisations across the sector tries to deliver outstanding outputs in order to
reach sustainable succes and presence across globe. In this technological era,
organisations continuously striving to adopt new methods in their comimg projects,
this requires proper implication of project life cycle (Tellioglu, 2018). PLC eliminates
any kind of wastage of scare resources and money as well. It is considered that
many projects suffer from failure due to lack of communication or proper planning
and its execution. PLC enables organisations in coming up with a thought for project,
determine its objectives, strategy for its implementation and lead it to perfection. This
whole process is decoded in four stages that brings the whole project through the
correct path. This report covers every small aspect of project management and its
lifecycle.
An explanation of each stage of the PLC that applies to
your selected project, including supporting documentation
for each stage (e.g., business case, the project plan, cost-
benefit analysis and work breakdown structure):
 Project initiation
The very first and foremost step in the project life cycle is initiation of project.
In this step organisation requires to identify issues, opportunities and sensible ways
that enables management of the organisation in meeting with those needs and
opportunities. Throughout this stage, top level members are able to find out purpose
and object from that particular project, identify the level of feasibility of the project
and determines thes dispensinles of their thoughts and ideas. Firstly, managers
determines the problem that can be solved by their project in the future and the way
as well. Then, identify the scope of their project which includes breadth and depth of
upcoming project (Bryde, Broquetas and Volm, 2018). After this, individualise
commodity or service, Further, company thought about funding of the project,
whether through equity or debt management will arrange financial resources for
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project. Initiating a new project needs a lot of efforts, this phase in itself have many
stages such as creation of charter for project or business case in which, company
clearify these two fundamentals which is used for outlining project's key details that
helps in pitching with the stakeholders. There is a difference between both that is
their scope, mainly project charter is used for smaller projects. Business case can be
used for larger projects.
 Project planning
The second step, planning of project in which after stage of inintiation, a plan
is developed for performing the further procedures. A plan or strategy act as a
roadmap for the whole peogression of project management. It involves various
thinges in it such as determining the goal, that is comprised with the main aim of
project, its reclination for possessing the plan and also reasons that marks it closure.
Next is determining the scope that ensures plan must be in a way that can
accomplish the benefits of project. Then comes, scheduling activites such as date of
beginning with ending date and defining time span which will be taken by project.
Generation of project reports is very vital in every project as they involves operations
that has to be functioned, deliverables and results from the project. Planning is very
important because monitors the budget and tasks at every step. It provides guidence
to the whole team for performing tasks according to the schedule by enabling them
in knowing correct tools for each specific operation. It enables the management to
stay engaged for greater project completion. It also makes sure that outcomes would
be tested on daily basis. Moreover, it finalize and prioritize each and every step
(Smith and Barling, 2019).
 Project execution
Execution is that phase in the project life cycle management that ensures that
all the planning done by managers must be putted by team into action. Simplify,
execution those plans and strategies that top level of organisation outlined for
completion of a project. It is also known as project implementation. Execution is the
third stage of the whole life cycle. This phase can be easy if the previous steps were
performed with clarity because that are all ground work but sometimes execution
become struggling for the whole team due to some uncertain circumtances. It
happens many a times that things would not work according to the plan and in these
situation team suffers with various problems like, making a budget is far then
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implementing it, because might be organisation loose their shareholders or some
natural calamity occur or market goes down. Execution has many challenges in it.
Here, the work of project manager is to make sure that tasks are going on track.
Communication plays a crucial role in better execution of plans as it ensures that all
the plans and tasks are communicated in right manner to avoid any confusion
because due to gap in communication sometimes tasks are not alloted correctly that
leads to wastage of resources and efficiency of employees as well (Ergen, Akinci
and Sacks, 2020).
 Project closure
The final stage of project management life cycle is closure of project. The
phase in which finalization of all deliverables is done and all documents are formally
transferred or signed off, approved and collected. Ensuring that are plans were
executed properly and all procedures were performed. There are many pros of
project closure such as it helps in avoiding same mistakes in future, also avoid
excess lisbility generation and ensures timely payment. A clear closure of project
helps in conveying transition properly according to the customers requirement.
Closure provides information to the stakeholders that they need with requ9ired
resources as well. It applies final stamp of completion, because declaring that project
is done will not enough it requires proper confirmation. Confirmation must5 be done
with approvals from stakeholders for the deliverables of the project along with official
sign offs. Review of all documents is also necessary and closing of contract with the
client. It also includes, release of resources such as contractors, suppliers and team
menbers. Communicating them about the project completion and making their final
payment is necessary. Review of project must include analysis of success or failure
of project along with challenges, it enables them in finding new opportunities and in
continous growth as well.
Analysis of the project methodologies and tools used
In this report tools and methodology are used in repect of project life cycle.
This whole project life cycle management is very useful in analysing various methods
that carries out all the operations and aim of this study. Using of right tools and
methods is very essential as they functioned the operations in systematic and
specified manner. Life cycle and its all phases has an immence consequence for the
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ongoing project. These specific techniques helps management in finding the
accurate ways and new creative ideas. Various methods and risks are always
associated with the goals and objectives of project. These methodolies are crucial in
the process of decision making as these enables managers in the collection of
required data, resources and also provides assistance to managers in making plans
and startegies so that thay can meet with requirements of company and fulfils their
objects or achieve defined goals. There is a specific tools that is used is cromwell
which is important for the things such as enhancement in technology, introduction of
new software or smart gadgets for gaining control over performance of each
individual within organisation and outcomes of particular project. At the end, these
methods enables organisation in achieving growth and success (Kramer and
Guinée, 2021).
Review and critically evaluate the effectiveness of the PLC
in application to your project using the appropriate
theories models and concepts
In this particular business field, project life cycle act as an very crucial
element, its role in the whole business operations are very important that involves
defining the steps in systematic manner that are inniation of project, project planning,
execution of plans and at the end closure of project (Bare and Gloria, 2019). These
are all stages in a project life cycle that are necessary to perform for turning an idea
into reality and choosing the suitable idea from various thoughts or suggestions that
can accomplish organisational goals along with the objectives of their employees so
that, employees can work with dedication and motivation. It provides guidance and
direction as well to the management in which the task has to be performed.It has
been critically evaluated that the life cycle of project is the only way that can lead to
the efficiency in initiation of project and its plenning or execution with the help of
idenfying the opportunities and threats and its scope in the market with proper
monitoring and controlling over project. Managers needs to observe each step in the
process for taking correct and effective action on right time. Project life cycle is the
best techniques in order to achieve objectives of company and reacha great position
in the market (Cichowicz, Theotokatos and Vassalos, 2021).
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Conclusion
The purpose of report is fulfils. Hence, it can be concluded, that project life
cycle is very effective in order to reduce absentism of employees engagement during
the whole procedure of project working. It helps in eliminationg any kind of wastage
within workplace of organisation as no wastage of resources and even no wastage of
employees efficiency and productivity. Project management is the fundamental tool
for implementing any kind new venture and turning it into reality with client
satisfaction. It helps in detailing of tasks that has to be accomplished with defining
who will complete that particular task along with start and fininsh time of project.
Project management is also a never ending process with an organisation because it
ensures sustainable growth and success of business. It allows the managers to
minimize or mitigate the risks with increase in business potential for the success of
ongoing project.
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References
Bare, J.C. and Gloria, T.P., 2019. Critical analysis of the mathematical relationships
and comprehensiveness of life cycle impact assessment
approaches. Environmental science & technology, 40(4), pp.1104-1113.
Bryde, D., Broquetas, M. and Volm, J.M., 2018. The project benefits of building
information modelling (BIM). International journal of project
management, 31(7), pp.971-980.
Cichowicz, J., Theotokatos, G. and Vassalos, D., 2021. Dynamic energy modelling
for ship life-cycle performance assessment. Ocean Engineering, 110, pp.49-
61.
Ergen, E., Akinci, B. and Sacks, R., 2020. Life-cycle data management of
engineered-to-order components using radio frequency
identification. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 21(4), pp.356-366.
Kramer, G.J. and Guinée, J., 2021. Towards application of life cycle sustainability
analysis. Metallurgical Research & Technology, 110(1), pp.29-36.
Smith, J. and Barling, D., 2019. Social impacts and life cycle assessment: proposals
for methodological development for SMEs in the European food and drink
sector. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 19(4), pp.944-
949.
Tellioglu, H., 2018, May. Collaboration life cycle. In 2008 International Symposium
on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (pp. 357-366). IEEE.
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