Influence of Organisational Culture, Politics, and Power on Individual and Team Behaviour and Performance

This report discusses the influence of organisational culture, politics, and power on individual and team behaviour and performance. It explores the impact of power, culture, and politics on behaviour and performance. Additionally, it covers content and process theories of motivation.

Organisational
Behaviour

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Organisation's culture, politics and power can influence individual team behaviour and
performance.................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Content and process theory of motivation..............................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
P3 What make an team effective as opposed to an ineffective team...........................................8
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisation behaviour.........................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is related to study of human being act within group. Principles
related to organisational behaviour are applied primarily for attempting business operations in
more effective manner. There are several area of research such as increasing job satisfaction,
improving job performance, promoting innovation, encouraging leadership and many more. In an
organisation, behaviour of staff member is related to growth of company. This report is based on
Marriott International which is part of hospitality industry founded in 1927 by J. Willard
Marriott and Alice Marriott (Marriott International, 2019). Products offering by them are hotel
and resort at worldwide level. Respective report will going to cover, organisation's culture,
politics and power which influence team behaviour as well as performance. Along with this,
Content and process theory of motivation will implement for encouraging staff members.
Furthermore, deference between effective and ineffective team as well as concept and
philosophies of organisational behaviour.
TASK 1
P1 Organisation's culture, politics and power can influence individual team behaviour and
performance
In an organisation, culture, politics and power is the factor which influence behaviour and
performance of individual as well as team. All these factors have wide impact on growth of
company in negative as well as positive manner. Moreover, power is mean of influence which
simply means that power can influence staff and their working behaviour. Manager have power
in organisation which influence behaviour of staff and guide them in right manner for
accomplishing goals in effective manner. Power play essential role in controlling behaviour of
personnel within organisation.
Influence of power on individual and team – In company, manager use power for
guiding and motivating staff with the motive of increasing productivity. Power provide assistant
in completing task within desired manner and help manager is effective decision making. In this
decision taken are related to growth and betterment of staff members. Power have wide influence
on individual as well as team because factor related to this motivate staff members at individual
level and group at team level. In organisation superior authorities have power in terms of several
things. But they are not using this power in right manner which create issues within organisation.
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Thus, to overcome with this issue Marriott International is implementing French and Raven's
power model. There are several theories related to power which influence behaviour of
individual and team within Marriott International which are as follows:-
 Coercive power- Coercive is the power given to the individual with the objective of
punishing, terminating any employee in the organisation. In Marriott International this
power is assigned to managers and CEO (Ball, 2012). These powers are rarely used by
the management with the hope of getting maximum output for the company by the
employees.
 Reward power- It is the power given to the person with the objective of providing
reward, training and development, promotions etc. In Marriott International Such power
is used by Board of directors by taking the permission of CEO rewards can be given to
the employees (Chemers, 2014). If this power is used by the management then
individuals will get motivated as this will help in increasing the skills and knowledge
which will directly result in improving performance of the team.
 Legitimate power- Legitimate power is the power which is given to the person
according to the position in the organisation. The power of the CEO of Marriott
International is legitimate power which gives the authority to put control over its
employees. Use of such power will lead to proper control in the performance of the
individual and the team. This is because the management will know how to control and
manage the performance its employees and team.
 Referent power- It means the power which is given in order to influence the working
behaviour of other employees in the organisation. In Marriott International this power is
used by the leaders to bring confidence among the employees related to their work
performance and loyalty in the organisation. Use of this will lead in increasing the
performance of the team because the individuals will be loyal towards their work and
organisation.
Influence of politics on individual and team
Organisational politics is described as the use of informal efforts or strategies which may affect
the activities of business, selling the idea and attainment of power, etc. According to Chanlat
political behaviour can be divided into three parts which are- decisional, personal and structural.
Managers of Marriott International must take proper decisions and actions to control the political
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environment of the organisation so that the work of organisation can be maintained. The
influences of politics on individuals and teams are discussed below-
 Decrease in the productivity- It is seen that those employees who are engaged in the
organisational politics are less concentrating towards work assigned to them which leads
to a negative impact on the organisation (Deckers, 2018). Employees who are more
interested in finding the mistakes of others directly affects the performance and
productivity of teams. And the individual performance will also be affected as the person
will be less concentrating. Thus, politics have negative influence on individual as well as
team because it result in decreasing productivity.
 Spoils the Ambience- Politics in the organisation leads to negative environment and
mismanagement in the organisation. It spoils the relationship of the superior and
subordinate and also with other employees in the organisation.
Influence of culture on individual and team- These are the factor which defines the
norms, values of the organisation and these are to be followed by the individuals. In Marriott
International culture is established by employees and organisation(Dolan, J. and et. al., 2017). In
Marriott both gender people are working men's and women's at some level discrimination is
taking place within hotel for resolving this issue Marriott International use Handy's cultural
typology model- This model directs organisation to follow some specified culture with values
and norms that Marriott International can apply. It is divided into four parts-
 Power culture- It is assigned to superior having centralised control on their employees.
In Marriott International very less members have this power to control its employees. Use
of this type of culture will increase the performance of the individual as experienced
person will have this power.
 Role culture- It is concerned with roles and responsibilities that employees have in the
organisation. In Marriott International managers play a important role in giving roles and
responsibilities to the employees. These are given on the basis of skills and knowledge.
Individual having skills will get this. So this will bring self confidence in the individual.
 Person culture- In this recognition of employees is done by giving them opportunities to
show talent. In Marriott International this motivates employees to share the new and
innovative ideas. With this company achieve competitive advantage. If such type of
opportunities are given to the individuals than they will provide new ideas for team which
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will positively impact the team and individuals performance (El-Maghrabi and et. al.,
2018).
 Task culture- In this the major focus is on motivating and influencing employees to
work and give best output. In Marriott International the major priority is team spirit
which increases the productivity and performance of the team and desired goals are
achieved in a efficient manner. The individual will also be motivated by this as the focus
will be on giving the best output.
Impact of power, culture and politics on individual and team behaviour and performance
Individual behaviour and performance Power - In an organisation, when task are allotted by manager to their employees in
proper manner. Then it will effect individual behaviour in negative manner as well as
allotted task are also not completed within required duration. Thus, it is important for
manager of analyse skill in effective manner then allocate task. Culture - When the power are assigned to wrong persons, then they can change the
working environment and culture of the firm which will leads to dissatisfaction among
the individuals behaviour as it is not easy to adapt to new culture instantly. This will also
negatively impact their performance as they have to change their working style which
also leads to delay in work. Politics - When the individuals involves in the politics of the organisation, their
efficiency and performance will be negatively impacted as they takes part in the
unproductive activities. Due to this involvement, their behaviour also gets impacted as
their performance may not be satisfactory which will leads to dissatisfaction among their
behaviour towards the work.
Team behaviour and performance Power - When excessive power is exercised on the individuals by the managers, their
performance will reduce which will also impact their working behaviour. Due to the
reduced performance of individuals, the team performance will also be negatively
impacted which will also create dissatisfaction in their working behaviour. Culture - When the culture of a firm changes, the individuals and teams also needs to
make changes in their working style which will negatively impact their performance. And
4

when the performance of the individuals and teams decreases, then their working
behaviour will also get influenced as they have to change their working styles and their
predetermined goals cannot be executed in a timely manner.
 Politics - When the individuals in a team engages in the office politics, their performance
decreases which will also reduce the team performance and efficiency. Due to this
reduced performance and efficiency, their behaviour towards the firm and their work will
also change which will create dissatisfaction in their working behaviour.
TASK 2
P2 Content and process theory of motivation
Motivation is important aspect within organisation as it help in accomplishing pre-
determined goals as well as objectives. When staff member get motivated their work and interest
get influenced in positive manner. Within this process manager and leader play important role
because if they get motivated in proper manner then only goals will accomplishing in better
manner. There are several theory of motivation which divided in content and process explanation
of these are as follows :-
Content Theory – These theory of motivation explain that why human need get change
with time. There are several theories included in content such as Maslow's hierarchy of need
explanation are as follows :-
Maslow's hierarchy of needs Theory - Maslow's hierarchy of need is basically a motivational
theory which was first formulated by Abraham Maslow in the year 1940. According to his
theory, individuals are motivated by five categories of needs such as physiological or biological
needs, safety and security, love and belongings, esteem and self actualization. These level of
needs are demonstrated as hierarchical level in the form of pyramid. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
for JW Marriot are:
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Illustration 1: Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Source: The Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s Model of Motivation. 2018
 Physiological needs: These are the most important and prior needs for an individual.
They are at the base of pyramid which means they include the basic fundamental needs
for survival such as food, cloths, water, air, shelter etc. The respective company should
provide all the basic necessities of their employees. They should fulfil all the
physiological needs of their employees such as water. Food, healthy environment etc. So
they can work effectively and efficiently.
 Safety needs: The company environment should be safe and free from conflicts and
disputes. The company should give job assureity to their employees to give them job
security and stability so that they can work properly without having a doubt of getting
terminated by higher authorities.
 Love and belongings: This is the third basic needs of employees according to the
Maslow hierarchy of needs. The internal environment of the respective company should
be healthy. There should be healthy interactions between collogues and company like JW
Marriott should motivate their employees to work freely without taking any pressure or
stress.
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 Esteem needs: Employees of the company must be provided with appraisals and
promotions. JW Marriott should motivate their employees by giving them rewards and
promotions so that employees could work with more enthusiasm.
 Self actualization : Self actualization are the needs in which person tends to achieve their
respective goals. They actually realizes their calibre that they deserves much more of
what they are doing. In such cases company should support their employees by
motivating them and providing them resources which they can utilize to build their self-
esteem and to achieve their goals.
Process Theory – This is system of ideas which explain that how an entity changes as
well as develop. Vroom expectancy is one of process theory explanation of this are as follows :-
Vroom's expectancy theory- In an organisation, employees play a most important role
who provide their effective contribution in business development practices. They put their efforts
to perform well in order to attain desired results easily. Vroom theory aid in determining factors
that motivates them the most. These aspects are mentioned below as:
 Expectancy: It denotes the belief of employees about their own effort in order to perform
well for their responsibilities. This expectation is the level of difficulty that they
experience at the time of performing task. Thus, organisation requires to identify factors
that motivate employees to deliver quality performance in organisation.
 Instrumentality: It is defining mind set of employees that if they perform well so that
valued outcome will be received. Thus, organisation requires to provide better
performance outcomes to their employees so that they feel motivated towards other
further responsibilities. For this organisation can use different practices as performance
appraisal, rewards, promotions and so on.
 Valence: As per this aspect, individual have different values that they place on a
particular outcome as per their preferences. Therefore, firm requires to identify priority of
individual’s in order to enhance their motivation level easily. Through this, organisation
can enhance their performance criteria and can attain desired outcomes easily.
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TASK 3
P3 What make an team effective as opposed to an ineffective team
Team is the term defined as group of people with different skills and knowledge which
are needed for completing allotted task as well as job role within effectual manner. In an
organisation team play important role for accomplishing their predetermined goals and
objectives (Alblas, Wijsman and van Noort, 2019). Moreover, with the assistance of team or
group different activities performed in effective manner and result in achieving their goals. Team
is divided within two one is effective and another is ineffective explanation of these are as
follows :-
Effective team is important for an organisation because it help in achieving goals and
objectives of company by managing task in appropriate manner. They are most important part of
an organisation because they help in its growth as well as development. Thus, Marriott
International focus on designing team more effectively because it result in its growth and
development. Below mention are some characteristics of effective team explanation are as
follows :-
 Establish company's goal – In an organisation effective team is that which help in
accomplishing goals and objective of Marriott International in effective manner. In
addition to this, effective team are those which assist manager of respective company in
managing their each and every task within proper manner.
 Clear purpose – Effective team in company have their clear goals as well as motive of
doing work. These team know what are their major motives as well as purpose towards
organisation and how these will accomplish.
On the other hand, there is also ineffective team which have lack of communication, poor
leadership, negativity, lack of focus and many more (Jacobs and Manzi, 2019). Such team result
in dis-balance within day to day activities of Marriott Hotel and they have some characteristics
also explanation of these are as follows :-
 Errors and negativity – In working of infective team there are several errors which
occur as well as develop negativity and demotivation within staff members. Thus, it is
important for manager of Marriott to develop team in effective manner so that their will
be no chances of errors.
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 Job distribution – In effective team work distribution is not done in proper manner
according to the skills and knowledge of staff. Task are allocated randomly such practices
give negative impact on Marriott International employees because some may go through
heavy workload and others might not. Thus, it disturb overall working respective
company.
In organisation team play essential role in accomplishing goals and objectives. As there is
wide difference within effective and ineffective team explanation of these are as follows :-
 Objectives - An effective team has a particular objective which is well understood by all
the team members (Sendjaya and et. al., 2019). Whereas, An ineffective team doesn't
have a clear objective and face difficulties to understand tasks and goals of the
organization.
 Working Environment - The working environment of the effective team is relaxed and
informal. The team works without any pressure. On the other hand, The working
environment of ineffective team is usually stiff and tensed. The members of the team are
mostly under pressure.
 Members Contribution – Effective team includes group discussions in which all the
members of the team participate and discuss relevant points to achieve their tasks. On the
other hand, ineffective team does not include any serious group discussions. Only few
people are tend to dominate the discussions and mostly end with irrelevant points.
 Decision making – Effective team usually reach to a consent agreement in which general
agreement always takes into action (Barbaranelli and et. al., 2019). They try to avoid
formal voting to reach any conclusions. On the other hand, within ineffective team
actions are taken immaturely. Real issues and discussions are mostly overlooked by the
team. Decisions are mostly made through formal voting.
 Conflicts Resolutions - An effective team always tries to avoid conflicts between team
members and takes disagreements sportingly. Whereas, within ineffective team
disagreements are mostly consider as demotivation to the team members, they never take
them sportingly and the end discussion turn into disputes among team members.
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Belbin model of team – By this model it has been identified that team role as an
tendency to behave as well as contribute others in appropriate manner. With the assistance of
Belbin team development model manager of Marriott International will be able to build team in
appropriate manner. By knowing opportunities and strength it become easy to predict strength
success. There are various role in this model explanation are as follows :- Plant: These member play important role within organisation as they are responsible for
implementation of effective tool as well as technique which are undertaken while
conducting operational activities in effectual manner (Burrell and Morgan, 2019). As
well provide assistance in accomplishing predetermined targets. Resource allocator: In this, manager need proper fund, staff members and essential
resources which assist in performing assigned task or activities in effective manner. For
attaining the same, manager provides resources to employees with the motive of
effective executing business activities. Co-ordinator: It is essential role in that manager of company provide information to
staff members and make them aware related to objectives. Along with this, give
guidance for accomplishing goals and objectives.
 Shaper: It involves responsibilities given to group members with the motive of
performing activities in effectual manner. With the assistance of shaper role, manager of
team analyse performance of employees working within team in easy manner.
TASK 4
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisation behaviour
Path goal theory is based on specifying leadership style and behaviour which is appropriate for
the employee and the organisation. The main motive behind this is to increase the employees
motivation and satisfaction level. This leadership theory brings the maximum output from the
employees.
Path goal theory can help Marriott International in knowing the characteristics and
activities of the employees . The organisation will analyses the capabilities of its employees. So
that they are able to deal the challenges in the effective and efficient manner. This theory will
guide Marriott International in making best decisions for its employees and maintaining a
adequate work culture. This will promote motivation among the employees. Marriott

International must use participative leadership style which will direct management to know
views and feedback of their employees.
Classification of path goal theory-
Employees characteristics- It will help employees in having specific skills and
capabilities according to the needs and requirements. The manager of Marriott International must
motivate their employees by guiding them properly (Day, 2019). The organisation must know
the needs and demands of its employees to motivate them.
Task and environmental characteristics- It focuses on identifying the major issues
faced by the employees at the workplace. It will also help the managers of Marriott International
in solving and overcoming those issues in the best possible manner. The problems will give
negative impact on the employees of Marriott International And the organisational goals will not
be achieved.
Leadership styles- leadership styles helps the leader or manager in guiding and monitoring the
employees of the organisation. There are various styles to lead and guide people. They are
discussed below-
Participative style- Participative style offer guidance to the employees of Marriott
International and also encourages them to involve in teamwork so that input can be drawn from
the employees and the effectiveness of decision is increased. It is considered as a positive
leadership style because the employees of Marriott International will have self confidence among
them and will also have a sense of belongingness towards the organisation.
Directive style- In this style the leader takes decisions on their own without the
interference of its employees. This is considered as negative leadership style because if the
managers of Marriott International will adopt this then the employees may be dissatisfied and
demotivated towards their work . This is because they are not being involved in the decision
making process in the organisation. This may also lead to increase in employee turnover and
absenteeism.
CONCLUSION
After going through above discussion it has been summarised that, organisation
behaviour play important role in growth and development of company. Along with this it is
important to have positive atmosphere within company as it help in conducting day to day

operations within effective manner. Moreover, it will assist in providing healthy working
environment to staff as well as encourage them in performing task in effectual way. Apart from
this, each and every corporation have their own power, politics and culture which have negative
or positive both type of impact on company and staff performance. Moreover, motivation is
necessary so motivational theories utilise for that which have positive impact on encouraging
staff members.

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