Organizational Behavior and Motivation

This assignment delves into the field of organizational behavior, examining key theories that influence employee motivation and workplace dynamics. It analyzes concepts like ethical leadership, self-esteem, organizational justice, and various motivational frameworks such as path-goal theory. The assignment emphasizes the relationship between these theories and employee behaviors, including organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), deviant behavior, and attitudes towards change. It utilizes a mix of scholarly articles and online resources to provide a comprehensive understanding of these complex interactions.

Organisation Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Analyse Organisation culture and policies influence on team and individual behaviour......1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2 Various methods to motivate team and an individual............................................................3
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
P3 Explain effective and ineffective teams.................................................................................5
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................7
P4 Analyse Concepts and philosophies of Organisational Behaviour........................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Individual behaviour must be analysed within an organisation for knowing actual
behaviour of employees, customers behaviours towards company growth and profitability. It can
be defined as a detailed study which directly impact on groups, teams and person behaviours in
the firm. This is the study which have different ways where individual interact with the several
groups of people. It will help company for becoming more efficient towards their work or task
and also gives advice them for doing proper work within an organisation. There are various
theories which can be used this strategy. This report is based on UNILEVER which
multinational company of UK and its headquarters is situated in London (AnderssonJackson, and
Russell, 2013). They provide food, personal care products, beverage etc. the motive of this report
is analyse how firm culture and policies directly affects on employees behaviours and their
performance. Also understand various theories of motivation and techniques which assist in
accomplishing targets and goals.
TASK 1
P1 Organisation culture and policies influence on team and individual behaviour
A place where work will be organised and managed the objectives and targets of an
enterprise and also clearly states the organisation behaviour in which they easily interact with
people. In an organisation, individuals interact with different people and analyse how the
structure and behaviour affects the business environment. It is the duty of company is to provide
proper training session to an employees who work in an organisation for how they behave and
also told them regarding firms functions, structure, its values and culture etc. An organisation's
values, culture, power and policies will directly affects behaviour of individual, groups, teams
and their performance by this an employee perform work in an effective manner. If worker are
comfortable with their working environment and various policies which are made by company
for them (Ashkanasyand Humphrey, 2011). They are capable to work in best manner within an
organisation which directly affect the workers.
Influence of culture- The culture is strongly influence companies working condition and
if culture will maintained properly within an enterprise. By this, an employee will feel more
comfortable so that it enhance the employee retention process. Organisational behaviour assist in
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judging workers behaviour towards works and task in the firm. There are several kinds of culture
which are as follows:
 Role- Culture will help in identifying role of employee within an organisation which
are necessary to performed. They will also make decision on which position can be
handle by employee.
 Power- Culture help in giving power to an employee within an enterprise
(AveyPalanski and Walumbwa, 2011). They will use power for giving better
performance to achieve goals and objectives in an effective manner.
 Task- It is the major duty of manager is to give task for those employee who have
required skills and knowledge, by which they can easily complete task within given
time period. Company can also analyse individual behaviour within an organisation.
An Organisation culture refers to that principles and values which can be shared by
company manager in an effective manner. This means that procedure that states that how worker
of firm are acting and managing all necessary business transaction. The culture of organisation
which are made by those people who are works within an enterprise for achieving goals and
objectives. Employees behaviour are direct affected on business operations and their
performance. There are different kinds of workers who have various culture and religion and it is
main responsibility of company is to take care of their cultural values and make them feel
comfortable within an organisation.
UNILEVER have 400 brands which main focus on providing various types of products to
the potential customers. They sale approx. 1 billion in all the country. In the large firm, if
behaviour of organisation will not appropriate then this will affect company functions and
activities and also employees performance. The cited enterprise growth is directly linked with
firms inner cultures and all required activities are mainly conducted by managers or leaders.
Company will select those leader who properly manage and handle all work and maintain team
for accomplishing targets and goals in effective manner.
There are certain major features which are mostly used by firm for maintaining cultural
values within an organisation (Bolino and et. al., 2013). After these instructions are followed by
company then employees performance increasing in better manner by this they easily get
required objectives and goals for the firm growth and development. The power and politics are
impact on organisation behaviour but it will includes respective actions which are needed to
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execute task for achieving the targets result that is unachievable for completing in any situations.
This is necessary for firm is to provide culture knowledge and awareness to the employees and if
firm will discriminate between workers cultures and its values then employees were disturb and
by this bad working environment will arises within an organisation. UNILEVER will adopt
different culture concepts for make feel comfortable for the employees and this will help them in
retaining workers.
Many coercive people who rule within an enterprise. In UNILEVER there are also some
person who are seniors in position and other subordinates are follow their rules and regulation
(Carpenter, Berry and Houston, 2014). In an organisation, there are two types of leaders which
create positive and negative impact on business and their employees if leaders is good in
behaviour so they will perform each work in proper manner and if a leader is not good in nature
so that they will also create various kinds of issues or problems which affect on company
profitability and productivity.
TASK 2
P2 Various methods to motivate team and an individual
There are various people in an organisation who have knowledge in their work and they
can able to perform the task in effective manner. Those people who are highly motivated so that
they usually develop positive look towards life and they are also know that where they required
to spend their time which will assist in accomplishing goals and objectives. It is the duty of
manager is to encourage an employee by this they were easily complete task within given time
period. Company will hiring those workers who are highly motivated and gives confidence to
their team members and also manage all work.
There are mainly two types of motivation that are as under:
Extrinsic- This is also known as external factors which play an essential role in
motivating potential people towards achieving desired goals and objectives (Choi, 2011). It
includes bonus, incentives, holiday payments, increase income etc.
Intrinsic- This is the internal motivation technique which help in identify personal
desires, gives challenges to clients and customers. This will also provide high amount of
satisfaction to the workers.
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There are several motivational theories such as Maslow, Herzberg, Alderfer Adams etc.
ans other is motivational theories planned by them that are divided into two parts:
Content theories- This will also defined as Need theories and it is mainly focus that
employees needs and wants and use which technique by this they easily motivated. They also
works on identify the demand of people and analyse in which manner motivational factors are
directly related with them.
Advantages – It is very useful theory where an organisation need to understand what a
person require and provide an opportunities for satisfying their needs and requirements so that
individual are motivated to work, join and remain with an enterprise. It is more useful for
motivating employees in general terms that help them in identifying major targets and goals in
better manner.
Disadvantages – It is totally based on culture biased. The content theory is concerned
with main factors which motivate employees and they does not describe how to select one person
behaviour from various factors.
It is very successful theory which help company in motivating their employees for doing
work and achieving desired targets and goals in better manner. They are also not consume more
cost on this type of content theory.
Process Theories- In this theory, they try to identify behaviour which help in directing
and highlighting various issues or problems which can perform work in the firm (Colquitt and et.
al., 2011).
Advantages – It provide detailed view of mechanism which underlying the motivation.
The process theories have to allow human resource managers for putting some efforts to
motivate under magnifier. This will assist company managers for understanding the choice and
decisions which workers developing during this procedures.
Disadvantages – The value of understanding the procedure of underlying work
motivation, this process can be reduced motivation level to these micro level and it is counter
productive in nature. Some time it is unrealistic where company manager are understand certain
things which is determine as complexities.
This is another theory which assist in encouraging workers to effective work that firm can
gain extra profitability and productivity in proper manner. It can play an essential role in the
business operations and its functions of an organisation.
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Different types of motivational theories which are as follows: Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory- In this theory, employees psychological needs are
fulfilled in effective manner. There are five level in which they identify needs of workers
which assist in achieving goals and objectives. The company will follow hierarchy
structure by which they can easily transfer all required information from upper to lower
level department properly.
◦ Psychological needs- This is basic needs which satisfied all surviving wants that
includes shelter, food and clothing.
◦ Safety needs- It will help in providing safety and security to the employees in an
effective manner.
◦ Social needs- In this theory, requirement of love, friendship, family, support that are
necessary for emotional fulfilment of workers.
◦ Self esteem needs- In this, employees required respect to their colleagues and
perform better by enhancing confidence which are need in him.
◦ Self Actualization- This will help in achieving all needs which is required and
desired to achieve wants and needs (Demir, 2011). Hertzberg Two factor theory- In this theory, there are two factors which are directly
affect motivation that are as under:
◦ Hygiene factors- These are different types of factors which will motivate an
employee when he is absent but present employee is not affected with it. This
includes working benefits, securing benefits etc.
◦ Motivators- This is an important factor by which employee are highly motivated
when they are present in an organisation. And if these elements are not exist then
dissatisfaction will not created. Alderfer's ERG Theory- This need is mainly divided into three categories:
◦ Relatedness needs- In this, it is shows that employees are not strongly maintain
relation with colleagues or workers.
◦ Growth needs- The employee have high growth which help in identify and develop
competence that is conducted.
◦ Existence needs- They will investigate that employee are physically fit or not.
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 Vroom theory- Motivation theory is also conducted decision making process which help
in evaluating accurate result (Fisher and To, 2012). The people will select those
behaviour in which they know that result will come in positive manner which shows that
decision of employees are totally based on conclusion which will be created. There are
three elements in which theory are based:
◦ Expectancy
◦ Instrumentality
◦ Valence Adam's Theory of Motivation- This theory is help in balancing input and output which
are invested by employees in better manner. By this theory, employee of firm will be
demotivated if they assume that they are not achieving rewards for their work. They
should maintain balance between input and output by firm as well as organisation.
 Lockey's Theory of Motivation- In this theory, they have discussed five goals setting
principles which can be improve chances of getting success that include:
◦ Clarity of goals
◦ Commitment towards group
◦ Feedback gain
◦ Challenging goals
◦ Task Complexity
TASK 3
P3 Explain effective and ineffective teams
Team refers to that group who are come together for accomplishing target goals and
objectives in effective manner (French and Holden, 2012). The team of an organisation are
develop by employees and they are work together for achieving desired goals and targets for
increasing company growth and success. Teams are both effective and ineffective in each
manner.
Effective team- These are those teams who are committed for achieving wanted goals
and also communicate with different people and gain knowledge from them (Griffin and
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Moorhead, 2011). They are not fully or partially interdependent on their leader for performing
task.
Ineffective teams- In this teams, the members were not discussed or share any issue with
each other and they are totally dependent upon leaders instructions regarding tasks and make
proper decision.
There are several kinds of organisation groups or teams that are used for performing task in
effective manner are as: Functional team- They are those teams which are gives their best performance for
smooth running of each functions within an organisation. This department members are
belongs to same department or they meet regularly. There are 4 types of roles of teams
which are as under:
◦ Record keeper- It is important for this team is to record all necessary functions which
are conducted in the firm and decision which are taken or not taken by manager is
also recorded by them.
◦ Team leader- They are major players who have responsibility to mange and control
all activities and functions of organisation in effective manner. Also they have power
to select their team members of their choice.
◦ Document controller- Every team or groups required a person who are manage and
control all necessary documents in effective manner (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2012).
They have responsibility for managing each task within an enterprise.
◦ Progress Chaser- Team have required number of member who have ability to reach
the target goals and objectives. It is the duty of employee is to complete all work in
given time period. Problem solving team- This types of team involves various members who are belongs to
different department and they have several roles and responsibilities which has to be
performed by them in better manner. The main objective of them is to provide accurate
solution of given problem. They are also help in giving advice on different situations. Work group- Employee have various roles and responsibilities for achieving desired
goals and objectives by developing work groups. Teams are also gives benefit according
to performance of an employees and help organisation in reaching that targets.
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 Quality team- This will assist in performing each functions and activities in an effective
manner for accomplish desired goals and targets (Lazaroiu, 2015). They also doing work
in qualitative manner.
 Virtual team- There are those teams which are interacting people by using online method
technology. The place is not required but all the members are properly connected with
each other by technology.
Technology play an important role in performing different activities regarding use of
various techniques which help in reducing work pressure of employee and make comfortable
environment. This will provide both impact sometimes positive or sometime negative. There are
various technologies which must improving team functions such as:
 Smart phones
 E-mails
 Smart PC's
 Group ware etc.
TASK 4
P4 Analyse Concepts and philosophies of Organisational Behaviour
It is essential for understanding the concept of organisation behaviour within UNILEVER
because it is necessary to know the culture, principles and values of firm which directly affects
on business operations (Lu, 2014). The core culture and values of cited enterprise provide proper
guidance to their employees in the decision making process. These are as: Respect- All employees are respect each other and believe that all people should be
proofed with honesty and equity. Responsibility- It is the main role of employee is to mange and control all business
functions and activities and help in performing task in effective manner. Integrity- An organisation will try to increasing their reputation and goodwill in the large
market by adopting strategies. Pioneering- Company will assist in giving passion for smooth running business and
make bright future for their employees.
Path goal Theory of Leadership- It is very helpful theory by which employee fit within
an organisation and make comfortable for doing their work. The main objective of this is to
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enhancing workers encouragement by this they will easily doing best work and also achieve
desired goals and targets (Luthans, Luthans and Luthans, 2015). They also assist in increasing
productivity and profitability for the organisation. This is totally based on Vroom theory of
motivation that is also known as Expectancy theory. In this theory, employees act in certain
manner which is based on expectation and also get proper result in effective manner. This can
easily discussed the process where leaders choose behaviour which are best suitable for the
employee in their daily performance. They are providing regular activities or functions which are
used during achieving desired targets. There are certain steps of theory which are as follows:
 Selection of leadership styles
 Employees behaviours and environment characteristics
 Concentrate on motivational factors which will assist in achieving success
Illustration 1: Path goal theory, 2015
(Source: Path goal theory, 2015)
Employee characteristics- it is that theory which help employee for interpreting their leaders
behaviours which are based on their needs, wants, desires etc.
Environment characteristics- Company mainly focus on reducing issues or problems which
creates errors or barriers. It is the duty of leader is to help an employee when he is in some
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problem and also shows them accurate direction by which they work in a right path. There are
various duties which are performed by them that include development of power system,
designing entire work for individual, constitution of work groups etc.
Leadership style- IN this, there are mainly four types of leadership styles such as supportive,
directive, participative and achievement. This will help in giving right leadership to their
employees.
Application- This will also analyse that employee are flexible and their behaviour towards
specific work are always changes according to the particular time period.
It is important to studying organisation behaviour which creates issues or problems in effective
manner and social behaviour are applied in some situations. There are certain barriers which are
help in analysing employees behaviours.
Contingency theory- This theory will explained that there are no any other option for leading
firm by making accurate decision for the welfare of company. A leader will adopt selected style
that they will implemented on employees for performing effective task in correct situation. They
are consider that there are some principles which are useful for organisation and can easily
understand by firm (Motivational Theories.2017). There are various situations of leaders which
are classified in this theory: Structure of team's task- It is essential for employee for developing structure which are
required for achieving desired goals and objectives in an effective manner. Leader should
formed team task in specific manner by which they can easily reach with the targets and
goals. Quality of leaders- There are various qualities of leaders which help in performing
different functions and activities within an organisation.
 Position power of leader- This will assist in forming different positions which should be
checked by leaders that is discussed.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report it can be concluded that individual and organisation are
related with each other. It can be defined as a detailed study which directly impact on groups,
teams and person behaviours in the firm. This is the study which have different ways where
individual interact with the several groups of people. An organisation's values, culture, power
and policies will directly affects behaviour of individual, groups, teams and their performance by
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this an employee perform work in an effective manner. The team of an organisation are develop
by employees and they are work together for achieving desired goals and targets for increasing
company growth and success. The core culture and values of cited enterprise provide proper
guidance to their employees in the decision making process.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Andersson, L., Jackson, S. E. and Russell, S. V., 2013. Greening organizational behavior: An
introduction to the special issue. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 34(2). pp.151-
155.
Ashkanasy, N. M. and Humphrey, R. H., 2011. Current emotion research in organizational
behavior. Emotion Review. 3(2). pp.214-224.
Avey, J. B., Palanski, M. E. and Walumbwa, F. O., 2011. When leadership goes unnoticed: The
moderating role of follower self-esteem on the relationship between ethical leadership
and follower behavior. Journal of Business Ethics. 98(4). pp.573-582.
Bolino, M. C. and et. al., 2013. Exploring the dark side of organizational citizenship behavior.
Journal of Organizational Behavior. 34(4). pp.542-559.
Carpenter, N. C., Berry, C. M. and Houston, L., 2014. A meta‐analytic comparison of self‐
reported and other‐reported organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of
Organizational Behavior. 35(4). pp.547-574.
Choi, M., 2011. Employees' attitudes toward organizational change: A literature review. Human
Resource Management. 50(4). pp.479-500.
Colquitt, J. and et. al., 2011. Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment
in the workplace. McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Demir, M., 2011. Effects of organizational justice, trust and commitment on employees' deviant
behavior. Anatolia. 22(2). pp.204-221.
Fisher, C. D. and To, M. L., 2012. Using experience sampling methodology in organizational
behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 33(7). pp.865-877.
French, S. L. and Holden, T. Q., 2012. Positive organizational behavior: A buffer for bad news.
Business Communication Quarterly. 75(2). pp.208-220.
Griffin, R. W. and Moorhead, G., 2011. Organizational behavior. Cengage Learning.
Kinicki, A. and Kreitner, R., 2012. Organizational behavior: Key concepts, skills & best
practices. McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Lazaroiu, G., 2015. Work Motivation and Organizational Behavior. Contemporary Readings in
Law and Social Justice. 7(2). p.66.
Lu, X., 2014. Ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating roles of
cognitive and affective trust. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal.
42(3). pp.379-389.
Luthans, F., Luthans, B. C. and Luthans, K. W., 2015. Organizational behavior: An evidence-
based approach. IAP.
Online
Motivational Theories.2017. [Online]. Available through: <https://contactzilla.com/blog/5-
psychological-theories-motivation-increase-productivity/>. [Accessed on 6th November
2017].
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