Optimization of Cooling System in IC Engine
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STUDENT NAME: AMANDEEP SINGH
STUDENT ID: 12066802
Unit: ENRP20001 ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROJECT PLANNING
Unit coordinator: ABDUL MAZID
Supervisor – NIRMAL MANDAL
Week of Submission: 11
Date of Submission: 5th June 2019
Title – OPTIMIZATION OF COOLING SYSTEM IN IC ENGINE
Name of Submission – FINAL THESIS
School of Engineering and Technology
CQ University
1
STUDENT ID: 12066802
Unit: ENRP20001 ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROJECT PLANNING
Unit coordinator: ABDUL MAZID
Supervisor – NIRMAL MANDAL
Week of Submission: 11
Date of Submission: 5th June 2019
Title – OPTIMIZATION OF COOLING SYSTEM IN IC ENGINE
Name of Submission – FINAL THESIS
School of Engineering and Technology
CQ University
1
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Abstract
In this study, a stimulated model is created using MATLAB software to optimize an engine to
study about various aspects and scenarios about performance parameters of an engine which varies
from their vehicle type, engine type, number of cylinders. Later in this assignment there is detailed
process layout of developing stimulated model on MATLAB and how different parameters were
used to optimize the model.
The literature review describes the important research works about the Internal combustion
engine’s performance and emission and method implemented by researchers for proper
optimization of cooing system in Internal Combustion engine. The methodology describes the
stimulated model, how it is processed and how the model is created.
2
In this study, a stimulated model is created using MATLAB software to optimize an engine to
study about various aspects and scenarios about performance parameters of an engine which varies
from their vehicle type, engine type, number of cylinders. Later in this assignment there is detailed
process layout of developing stimulated model on MATLAB and how different parameters were
used to optimize the model.
The literature review describes the important research works about the Internal combustion
engine’s performance and emission and method implemented by researchers for proper
optimization of cooing system in Internal Combustion engine. The methodology describes the
stimulated model, how it is processed and how the model is created.
2
Acknowledgement
I would like to acknowledge the support of my unit coordinator – Mr. Abdul Mazid and my
supervisor – Mr. Nirmal Mandal for their guidance, motivation and feedbacks for the research
work. I would also like to acknowledge the support of Central Queensland University for providing
all the useful resources for completion of this research work.
3
I would like to acknowledge the support of my unit coordinator – Mr. Abdul Mazid and my
supervisor – Mr. Nirmal Mandal for their guidance, motivation and feedbacks for the research
work. I would also like to acknowledge the support of Central Queensland University for providing
all the useful resources for completion of this research work.
3
Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgement........................................................................................................................... 3
List of Figures..................................................................................................................................6
List of Tables................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................7
1.1. Background information................................................................................................7
1.2 Objective............................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Scopes of the study........................................................................................................ 10
1.3.1 Parameters for Optimizing IC engine cooling systems......................................11
1.3.2 Milestone.................................................................................................................11
1.4 Deliverables........................................................................................................................12
1.4.1 Radiator construction.................................................................................................12
1.4.2 Coolant pump..............................................................................................................13
1.4.2 Heater...............................................................................................................................14
1.4.4 Temperature control.................................................................................................. 14
1.5 Significance and contribution of the study...................................................................... 16
2. Literature Review.................................................................................................................... 17
3. Methodology............................................................................................................................. 26
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................26
3.2 Stimulation Process........................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Simulated Model................................................................................................................ 31
3.4 Reference value Vs Optimized value................................................................................32
3.5 Results................................................................................................................................. 32
3.6 Planning Gantt Chart........................................................................................................36
4
Abstract............................................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgement........................................................................................................................... 3
List of Figures..................................................................................................................................6
List of Tables................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................7
1.1. Background information................................................................................................7
1.2 Objective............................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Scopes of the study........................................................................................................ 10
1.3.1 Parameters for Optimizing IC engine cooling systems......................................11
1.3.2 Milestone.................................................................................................................11
1.4 Deliverables........................................................................................................................12
1.4.1 Radiator construction.................................................................................................12
1.4.2 Coolant pump..............................................................................................................13
1.4.2 Heater...............................................................................................................................14
1.4.4 Temperature control.................................................................................................. 14
1.5 Significance and contribution of the study...................................................................... 16
2. Literature Review.................................................................................................................... 17
3. Methodology............................................................................................................................. 26
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................26
3.2 Stimulation Process........................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Simulated Model................................................................................................................ 31
3.4 Reference value Vs Optimized value................................................................................32
3.5 Results................................................................................................................................. 32
3.6 Planning Gantt Chart........................................................................................................36
4
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4. Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 37
5. References.................................................................................................................................38
5
5. References.................................................................................................................................38
5
List of Figures
Figure 1: Working of the Cooling system in an engine...................................................................9
Figure 2: A Cooling system in a 4-cylinder engine....................................................................... 10
Figure 3: Car Radiator...................................................................................................................13
Figure 4: Coolant pump................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 5: Heater............................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 6: Water flow control in an engine.....................................................................................15
Figure 7: Airflow in an engine.......................................................................................................16
Figure 8: Cooling System.............................................................................................................. 18
Figure 9: Radiant Cooling Process................................................................................................19
Figure 10: Car Cooling System..................................................................................................... 20
Figure 11: Water Flow Control......................................................................................................21
Figure 12: Air Flow Control System.............................................................................................22
Figure 13: MATLAB main window.............................................................................................. 26
Figure 14: Simulink start page.......................................................................................................27
Figure 15: Model design window.................................................................................................. 27
Figure 16: Simulink library browser..............................................................................................28
Figure 17: Simulink model preperation......................................................................................... 29
Figure 18: RUN button location window...................................................................................... 29
Figure 19: Parameter window........................................................................................................30
Figure 20: Simulated model...........................................................................................................31
Figure 21: Resultant graph 1..........................................................................................................33
Figure 22: Resultant graph 2..........................................................................................................34
Figure 23: Resultant graph 3..........................................................................................................35
Figure 24: Gantt Chart................................................................................................................... 36
List of Tables
Table 1: Reference vs Optimized value.........................................................................................32
6
Figure 1: Working of the Cooling system in an engine...................................................................9
Figure 2: A Cooling system in a 4-cylinder engine....................................................................... 10
Figure 3: Car Radiator...................................................................................................................13
Figure 4: Coolant pump................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 5: Heater............................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 6: Water flow control in an engine.....................................................................................15
Figure 7: Airflow in an engine.......................................................................................................16
Figure 8: Cooling System.............................................................................................................. 18
Figure 9: Radiant Cooling Process................................................................................................19
Figure 10: Car Cooling System..................................................................................................... 20
Figure 11: Water Flow Control......................................................................................................21
Figure 12: Air Flow Control System.............................................................................................22
Figure 13: MATLAB main window.............................................................................................. 26
Figure 14: Simulink start page.......................................................................................................27
Figure 15: Model design window.................................................................................................. 27
Figure 16: Simulink library browser..............................................................................................28
Figure 17: Simulink model preperation......................................................................................... 29
Figure 18: RUN button location window...................................................................................... 29
Figure 19: Parameter window........................................................................................................30
Figure 20: Simulated model...........................................................................................................31
Figure 21: Resultant graph 1..........................................................................................................33
Figure 22: Resultant graph 2..........................................................................................................34
Figure 23: Resultant graph 3..........................................................................................................35
Figure 24: Gantt Chart................................................................................................................... 36
List of Tables
Table 1: Reference vs Optimized value.........................................................................................32
6
1. Introduction
According to this report title, this document consists study and analysis of different cooling
systems. Cooling systems have a large variety of mechanism, they are distributed on many bases
like on the basis of their coolant type like if they are water cooled or air cooled, another variety is
based upon their piston size and number of cylinders. This report covers and concludes all the
different variation of cooling systems and factors that affect their optimization.
Every invention after the invention of the wheel has somewhat been an energy source. Any gadget
we use nowadays is using some kind of energy and releasing some other kind of energy. But to
keep that emitting energy from harming our system we must build a counter system so that it
cannot overheat the system and overheat it.
The basic principle behind cooling system comes from thermodynamics. When a system generates
heat while running that generally an exothermic reaction which means that energy is generated in
the form of heat.
In the automobile industry, the cooling system plays a very important role because they’re
responsible for cooling the engine when they overheat so that they can perform faster and last
longer. The reason behind car engine heating up is that movement in the car axle is caused by
pistons and their cylinders and the friction between cylinders and pistons produce heat energy. This
results in heating of the whole engine. If the engine gets too hot too quickly without any cooling
system then the heat can cause deformity in engine parts which can cause accidents on road. So, it
is really important to use the cooling system in an automobile combustion system.
1.1. Background information
The cooling system can be defined as the process that helps the system in removing thermal energy
that is being generated in the engine during its processing combustion? This process redirects and
exerts the flow of excess heat generated in an engine due to its operation process and maintains the
optimum internal temperature of the system for it's successful and smooth operating. The cooling
system basically requires a coolant medium for their process of cooling which is generally fluid
based including air, water, or oil-based liquid. Based on the coolant medium, there are two types of
cooling system-
7
According to this report title, this document consists study and analysis of different cooling
systems. Cooling systems have a large variety of mechanism, they are distributed on many bases
like on the basis of their coolant type like if they are water cooled or air cooled, another variety is
based upon their piston size and number of cylinders. This report covers and concludes all the
different variation of cooling systems and factors that affect their optimization.
Every invention after the invention of the wheel has somewhat been an energy source. Any gadget
we use nowadays is using some kind of energy and releasing some other kind of energy. But to
keep that emitting energy from harming our system we must build a counter system so that it
cannot overheat the system and overheat it.
The basic principle behind cooling system comes from thermodynamics. When a system generates
heat while running that generally an exothermic reaction which means that energy is generated in
the form of heat.
In the automobile industry, the cooling system plays a very important role because they’re
responsible for cooling the engine when they overheat so that they can perform faster and last
longer. The reason behind car engine heating up is that movement in the car axle is caused by
pistons and their cylinders and the friction between cylinders and pistons produce heat energy. This
results in heating of the whole engine. If the engine gets too hot too quickly without any cooling
system then the heat can cause deformity in engine parts which can cause accidents on road. So, it
is really important to use the cooling system in an automobile combustion system.
1.1. Background information
The cooling system can be defined as the process that helps the system in removing thermal energy
that is being generated in the engine during its processing combustion? This process redirects and
exerts the flow of excess heat generated in an engine due to its operation process and maintains the
optimum internal temperature of the system for it's successful and smooth operating. The cooling
system basically requires a coolant medium for their process of cooling which is generally fluid
based including air, water, or oil-based liquid. Based on the coolant medium, there are two types of
cooling system-
7
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Air cooling system- In this process of the cooling system, the coolant is an air-based fluid. This
process is also known as direct cooling. In this process of the cooling system, the cooling medium
i.e. air is directly circulated to the engine system for its process of cooling.
The operation process of the air-cooling system- In this type of cooling system, the coolant
medium (air) is directly passed through the components of the engine system so as to minimize
the heat generated in the engine. Since the cooling medium in this type of cooling system is
directly in contact with the components of the engine, hence is termed direct cooling system
(Zaidan, 2018). Give a few examples of this type of cooling like motorcycles etc.
Liquid cooling system- In this process of the cooling system, the coolant medium is a liquid-based
fluid which can include water, oil, or other viscous liquid media. The process of cooling in the
liquid cooling system uses an indirect type of cooling method in which the actual process of
cooling i.e. air is not circulated in the engine system for cooling rather is used in cooling of the
coolant medium.
The operation process of the liquid cooling system- In this type of cooling system, the
components of an engine are surrounded by a layer of liquid also called water jackets. The
liquid present in the water jacket is circulated using pumps that are incorporated in the design of
the engine. The heat generated in the engine during its operational process is absorbed by the
flowing liquid in the jackets. The heated liquid flows via a radiator which helps in the cooling
of the heated liquid. Using fans, cold air is circulated in the radiator for the liquid to be cooled
down. This cycle of cooling, circulating, and heating is continuously repeated during the
processing of the engine to maximize engine performance and reduce risks related to heating of
components (Terzi, 2018).
8
process is also known as direct cooling. In this process of the cooling system, the cooling medium
i.e. air is directly circulated to the engine system for its process of cooling.
The operation process of the air-cooling system- In this type of cooling system, the coolant
medium (air) is directly passed through the components of the engine system so as to minimize
the heat generated in the engine. Since the cooling medium in this type of cooling system is
directly in contact with the components of the engine, hence is termed direct cooling system
(Zaidan, 2018). Give a few examples of this type of cooling like motorcycles etc.
Liquid cooling system- In this process of the cooling system, the coolant medium is a liquid-based
fluid which can include water, oil, or other viscous liquid media. The process of cooling in the
liquid cooling system uses an indirect type of cooling method in which the actual process of
cooling i.e. air is not circulated in the engine system for cooling rather is used in cooling of the
coolant medium.
The operation process of the liquid cooling system- In this type of cooling system, the
components of an engine are surrounded by a layer of liquid also called water jackets. The
liquid present in the water jacket is circulated using pumps that are incorporated in the design of
the engine. The heat generated in the engine during its operational process is absorbed by the
flowing liquid in the jackets. The heated liquid flows via a radiator which helps in the cooling
of the heated liquid. Using fans, cold air is circulated in the radiator for the liquid to be cooled
down. This cycle of cooling, circulating, and heating is continuously repeated during the
processing of the engine to maximize engine performance and reduce risks related to heating of
components (Terzi, 2018).
8
Figure 1: Working of the Cooling system in an engine
1.2 Objective
If we talk about the objective of the cooling system, it generally defines how the system or machine
that we are using is going to release its thermal heat. By the basic laws of thermodynamics. It is said
that any process no matter how big or small, it releases some energy in form of heat. But sometime
this released energy can also be harmful to the system if the system gets overheated then parts can
be damaged or worse the system can also shut down on its own. The cooling system is a vital
addition to the engines as by using this process, the engine can perform various tasks smoothly and
for elongated hours. Liquid cooling is the later designed cooling system that is designed to enhance
the performance of cooling in the engines. This type of cooling system benefits the engine in
various aspects such as the design of the liquid cooling system is compact, thus incorporates
portability factor in their design. Using a liquid cooling system, the components of the engine
system is evenly cooled which manage the operation ability of all the components in the engine
system. The process of direct cooling system also benefits the engine system as the design is simple
and the process of maintenance and repairing becomes easier. In this cooling system, there is no
liquid medium, thus the risk of leakage of coolants in the engine is totally eliminated. The cooling
system enhances engine performance by keeping the system cooled down to enhance the
processing of more tasks. The cooling system also increases the efficiency of an engine by keeping
its component cool and also improves production ability. The cooling system manages the heat of
the engine and enhances its long-term sustainability (Lekbir, 2018).
1.3 Scopes of the study
The scope of this study is learning about cooling systems and their application in IC engines.
Various automobile industries are dependent upon the latest cooling system so that their car’s
efficiency can be improved. The cooling system also has to be very fast because in many situations
system heat up instantly so it is very important to cool them immediately. This study focuses on the
cooling system of what type of engine? Engine. The cooling system is used in various engines that
exhibit heat generation. Current incorporating the cooling system in such engines helps the engine
to perform multiple tasks easily without the risks of damaging any vital or non-vital components of
an engine. Incorporating the cooling system has developed a new margin of threshold in the
9
1.2 Objective
If we talk about the objective of the cooling system, it generally defines how the system or machine
that we are using is going to release its thermal heat. By the basic laws of thermodynamics. It is said
that any process no matter how big or small, it releases some energy in form of heat. But sometime
this released energy can also be harmful to the system if the system gets overheated then parts can
be damaged or worse the system can also shut down on its own. The cooling system is a vital
addition to the engines as by using this process, the engine can perform various tasks smoothly and
for elongated hours. Liquid cooling is the later designed cooling system that is designed to enhance
the performance of cooling in the engines. This type of cooling system benefits the engine in
various aspects such as the design of the liquid cooling system is compact, thus incorporates
portability factor in their design. Using a liquid cooling system, the components of the engine
system is evenly cooled which manage the operation ability of all the components in the engine
system. The process of direct cooling system also benefits the engine system as the design is simple
and the process of maintenance and repairing becomes easier. In this cooling system, there is no
liquid medium, thus the risk of leakage of coolants in the engine is totally eliminated. The cooling
system enhances engine performance by keeping the system cooled down to enhance the
processing of more tasks. The cooling system also increases the efficiency of an engine by keeping
its component cool and also improves production ability. The cooling system manages the heat of
the engine and enhances its long-term sustainability (Lekbir, 2018).
1.3 Scopes of the study
The scope of this study is learning about cooling systems and their application in IC engines.
Various automobile industries are dependent upon the latest cooling system so that their car’s
efficiency can be improved. The cooling system also has to be very fast because in many situations
system heat up instantly so it is very important to cool them immediately. This study focuses on the
cooling system of what type of engine? Engine. The cooling system is used in various engines that
exhibit heat generation. Current incorporating the cooling system in such engines helps the engine
to perform multiple tasks easily without the risks of damaging any vital or non-vital components of
an engine. Incorporating the cooling system has developed a new margin of threshold in the
9
performance of the engine and also in its sustainability aspect. The advancements in the cooling
system include automation which manages the flow of heat in the processing of the engine by
automatically circulating coolants when the engine displays certain set threshold of heat generation
to cool the system back to optimum running temperature. It also deactivates the process when low
heat is being generated by the engine (Ma, et al., 2010)
.
Figure 2: A Cooling system in a 4-cylinder engine
This process of the automated system helps the engine in sustaining power consumption as well as
reduces the cost of management of the engine system. This system enhanced the output of services
and products in various organization thus implementing benefits in various sectors of the industrial
process as well. Future implementation of this cooling system includes the use of fluids with high
cooling efficiencies in the engine integrated cooling systems to enhance performance and output.
Currently, liquid-based cooling systems are incorporated even in portable devices such as laptops
to enhance performance output (Llopis, 2016).
1.3.1 Parameters for Optimizing IC engine cooling systems
Optimizing cooling tower fan operation: To reduce the amount of heat produced by the running
engine, we will try to improve the material used in making the turbine fan, instead of using any
metals, we will try to make those fans from carbon nanotubes because they have twice the tensile
strength and they are much cheap.
10
system include automation which manages the flow of heat in the processing of the engine by
automatically circulating coolants when the engine displays certain set threshold of heat generation
to cool the system back to optimum running temperature. It also deactivates the process when low
heat is being generated by the engine (Ma, et al., 2010)
.
Figure 2: A Cooling system in a 4-cylinder engine
This process of the automated system helps the engine in sustaining power consumption as well as
reduces the cost of management of the engine system. This system enhanced the output of services
and products in various organization thus implementing benefits in various sectors of the industrial
process as well. Future implementation of this cooling system includes the use of fluids with high
cooling efficiencies in the engine integrated cooling systems to enhance performance and output.
Currently, liquid-based cooling systems are incorporated even in portable devices such as laptops
to enhance performance output (Llopis, 2016).
1.3.1 Parameters for Optimizing IC engine cooling systems
Optimizing cooling tower fan operation: To reduce the amount of heat produced by the running
engine, we will try to improve the material used in making the turbine fan, instead of using any
metals, we will try to make those fans from carbon nanotubes because they have twice the tensile
strength and they are much cheap.
10
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Optimizing the cooling tower pump operation: Coolant in the engine has to be of high boiling
point. Which means it will take a long time to get to a heating point so it will keep the engine cool
for a long time. We will try some chemicals with a high boiling point can really make a huge
difference.
Optimizing the chiller compressor operation: We will try to minimize the temperature
difference across the heat pump. The method for doing this is by a continuous supply of coolants
like water or any other dense chemical so that it can maintain the temperature difference.
1.3.2 Milestone
Week 1: In week 1, we researched about cooling systems and various aspects of it. Learning from
various researched papers and generals was in the first week.
Week 4: In week 4, the project proposal was submitted. Project proposal means the topic on which
this project is based upon. The project proposal is a very crucial milestone because this stage will
decide the path, we have to take in order to move forward.
Week 7: In week 7, Literature review was made. A literature review is a document which is like
review paper of various published documents.
Week 9: In week 9, the presentation will be given so that every aspect can be discussed and
research can be presented.
Week 12: Week 12 is for finalizing the proposal and submitting the thesis with proper
documentation.
A special category of prototype internal combustion engines is being developed over a few years
because in order to improve efficiency there must be a way to reduce the amount of heat produced
in the engine. There are various experiments are going on to develop a prototype on this parameter.
Various leading industries are investing their time and money to come with new ways to cool the
engine in a faster and efficient way. This kind of engine is called adiabatic engine. Normally they
are diesel fuel engine with chambers for combustion alongside with a ceramic thermal coating on
the barrier. They also have less heat rejection or high-temperature core (Hamdy, et al., 2015).
11
point. Which means it will take a long time to get to a heating point so it will keep the engine cool
for a long time. We will try some chemicals with a high boiling point can really make a huge
difference.
Optimizing the chiller compressor operation: We will try to minimize the temperature
difference across the heat pump. The method for doing this is by a continuous supply of coolants
like water or any other dense chemical so that it can maintain the temperature difference.
1.3.2 Milestone
Week 1: In week 1, we researched about cooling systems and various aspects of it. Learning from
various researched papers and generals was in the first week.
Week 4: In week 4, the project proposal was submitted. Project proposal means the topic on which
this project is based upon. The project proposal is a very crucial milestone because this stage will
decide the path, we have to take in order to move forward.
Week 7: In week 7, Literature review was made. A literature review is a document which is like
review paper of various published documents.
Week 9: In week 9, the presentation will be given so that every aspect can be discussed and
research can be presented.
Week 12: Week 12 is for finalizing the proposal and submitting the thesis with proper
documentation.
A special category of prototype internal combustion engines is being developed over a few years
because in order to improve efficiency there must be a way to reduce the amount of heat produced
in the engine. There are various experiments are going on to develop a prototype on this parameter.
Various leading industries are investing their time and money to come with new ways to cool the
engine in a faster and efficient way. This kind of engine is called adiabatic engine. Normally they
are diesel fuel engine with chambers for combustion alongside with a ceramic thermal coating on
the barrier. They also have less heat rejection or high-temperature core (Hamdy, et al., 2015).
11
There have been many specific requirements on a system of cooling the engines. Specific key has
responsibility for the whole functionality of the whole engine. If only one part overheats than the
whole system can get compromised which means the engine can degrade the quality of the vehicle.
The main factor of the varying cooling system from engine to the engine is the passage of coolant
flow which is different in various engines because in some cases engine requires one type of
cooling and in other it requires another type of cooling. Air cooling system also varies from type to
type which means they can get expensive in some cases for the sake of the engine’s quality.
1.4 Deliverables
Engines are cooled by the process of heat exchange which ultimately cools the engine which is the
major concept of cooling in automobiles but this process is not limited to just automobiles, many
aircraft which piston engine type or locomotives, motorcycles use this process to maintain their
engines efficiency
Circulating coolant by the process of liquid cooling is used in cooling of internal combustion
engine. The coolant flows through the engine block and reduces the heat output so that the engine
can maintain a decent temperature. The base of engine coolant is generally water with some cool
chemicals. In some cases, instead of water, the base can be synthetic engine oil.
1.4.1 Radiator construction
The part which is used for exchanging heat in a car engine is called a radiator. A pair of header
tanks are needed for radiator construction in an automobile. A radiator has many narrow passages
with a high surface area as compared to volume. This layer consists of various layers of metal
sheets which are pressed in such a way that they form a cooling channel. This part is prone towards
failing but it is less easy to repair than other parts (Daghigh & Shafieian, 2015).
In the earlier days, the concept behind a radiator was a structure like a honeycomb. Circular pipes
are combined together in the form of a hexagon from their ends using soldering and stacking. The
important part was that they are only joined from their end, which resulted in a solid water tank
with many tubes for air passage.
12
responsibility for the whole functionality of the whole engine. If only one part overheats than the
whole system can get compromised which means the engine can degrade the quality of the vehicle.
The main factor of the varying cooling system from engine to the engine is the passage of coolant
flow which is different in various engines because in some cases engine requires one type of
cooling and in other it requires another type of cooling. Air cooling system also varies from type to
type which means they can get expensive in some cases for the sake of the engine’s quality.
1.4 Deliverables
Engines are cooled by the process of heat exchange which ultimately cools the engine which is the
major concept of cooling in automobiles but this process is not limited to just automobiles, many
aircraft which piston engine type or locomotives, motorcycles use this process to maintain their
engines efficiency
Circulating coolant by the process of liquid cooling is used in cooling of internal combustion
engine. The coolant flows through the engine block and reduces the heat output so that the engine
can maintain a decent temperature. The base of engine coolant is generally water with some cool
chemicals. In some cases, instead of water, the base can be synthetic engine oil.
1.4.1 Radiator construction
The part which is used for exchanging heat in a car engine is called a radiator. A pair of header
tanks are needed for radiator construction in an automobile. A radiator has many narrow passages
with a high surface area as compared to volume. This layer consists of various layers of metal
sheets which are pressed in such a way that they form a cooling channel. This part is prone towards
failing but it is less easy to repair than other parts (Daghigh & Shafieian, 2015).
In the earlier days, the concept behind a radiator was a structure like a honeycomb. Circular pipes
are combined together in the form of a hexagon from their ends using soldering and stacking. The
important part was that they are only joined from their end, which resulted in a solid water tank
with many tubes for air passage.
12
Figure 3: Car Radiator
A few decades back cars had radiators cores which were made from the tube which was coiled. It
wasn’t an efficient way but the cost of construction was less.
1.4.2 Coolant pump
At first, radiators were aligned in such a way that their flow is vertically downward and they
worked on thermosyphon effect. Coolant is heated in the engine, which decreases its density and
makes it rise. As the temperature of the radiator begins to drop the coolants density increases and
it’s starting falling. For many years, automobiles used centrifugal pumps to circulate the coolant
because this process has a very slow rate of flow (Palani, et al., 2016).
Figure 4: Coolant pump
13
A few decades back cars had radiators cores which were made from the tube which was coiled. It
wasn’t an efficient way but the cost of construction was less.
1.4.2 Coolant pump
At first, radiators were aligned in such a way that their flow is vertically downward and they
worked on thermosyphon effect. Coolant is heated in the engine, which decreases its density and
makes it rise. As the temperature of the radiator begins to drop the coolants density increases and
it’s starting falling. For many years, automobiles used centrifugal pumps to circulate the coolant
because this process has a very slow rate of flow (Palani, et al., 2016).
Figure 4: Coolant pump
13
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1.4.2 Heater
A component consists of various valves or baffles or maybe both, is generally designed for
operating a small radiator unit in the engine simultaneously. Combing the blower fan with this
small radiator results in a heater core which is responsible for warming up the inside of the cabin.
Just like a radiator the heater to be responsible for removing heat from the engine core.
Figure 5: Heater
1.4.4 Temperature control
Water flow control
Cars which have a modern engine are equipped with a wax-pellet of the thermostat, which controls
the temperature of the engine, a nozzle or valve is also there which opens when a certain optimum
temperature is achieved.
Figure 6: Water flow control in an engine
14
A component consists of various valves or baffles or maybe both, is generally designed for
operating a small radiator unit in the engine simultaneously. Combing the blower fan with this
small radiator results in a heater core which is responsible for warming up the inside of the cabin.
Just like a radiator the heater to be responsible for removing heat from the engine core.
Figure 5: Heater
1.4.4 Temperature control
Water flow control
Cars which have a modern engine are equipped with a wax-pellet of the thermostat, which controls
the temperature of the engine, a nozzle or valve is also there which opens when a certain optimum
temperature is achieved.
Figure 6: Water flow control in an engine
14
When the engine has no operation to perform it starts to cool down which closes the thermostat’s
the valve leaving a small bypass for any heat if the engine starts again. The thermostat also directs
the coolant to the inside of the pump and is returned to the engine, bypassing the radiator tubes.
Only allowing the water to circulate over the engine which results in engine achieving optimum
temperature for operating while avoiding the hotspots. It also allows the water to flow through the
radiator which helps the engine temperature not going high which prevents the engine from
overheating (Eshgarf & Afrand, 2015).
Airflow control
There are many other aspects that affect the engine’s temperature, which can be the size of the
radiator or its fan type. The fan should be designed in such a way that it can utilize the engine and
maintain its degrees at a most optimal value in the condition of immense pressure.
Figure 7: Airflow in an engine
Airflow acts as a major aspect of engines heat loss. If engine heat is too high from optimal value
then it can decrease the engine output quality and decrease its performance speed on the road,
which will give crude feedback. In this case, an additional fan can help the engine utilize its power
in a much more efficient way.
15
the valve leaving a small bypass for any heat if the engine starts again. The thermostat also directs
the coolant to the inside of the pump and is returned to the engine, bypassing the radiator tubes.
Only allowing the water to circulate over the engine which results in engine achieving optimum
temperature for operating while avoiding the hotspots. It also allows the water to flow through the
radiator which helps the engine temperature not going high which prevents the engine from
overheating (Eshgarf & Afrand, 2015).
Airflow control
There are many other aspects that affect the engine’s temperature, which can be the size of the
radiator or its fan type. The fan should be designed in such a way that it can utilize the engine and
maintain its degrees at a most optimal value in the condition of immense pressure.
Figure 7: Airflow in an engine
Airflow acts as a major aspect of engines heat loss. If engine heat is too high from optimal value
then it can decrease the engine output quality and decrease its performance speed on the road,
which will give crude feedback. In this case, an additional fan can help the engine utilize its power
in a much more efficient way.
15
1.5 Significance and contribution of the study
This type of cooling system benefits the engine in various aspects such as the design of the liquid
cooling system is compact, thus incorporates portability factor in their design. The main factor of
the varying cooling system from engine to the engine is the passage of coolant flow which is
different in various engines because in some cases engine requires one type of cooling and in other
it requires another type of cooling. Air cooling system also varies from type to type which means
they can get expensive in some cases for the sake of the engine’s quality. In the automobile
industry, the cooling system plays a very important role because they’re responsible for cooling the
engine when they overheat so that they can perform faster and last longer.
16
This type of cooling system benefits the engine in various aspects such as the design of the liquid
cooling system is compact, thus incorporates portability factor in their design. The main factor of
the varying cooling system from engine to the engine is the passage of coolant flow which is
different in various engines because in some cases engine requires one type of cooling and in other
it requires another type of cooling. Air cooling system also varies from type to type which means
they can get expensive in some cases for the sake of the engine’s quality. In the automobile
industry, the cooling system plays a very important role because they’re responsible for cooling the
engine when they overheat so that they can perform faster and last longer.
16
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2. Literature Review
The thermodynamics play a vital role in the maintenance of the automobile and cooling system.
The different cooling system is a different structure with their different aspect specification. In the
IT sector, it is also used for cooling of computer system & server required hardware. The cooling
system is having a vast level of mechanism. The properties are based on many different facts which
are the type of coolants like water coolant or air coolant and another most important is a number of
cylinders as well as piston size also.
A lot of researchers have studied towards optimizing the cooling systems such as:
1. Iskandar has explained about the parameters of optimizing IC engine cooling system. It is
having cooling tower fan for operation and tower pump with chiller compressor operation.
These all components are used for cooling and increasing cheap tensile strength with
sequence supply of coolants (Iskandar & Filho n.d.).
2. Brideau has described the radiator construction with its working. In radiator, it is having
different layers of metal sheets and they are pressed in such a manner that it generates a
cooling channel. This is used for exchanging the heat inside the car. For this construction,
header tanks are also used (Brideau 2018).
3. Edwards has described the water flow control. Cars us having modern engine are having
wax pellet for the thermostat which is used for controlling the temperature of the engine. It
is also having the nozzle or valve for a certain optimum temperature. If the engine is not
having any work then it will stop and having by pass leave at valve for exchanging the heat
(Edwards n.d. 2018).
4. Patterson has explained about the airflow control. It is affecting the temperature of the
engine. It has fans who are used to maintain temperature as well as pressure. Airflow is
having a vast loss in term of heat. It can decrease the outcome of the engine on road and
performance also. The fan is also helpful for utilizing power (Patterson et al. 2011).
5. BCDiesel has explained successfully about the need & requirement of the cooling system.
After that, they discussed the structure & process of the cooling system. How the cooling
system is working and in what different situation it can work easily. The properties are
based on many different facts which are the type of coolants like water coolant or air
17
The thermodynamics play a vital role in the maintenance of the automobile and cooling system.
The different cooling system is a different structure with their different aspect specification. In the
IT sector, it is also used for cooling of computer system & server required hardware. The cooling
system is having a vast level of mechanism. The properties are based on many different facts which
are the type of coolants like water coolant or air coolant and another most important is a number of
cylinders as well as piston size also.
A lot of researchers have studied towards optimizing the cooling systems such as:
1. Iskandar has explained about the parameters of optimizing IC engine cooling system. It is
having cooling tower fan for operation and tower pump with chiller compressor operation.
These all components are used for cooling and increasing cheap tensile strength with
sequence supply of coolants (Iskandar & Filho n.d.).
2. Brideau has described the radiator construction with its working. In radiator, it is having
different layers of metal sheets and they are pressed in such a manner that it generates a
cooling channel. This is used for exchanging the heat inside the car. For this construction,
header tanks are also used (Brideau 2018).
3. Edwards has described the water flow control. Cars us having modern engine are having
wax pellet for the thermostat which is used for controlling the temperature of the engine. It
is also having the nozzle or valve for a certain optimum temperature. If the engine is not
having any work then it will stop and having by pass leave at valve for exchanging the heat
(Edwards n.d. 2018).
4. Patterson has explained about the airflow control. It is affecting the temperature of the
engine. It has fans who are used to maintain temperature as well as pressure. Airflow is
having a vast loss in term of heat. It can decrease the outcome of the engine on road and
performance also. The fan is also helpful for utilizing power (Patterson et al. 2011).
5. BCDiesel has explained successfully about the need & requirement of the cooling system.
After that, they discussed the structure & process of the cooling system. How the cooling
system is working and in what different situation it can work easily. The properties are
based on many different facts which are the type of coolants like water coolant or air
17
coolant and another most important is a number of cylinders as well as piston size
(BCDiesel 2010).
Figure 8: Cooling System
(Source: Carparts.com, 2019)
The major process of an automated system is required nowadays for maintaining the sustainability
in consumption of the power with decreasing the cost of the management for the engine. This
system has increased the outcome of service in term of various products within the organization or
outside also. Future system for this type of cooling system is containing the fuel at large amount
with high efficiency. In IT Industry liquid cooling system are used for portable devices like a laptop
to increase the work performance of system & outcome.
Few of the Parameters for optimizing the IC engine cooling systems according to the researcher are
also being defined and are mentioned below as:
Optimization of the cooling tower fan operation: In order to minimize the heat produced through
the running engine there is an initiative which need to implement that is to make improvisations in
the materials that are used to make the turbine fan and replace the use of any metals and try to use
the carbon nanotubes in order to make fans as they possess double tensile strength and they are also
cost-efficient.
Optimization of the cooling tower pumps operation: The coolant of the engine needs to have the
high boiling point that signifies that it will take a long time to reach the heating point so that it can
18
(BCDiesel 2010).
Figure 8: Cooling System
(Source: Carparts.com, 2019)
The major process of an automated system is required nowadays for maintaining the sustainability
in consumption of the power with decreasing the cost of the management for the engine. This
system has increased the outcome of service in term of various products within the organization or
outside also. Future system for this type of cooling system is containing the fuel at large amount
with high efficiency. In IT Industry liquid cooling system are used for portable devices like a laptop
to increase the work performance of system & outcome.
Few of the Parameters for optimizing the IC engine cooling systems according to the researcher are
also being defined and are mentioned below as:
Optimization of the cooling tower fan operation: In order to minimize the heat produced through
the running engine there is an initiative which need to implement that is to make improvisations in
the materials that are used to make the turbine fan and replace the use of any metals and try to use
the carbon nanotubes in order to make fans as they possess double tensile strength and they are also
cost-efficient.
Optimization of the cooling tower pumps operation: The coolant of the engine needs to have the
high boiling point that signifies that it will take a long time to reach the heating point so that it can
18
keep the engine cool and that too for a very long time. There are some chemicals that are used with
the high boiling point which can help in making a really huge difference.
Optimization of the chiller compressor operation: There’s an initiative required in order to
reduce the difference in the temperature across the pump of the engine that involves heat. The
method which is used to perform this is to continuously supply the coolants in order to maintain the
difference in the temperature.
Figure 9: Radiant Cooling Process
(Source: Oxychem Corporation, 2019)
According to the researcher, the various deliverables would be:
The engine is having the cooling facility by changing heat for cooling the engine which is wide as
the automobile industry. However, it is not limited to the only automobile only but mostly used by
the aircraft who are having a piston inside this with locomotives and managing & increasing the
efficiency of the engine. The cooling systems require a medium for coolant in order to perform the
cooling mechanism that basically contains ant fluid that involves air, water or any oil-based liquid
and on the basis of the medium of the coolant, there are the two types of the cooling systems that the
water and air cooling systems are required.
The construction of the Radiator includes:
In radiator, it is having different layers of metal sheets and they are pressed in such a manner that it
generates a cooling channel. This is used for exchanging the heat inside the car. For this
19
the high boiling point which can help in making a really huge difference.
Optimization of the chiller compressor operation: There’s an initiative required in order to
reduce the difference in the temperature across the pump of the engine that involves heat. The
method which is used to perform this is to continuously supply the coolants in order to maintain the
difference in the temperature.
Figure 9: Radiant Cooling Process
(Source: Oxychem Corporation, 2019)
According to the researcher, the various deliverables would be:
The engine is having the cooling facility by changing heat for cooling the engine which is wide as
the automobile industry. However, it is not limited to the only automobile only but mostly used by
the aircraft who are having a piston inside this with locomotives and managing & increasing the
efficiency of the engine. The cooling systems require a medium for coolant in order to perform the
cooling mechanism that basically contains ant fluid that involves air, water or any oil-based liquid
and on the basis of the medium of the coolant, there are the two types of the cooling systems that the
water and air cooling systems are required.
The construction of the Radiator includes:
In radiator, it is having different layers of metal sheets and they are pressed in such a manner that it
generates a cooling channel. This is used for exchanging the heat inside the car. For this
19
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construction, header tanks are also used. A radiator is having wide level narrow passages with the
surface area for comparing the volume. The layer is containing the various different level or layer
which are designed of the metal sheet. These layers are compressed from the various cooling
channel (Daghigh & Shafieian, 2015).
Figure 10: Car Cooling System
(Source: Mynrma.com.au, 2019)
Temperature Controls are also being defined by the researcher as follows:
Water flow control
The engines who are having the modern engine which is having wax pellet for the thermostat. It is
controlling the temperature of the engine as well as a nozzle or valve used for opening a particular
temperature.
20
surface area for comparing the volume. The layer is containing the various different level or layer
which are designed of the metal sheet. These layers are compressed from the various cooling
channel (Daghigh & Shafieian, 2015).
Figure 10: Car Cooling System
(Source: Mynrma.com.au, 2019)
Temperature Controls are also being defined by the researcher as follows:
Water flow control
The engines who are having the modern engine which is having wax pellet for the thermostat. It is
controlling the temperature of the engine as well as a nozzle or valve used for opening a particular
temperature.
20
Figure 11: Water Flow Control
(Source: What-when-how.com, 2019)
When there is no operation inside the engine, it is running cool down condition which is according
to thermostat valves available for a bypass of any heat if there is the possibility of starting the
engine again. It is also redirecting the coolant inside the pump and returned back to the engine
again by passing the radiator tubes. Only there is one allowance of water for circulating the engine
for achieving the maximum temperature for operation with avoiding the hotspots. It is also
allowing the water for flowing through the radiator which will help the engine for not going high
and preventing the engine in case of overheating.
Airflow control
There are many other different aspects which is used for engine temperature and depending on the
size of the radiator and also its fan type. The fan is having a design in term of such a way which are
utilizing the engine and maintaining the degree at the very most optimal valve in term of
performing the condition of immense pressure.
21
(Source: What-when-how.com, 2019)
When there is no operation inside the engine, it is running cool down condition which is according
to thermostat valves available for a bypass of any heat if there is the possibility of starting the
engine again. It is also redirecting the coolant inside the pump and returned back to the engine
again by passing the radiator tubes. Only there is one allowance of water for circulating the engine
for achieving the maximum temperature for operation with avoiding the hotspots. It is also
allowing the water for flowing through the radiator which will help the engine for not going high
and preventing the engine in case of overheating.
Airflow control
There are many other different aspects which is used for engine temperature and depending on the
size of the radiator and also its fan type. The fan is having a design in term of such a way which are
utilizing the engine and maintaining the degree at the very most optimal valve in term of
performing the condition of immense pressure.
21
Figure 12: Air Flow Control System
(Source: Anon, 2019)
Airflow is acting as a major aspect of engines heating loss. If engine heating is having very much
high form the optimal valve. It will result in term of decreasing the efficiency of engine output
quality. And also, can be used for decreasing the performance speed on the road.
According to the researcher, the cooling system is having a vast level of mechanism. The properties
are based on many different facts which are the type of coolants like water coolant or air coolant
and another most important is a number of cylinders as well as piston size also. In the present
scenario, the gadget which we are using is having some special form of energy and releasing
another form of energy. In the present scenario, the gadget which we are using is having some
special form of energy and releasing another form of energy. Hence, to escape from that emitted
energy we have to develop a system which is functioned as a counter system such that it will be not
able to overheat the system. The different cooling system is a different structure with their different
aspect specification. In the IT sector, it is also used for cooling of computer system & server
required hardware. The cooling system is having a vast level of mechanism. The properties are
based on many different facts which are the type of coolants like water coolant or air coolant and
another most important is a number of cylinders as well as piston size also. A controlling model for
the cooling system is developed for reducing the fuel consumption and emission of engine. We
have also learned the requirement and different structure of the cooling system.
22
(Source: Anon, 2019)
Airflow is acting as a major aspect of engines heating loss. If engine heating is having very much
high form the optimal valve. It will result in term of decreasing the efficiency of engine output
quality. And also, can be used for decreasing the performance speed on the road.
According to the researcher, the cooling system is having a vast level of mechanism. The properties
are based on many different facts which are the type of coolants like water coolant or air coolant
and another most important is a number of cylinders as well as piston size also. In the present
scenario, the gadget which we are using is having some special form of energy and releasing
another form of energy. In the present scenario, the gadget which we are using is having some
special form of energy and releasing another form of energy. Hence, to escape from that emitted
energy we have to develop a system which is functioned as a counter system such that it will be not
able to overheat the system. The different cooling system is a different structure with their different
aspect specification. In the IT sector, it is also used for cooling of computer system & server
required hardware. The cooling system is having a vast level of mechanism. The properties are
based on many different facts which are the type of coolants like water coolant or air coolant and
another most important is a number of cylinders as well as piston size also. A controlling model for
the cooling system is developed for reducing the fuel consumption and emission of engine. We
have also learned the requirement and different structure of the cooling system.
22
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Simulation is the process that is used to copy down or imitate the characteristics of a software’s
performance. It is a mock representation of theoretical conditions of how the software should
perform in real life with all the provided parameters. The software would first need to model the
component or machine which would undergo the simulation process. Then all the parameters are
added or set up so that simulation software would demonstrate the working of the component under
the effect of certain parameters that one would set up in the software.
Many branches of science are now using the simulation processes that are done using the computer
software. There are many uses of the computer-based simulation process. It helps the users a lot in
terms of their learning and trying out the various parameters. The biggest advantage is that the use
of simulation software could give accurate theoretical results and it also reduces the approximate
results assumed by a person in otherwise conditions (Heermann, 1990). A problem usually needs to
be resolved through some assumptions and approximations. If we use a simulation software, that
problem could be well comprehended. Since computer-simulations provide theoretical analysis of
the parameters and conditions, they could allow a person to study highly complex systems that
would pose problems otherwise. The complexity in such software could go much beyond the
present analytical methods. Computer-simulations could also be very helpful in narrowing down
the gap between an experimental observation compared with a theoretical observation (Heermann,
1990).
The outermost level in a program is the Simulation Manager who controls the nodes interacting
with the simulation modules for all the levels from the sub-hour level up to the time step selected by
the user. The simulation modules are instructed by the manager about what action is to be taken like
initialization, simulation, recording and/or reporting (Crawley, et. al., 2000). A Simulation
Manager would provide a lot of advantages such as:
All the major loops of simulation are present in a one module.
The modules are self-sufficient.
It is easy to add new modules into it.
GT- Power is a leading simulator software used for the simulation of engines. It is used by a lot of
engine manufacturers to consult for the design and while developing their engines. The software is
applicable to work with all sizes of engines and the installation of this software includes a large
23
performance. It is a mock representation of theoretical conditions of how the software should
perform in real life with all the provided parameters. The software would first need to model the
component or machine which would undergo the simulation process. Then all the parameters are
added or set up so that simulation software would demonstrate the working of the component under
the effect of certain parameters that one would set up in the software.
Many branches of science are now using the simulation processes that are done using the computer
software. There are many uses of the computer-based simulation process. It helps the users a lot in
terms of their learning and trying out the various parameters. The biggest advantage is that the use
of simulation software could give accurate theoretical results and it also reduces the approximate
results assumed by a person in otherwise conditions (Heermann, 1990). A problem usually needs to
be resolved through some assumptions and approximations. If we use a simulation software, that
problem could be well comprehended. Since computer-simulations provide theoretical analysis of
the parameters and conditions, they could allow a person to study highly complex systems that
would pose problems otherwise. The complexity in such software could go much beyond the
present analytical methods. Computer-simulations could also be very helpful in narrowing down
the gap between an experimental observation compared with a theoretical observation (Heermann,
1990).
The outermost level in a program is the Simulation Manager who controls the nodes interacting
with the simulation modules for all the levels from the sub-hour level up to the time step selected by
the user. The simulation modules are instructed by the manager about what action is to be taken like
initialization, simulation, recording and/or reporting (Crawley, et. al., 2000). A Simulation
Manager would provide a lot of advantages such as:
All the major loops of simulation are present in a one module.
The modules are self-sufficient.
It is easy to add new modules into it.
GT- Power is a leading simulator software used for the simulation of engines. It is used by a lot of
engine manufacturers to consult for the design and while developing their engines. The software is
applicable to work with all sizes of engines and the installation of this software includes a large
23
group of automobiles like the cars, motorcycles, trucks, locomotive, power generation, etc. The
software is having highly competitive and advances models for analyzing the performance of an
engine. It provides a lot of features which allow the engineer to study the configurations of an
engine and its performance under various conditions. GT-model software is widely recognized for
generating good results with accuracy that is very helpful in predicting the behavior and
performance of an engine. The software holds the license of being a complete package of many
advanced modelling features which are not available in a lot of other simulators (GT-suite, 2015).
The refrigeration systems need to cool down their radiators in order to be able to perform better.
The radiators are the heat exchangers that are used to transfer the thermal energy from one source
to another source for cooling in a refrigeration system. The radiators transmit heat through thermal
radiation, convection or through conduction. It may also undergo phase change to transmit heat. To
cool down a radiator quickly and efficiently, the surface area is increased by adding fins to it which
provide it more surface area to transfer the heat. For effective cooling, it is important to keep the
radiator and its fins clean, because the dirt makes that area of the radiator inefficient where the dust
has accumulated (Nice, n.d.).
Hose size enlargement: Hose plays a vital role in carrying the coolant which is used to cool down
the heated-up radiators. This coolant is a fluid that is specially designed so as to flow through the
various parts and conducting the heat from them and making the parts cooler. The enlargement of
hose size is a parameter that could increase the flow of coolant which would then transfer the heat
more efficiently. The bigger diameter of the pipes also allows the coolants to flow freely and thus
helping it to transfer the heat more efficiently.
Hose bend radius plays an important role in selecting a hose. Minimum the bend radius better will
be the hose. The bend radius can be calculated as the distance to the inside edge of the hose when
making a 90° bend. Hose like with thick walls, heavy duty or fixed length will not bend easily without
external physical force.
Pressurized coolant: Further, another method to do this is the pressurization of the coolant.
Coolants are the substances that play vital role in making the parts cool when they get heated up by
the heat energy that they have conducted from the refrigerator. The coolant thus extracts heat from
the parts making them cooler while itself gets hotter. If the boiling point of a coolant is less, then
there are chances of it getting boiled up which would affect its cooling operation. Thus, an
24
software is having highly competitive and advances models for analyzing the performance of an
engine. It provides a lot of features which allow the engineer to study the configurations of an
engine and its performance under various conditions. GT-model software is widely recognized for
generating good results with accuracy that is very helpful in predicting the behavior and
performance of an engine. The software holds the license of being a complete package of many
advanced modelling features which are not available in a lot of other simulators (GT-suite, 2015).
The refrigeration systems need to cool down their radiators in order to be able to perform better.
The radiators are the heat exchangers that are used to transfer the thermal energy from one source
to another source for cooling in a refrigeration system. The radiators transmit heat through thermal
radiation, convection or through conduction. It may also undergo phase change to transmit heat. To
cool down a radiator quickly and efficiently, the surface area is increased by adding fins to it which
provide it more surface area to transfer the heat. For effective cooling, it is important to keep the
radiator and its fins clean, because the dirt makes that area of the radiator inefficient where the dust
has accumulated (Nice, n.d.).
Hose size enlargement: Hose plays a vital role in carrying the coolant which is used to cool down
the heated-up radiators. This coolant is a fluid that is specially designed so as to flow through the
various parts and conducting the heat from them and making the parts cooler. The enlargement of
hose size is a parameter that could increase the flow of coolant which would then transfer the heat
more efficiently. The bigger diameter of the pipes also allows the coolants to flow freely and thus
helping it to transfer the heat more efficiently.
Hose bend radius plays an important role in selecting a hose. Minimum the bend radius better will
be the hose. The bend radius can be calculated as the distance to the inside edge of the hose when
making a 90° bend. Hose like with thick walls, heavy duty or fixed length will not bend easily without
external physical force.
Pressurized coolant: Further, another method to do this is the pressurization of the coolant.
Coolants are the substances that play vital role in making the parts cool when they get heated up by
the heat energy that they have conducted from the refrigerator. The coolant thus extracts heat from
the parts making them cooler while itself gets hotter. If the boiling point of a coolant is less, then
there are chances of it getting boiled up which would affect its cooling operation. Thus, an
24
increased pressure is to be applied on the coolant which would increase its boiling point so that it
would minimize the effects of boiling and would enable the coolant to maintain its state for
optimized cooling.
25
would minimize the effects of boiling and would enable the coolant to maintain its state for
optimized cooling.
25
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3. Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The engine cooling system of a vehicle is a system of parts and fluid that work together to control
an engine's operating temperature for optimal performance. So, in this section we are going to
discuss the tools and software required for our aim to optimize the IC based engine cooling
parameters that effects the engine performance.
Parameters that we have used under study:
• Hose Pipe Length
• Hose Pipe radius
• Radiator Pipe radius
3.2 Stimulation Process
This secession shows the process used on MATLAB software to run our model using some
parameters that will be used to determine the effects on the engine performance by optimizing the
IC based engine.
Step 1: press windows button on keyboard and launch matlab.exe file
Step 2: When the MATLAB main window opened up, click on Simulink button as shown in figure
below
Figure 13: MATLAB main window
Step 3: The startup window of MATLAB Simulink is as shown below:
26
3.1 Introduction
The engine cooling system of a vehicle is a system of parts and fluid that work together to control
an engine's operating temperature for optimal performance. So, in this section we are going to
discuss the tools and software required for our aim to optimize the IC based engine cooling
parameters that effects the engine performance.
Parameters that we have used under study:
• Hose Pipe Length
• Hose Pipe radius
• Radiator Pipe radius
3.2 Stimulation Process
This secession shows the process used on MATLAB software to run our model using some
parameters that will be used to determine the effects on the engine performance by optimizing the
IC based engine.
Step 1: press windows button on keyboard and launch matlab.exe file
Step 2: When the MATLAB main window opened up, click on Simulink button as shown in figure
below
Figure 13: MATLAB main window
Step 3: The startup window of MATLAB Simulink is as shown below:
26
Figure 14: Simulink start page
Step 4: click on blank model, a new model designing window will appear as shown below
Figure 15: Model design window
27
Step 4: click on blank model, a new model designing window will appear as shown below
Figure 15: Model design window
27
Step 5: Press ctrl+shift+L to open the model library menu, drag and drop blocks from left pallet.
Figure 16: Simulink library browser
Step 6: Create the Simulink model
28
Figure 16: Simulink library browser
Step 6: Create the Simulink model
28
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Figure 17: Simulink model preperation
Step 7: Press the run button from tool bar of Simulink window
Figure 18: RUN button location window
Step 8: When simulation start, it will evaluate the parameters of all blocks connected to it. In order
to modify the properties of any block, double click on the block and a Pop-up window appears with
all possible parameters.
29
Step 7: Press the run button from tool bar of Simulink window
Figure 18: RUN button location window
Step 8: When simulation start, it will evaluate the parameters of all blocks connected to it. In order
to modify the properties of any block, double click on the block and a Pop-up window appears with
all possible parameters.
29
Figure 19: Parameter window
30
30
Step 9: Changing the properties of various parameters we can obtain the optimized result.
3.3 Simulated Model
Model used for simulation in MATLAB comprises of tools:
Bypass hose
Expansion tank
Radiator
Thermostat
Engine
Pump
Shaft speed, and
Hose
For simulation purpose I used MATLAB Simulink, Sims cape toolbox.
Figure 20: Simulated model
3.4 Reference value Vs Optimized value
Three parameters were used to study the optimization of the IC engine, namely:
31
3.3 Simulated Model
Model used for simulation in MATLAB comprises of tools:
Bypass hose
Expansion tank
Radiator
Thermostat
Engine
Pump
Shaft speed, and
Hose
For simulation purpose I used MATLAB Simulink, Sims cape toolbox.
Figure 20: Simulated model
3.4 Reference value Vs Optimized value
Three parameters were used to study the optimization of the IC engine, namely:
31
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• Hose Pipe Length
• Hose Pipe radius
• Radiator Pipe radius
For simulation, we have used some reference value and then used these reference value in
MATLAB software to find the optimized value.
Table 1: Reference vs Optimized value
S.No. Reference Value Optimized Value
Hose pipe length 0.9m 0.5m
Hose pipe radius 0.03m 0.015m
Radiator pipe
radius 0.01m 0.02m
3.5 Results
The variations in their design affect the heat thermodynamics of IC engine. So, by using the
optimum value of their design parameters temperature inside the engine can be maintained and
overall heat transfer model of IC engine will be optimized. In the implementation phase I will
analyse with more parameters and optimize the coolant system in a better way.
The Radiator is the most important part of IC engine cooling system. It has coolant inside it to
maintain the temperature of the engine.
Vehicle can not run with a cracked radiator as when engine is running on high power, it will get
overheated and since radiator will cool the engine as it is supposed to. Cracked radiator will cause
the engine heat to rise and vehicle will get overheated.
32
• Hose Pipe radius
• Radiator Pipe radius
For simulation, we have used some reference value and then used these reference value in
MATLAB software to find the optimized value.
Table 1: Reference vs Optimized value
S.No. Reference Value Optimized Value
Hose pipe length 0.9m 0.5m
Hose pipe radius 0.03m 0.015m
Radiator pipe
radius 0.01m 0.02m
3.5 Results
The variations in their design affect the heat thermodynamics of IC engine. So, by using the
optimum value of their design parameters temperature inside the engine can be maintained and
overall heat transfer model of IC engine will be optimized. In the implementation phase I will
analyse with more parameters and optimize the coolant system in a better way.
The Radiator is the most important part of IC engine cooling system. It has coolant inside it to
maintain the temperature of the engine.
Vehicle can not run with a cracked radiator as when engine is running on high power, it will get
overheated and since radiator will cool the engine as it is supposed to. Cracked radiator will cause
the engine heat to rise and vehicle will get overheated.
32
Figure 21: Resultant graph 1
Hose pipe in IC engine helps in preventing coolant leakages and head losses. From the above figure
it is concluded that with the reduction in hose pipe radius from 0.03 to 0.0015m the pressure of
coolant inside the pipes increased which further effects leakage loss.
The smaller the bend radius, greater will be the flexibility of the material.
33
Hose pipe in IC engine helps in preventing coolant leakages and head losses. From the above figure
it is concluded that with the reduction in hose pipe radius from 0.03 to 0.0015m the pressure of
coolant inside the pipes increased which further effects leakage loss.
The smaller the bend radius, greater will be the flexibility of the material.
33
Figure 22: Resultant graph 2
From the graph of hose pipe length which is varied from 0.9 to 0.5m, results show that it affects the
temperature and slightly effect the pressure of coolant inside the engine. The length with minimum
number of bends are more suitable for high efficiency and performance of IC engines.
34
From the graph of hose pipe length which is varied from 0.9 to 0.5m, results show that it affects the
temperature and slightly effect the pressure of coolant inside the engine. The length with minimum
number of bends are more suitable for high efficiency and performance of IC engines.
34
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Figure 23: Resultant graph 3
With increase the temperature, vehicle gets overheated and would cause radiator to get
malfunctioned if even there is a slight crack in it.
35
With increase the temperature, vehicle gets overheated and would cause radiator to get
malfunctioned if even there is a slight crack in it.
35
3.6 Planning Gantt Chart
Figure 24: Gantt Chart
36
Figure 24: Gantt Chart
36
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, first I have studied required relevant information through literature and then tried to
apply that information and all working principles for stimulation to optimize an IC engine to
determine its performance parameters. For performing stimulation, I have used MINITAB
software. A Simulink model for IC engine cooling system is designed and various parameters are
brought under study. With the results obtained it is concluded that IC engine cooling is affected by
engine coolant temperature and the connectors like hose pipe and radiator pipes.
In all conclusion, we understood the importance of cooling systems in an automobile system. We
learned that different cooling systems work differently in various systems. After this report we can
believe that thermodynamics plays an important role in the field of automobile and Cooling
systems are not limited to just cars and engines, various computer organization and other IT sector
industry also uses this system to keep their system cool and high performance. Also, after studying
various ways to optimize the cooling system and ultimately the engine. We can begin research on
the aspects we discussed so that the optimization techniques that we discussed above can be used
for advancement in the field
37
In conclusion, first I have studied required relevant information through literature and then tried to
apply that information and all working principles for stimulation to optimize an IC engine to
determine its performance parameters. For performing stimulation, I have used MINITAB
software. A Simulink model for IC engine cooling system is designed and various parameters are
brought under study. With the results obtained it is concluded that IC engine cooling is affected by
engine coolant temperature and the connectors like hose pipe and radiator pipes.
In all conclusion, we understood the importance of cooling systems in an automobile system. We
learned that different cooling systems work differently in various systems. After this report we can
believe that thermodynamics plays an important role in the field of automobile and Cooling
systems are not limited to just cars and engines, various computer organization and other IT sector
industry also uses this system to keep their system cool and high performance. Also, after studying
various ways to optimize the cooling system and ultimately the engine. We can begin research on
the aspects we discussed so that the optimization techniques that we discussed above can be used
for advancement in the field
37
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5. References
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novel design of a concentrated photovoltaic system combined with a thermoelectric generator with
advanced cooling system. Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 177, pp. 19-29.
Llopis, R. N.-A. L. C. R. S. D. a. C.-G. J., 2016. Experimental evaluation of a CO2 transcritical
refrigeration plant with dedicated mechanical subcooling. International Journal of Refrigeration,
Volume 69, pp. 361-368.
Terzi, E. C. A. L. P. a. S. R., 2018. Modelling and predictive control of a recirculating cooling
water system for an industrial plant. Journal of Process Control, Volume 68, pp. 205-217.
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cold storage tanks. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences,
Volume 50, pp. 67-80.
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hybrid. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, p. 7.
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to reduce emissions and fuel consumption’, ABCM Symposium Series in Mechatronics, vol. 5,
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<https://tfaws.nasa.gov/TFAWS03/Data/Thermal%20Session/Edwards.pdf>.
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Cooling System Control Strategies for Data Center Airflow Containment Architectures’, ASME
2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of
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viewed on 24 Apr 2019, <https://oxychemcorporation.com.ph/radiator-coolant/>
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cooling-system-care>
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the-coolant-supply_fig3_284732886>
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simulation program. ASHRAE journal, 42(4), pp.49-56.
Underwood, C.P., 2001, August. Analysing multivariable control of refrigeration plant using
MATLAB/Simulink. In VII Int. IBPSA Conf (Vol. 1, pp. 287-294).
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40
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