Organisational Behaviour and Management Studies

The provided assignment is a compilation of research articles and studies related to organisational behaviour. It covers topics such as corporate culture, market orientation, employee green behaviour, and knowledge sharing among public sector managers. The assignment also includes references to books on organisational behaviour and management studies. It appears to be a study guide or past paper for students taking courses in organisational behaviour or management.

Organisational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Organisational culture, politics and power influencing individual and team........................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Content and process theory of motivation and techniques for enabling achievement of
goals............................................................................................................................................4
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................7
P4 Concept and philosophies of organizational behaviour in organizational context and
business situation........................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Organisation behaviour is a study of interacting peoples within an organisation. It is a
theory of increasing output of employees in available resources. Their are many philosophies an
d model that describe behaviour of organisation. This report is based on ABC hotel who are
leading with new chain of 4 star hotel. They are competing with establishing standard. In this
report their includes culture, power, politics which influences individual and team members.
Hofstede's dimension of culture is based on define by influencing behaviour and leading with
content and process theory with its advantages and disadvantages. Motivational theory has
provided implications by enabling effective achievement of goals. Apart from that here define
path goal theory and contemporary barriers in effective behaviour. Lastly ABC Hotel is leading
with situations by contingency theory (Coccia, 2014).
TASK 1
P1 Organisational culture, politics and power influencing individual and team
 Organisational culture: Organisational culture is based on values and beliefs which
contribute in social and psychological environment of an organisation. In this it belongs
to various groups and religions. It considers norms, valuers, systems, assumptions, habits,
environment etc. ABC company is employees are interacting with each other and
together working for achievement of goals. Hotel employees are leading with employees
on making focus on achieving individual and team goals.
Geert Hofstede's Dimension of culture theory
Hofstede culture is published in model dimensions with standardised understanding. This
culture is used by ABC hotel in order to individual and team achieving goals and objectives.
They are defined in 6 dimensions are consider below.1. Power distance index: This is defined as power of inequality which is existed in ABC
company. It lies in people with and without power. Low PDI score that powers are shared
with other peoples in form of widely dispersed. This situation is not accepted by society
members and distributed unequally. As per this model it is helpful in building relations
among individual and team members of ABC hotel. In this, initiative actions are guide and
directed by completing tasks.

2. Individualism versus Collectivism(IDV): this is refereed to as strengths where ABC hotel
employees are working with community. High score of IDV indicates interpersonal
connections among core of members of teams. Here employees having less responsibility in
taking actions and outcomes. In this, people supposed to make loyal groups which are
belonging by defending interests.3. Masculinity Versus Femininity(MAS): This is based on contribution which is made by men
and women. Here role of employees in either female or male they are modesty virtue. Their
having highest importance for making healthy relations among supervisors. People are
cooperating with well kn own one another. They are scoring highly in order existing female
and males (Kitchin, 2017).4. Uncertainty Avoidance Index(UAI): This model of dimension describes people with core
and anxiety. It is highly avoiding uncertainty by attempting life of predictable and
controllable as possible. They are found to be controlling in their own lives. ABC hotel
employees are looking over individual and team with reference to avoid uncertainty in
between them. After bearing to avoid uncertainty in mind it is not necessarily equal as
avoiding risk.5. Long- versus Short term orientation: This dimension is describe as Pragmatic versus
Normative which is based on time horizon of people in society display. In this, ABC Hotel
is refer to long term orientation which is modest and pragmatic. As per short term
orientation countries are tend to place more on principles, consistency and truth.
6. Indulgence Versus Restraint(IVR): This dimension is described together as accomplished
by less data. It is based on gratification by making people own drives and emotions. ABC
Hotel employees are enjoying their life with fun in this model. Their emphasis gratification
in suppressing with more regulation of people in conducting behaviour according to their
social norms.
 Organizational politics and power and its influences on individual and team
behavior
Organizational Power:
Power is defined as a part of organizational life where managers used to accomplish goals
and their own position. Here ABC managers are manipulating with having power to accomplish
targets. Success and failures are depending on power to understand consequences.

Concept of power and influences:
This is refer to as interaction and relations which interpret power with overview.
Influencing power is helpful for individual and team members who has extent dependency.
Powers are different types such as legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent. Their having
few authority are define below.
1. Quantity responsibility with a relative position
2. Expertise authority in order by building reputation with growth areas for stability of
business.
3. The leader whom having authority should have attractiveness from his personalty that
members of a team liking him (Gabriel and et. al., 2015).
Organizational politics:
It refer to wide range of activities which influences tactics for improving individual and
team behavior. Politics are not inherently bad, although they having negative image. It is actually
an asset which is based on strategic execution. This is refer to as negative connotations which is
naturally useful tool to opt by ABC Hotel for making self services. Company leaders are to be
aware about lay of land which defend in putting them back through courses. Political games are
played by managers of ABC hotel in order to accomplish goals and objective. Their tactics are.
Consultation: It is based on seeking support in making participation. ABC hotel is
opting it with laying support in political consultancy
Rational Persuasion: It is refer by attempting logical best courses of action. Company
used to make logical persuasion which is based on best activity.
Inspirational Appeals: It defines appeal in order to values and beliefs. This appeal is
useful for ABC hotel in making inspired to others by having concrete values and beliefs.
Ingratiating tactics: This is designed to make one obligation to another. ABC hotel
employees are pleasing with this tactics.
Coalition tactics: There seeks to persuade help to others. Company seeks to fusion by
leading helping behavior of employees.
Pressure Tactics: This is based on demand which is used by intimidation or threats in
gaining support. ABC hotel employees are fearing with having pressure in building support.
Legitimating: They are based in gaining support by claiming authority by making
support.

Personal appeals: It is used to appeal personally in order to make loyalty and friendship
by gaining support.
Theme Strength Weaknesses
Culture Manager of company used to
maintain democratic culture
that support staff member to
get involved in different
business activity. Staff
member are consider important
part of company and involved
in important decision making
process. This improve
motivation among staff
member.
It is observed that democratic
culture plays a negative role
also. As all staff member use
to give their own opinion and
there is less chance of unity
upon idea. Some time it may
lead to conflicts and fights.
Power Different types of power to
different member within
company help in taking useful
decision for the betterment of
company at particular period
of time. People with more
power are important part of
company as the control and
manage different business
activity and workforce.
The great weaknesses of
power is that many time
person with more power take
decision without consider
other worker of company.
Thus it led to mismanagement
and decrease productivity.
Politics Positive politics as defined by
Geert Hofsted influence other
worker to work for the
betterment of company.
Manager of company plays
politics to achieve goal and
It is observed that politics also
have negative impact on
company performance. Such
as manager use to play
negative politics and promote
employees those are favourite

target for company at a
particular time period.
for them. Thus it led to conflict
between manager and staff
member.
Ethics It is very important for
manager and employees to
maintain ethic within
company. One of the greatest
strength to maintain ethic in
ABC as it help to maintain
confidentiality about different
record.
If ethic of company are not
maintained properly it may led
to decrease in business
performance and productivity.
Some time employees use to
disclose important information
to outsider and investors that
may be greatest weakness for
ABC company.
External factors External factor must be
analyse properly as it provide
great strength for functioning
different business operation of
company. Manager with the
help of PESTEL understand
the external factor and make
plan to deal with condition.
Some time external factor are
not constant and keeps on
chang8ing due to various
reason. Such as tax rate
changes, inflation and
deflation, etc. So it may reduce
the overall performance.
TASK 2
P2 Content and process theory of motivation and techniques for enabling achievement of goals
Motivation is defined as encouraging peoples for making effective and better
performance in order to work in an organization. This needs is made to acquire influence culture,
society, lifestyles etc. It is a basic reason for enhancing individual performance with influencing
knowledge and behavior. ABC Hotel is based on several factors in order to promotion, rewards
in monetary terms etc. Company manager push their subordinates in making hardworking
criteria with rewarding ability. An individual is motivated with a context to allow them in

sustained and deliberate practice by making certain high level achievements (Wilkinson and et.
al., 2014).
Theories of Motivation
Motivation has many theories in order to finding out issues and queries which people
made in an organization. In this, it include content and process theory which are as follows.
Content theory of motivation
This theory is based on finding individual whom to motivate and encourage. It explains
needs of humans which dynamically changes during time. ABC hotel uses this theory in a
manner to know about their employees changing needs. This theory explains several factors that
motivate behavior. In this theory includes Maslow's Hierarchy need of theory, Hrezberg's
motivation, Alderfer's ERG theory, McClelland's need theory. From this, ABC hotel consider
Maslow needs Hierarchy of motivation which are describe as under.
Maslow's need Hiererchy theory:
This theory is introduce by Abraham Maslow in 1940. it categorized in 5 needs on
human that are psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-
actualization needs that are stated below.
Psychological needs: it is a basic need of human life which is based on people survival
which includes food, shelter, water, air, clothes etc. ABC hotel basic salary in order to fulfill
their needs for survival. When these needs are fulfilled secondary needs are met to perform in
desired manner. They are the needs which is based on basic amenities of life.
Safety needs: This need of human required environmental safety and security. For an
instance their required job security and financial security, protection to animals, health and
family security. Employees of ABC is having precedence and dominating behavior. These
safety needs are manifest which are preference security and protection in order to unilateral
authority.
Social belonging: This needs are fulfilled after psychological and safety needs. This
needs are interpersonal to feelings and belonging. Their includes friendships, intimacy and
family which feel senses of belonging and accepting with regarding large and small groups.
ABC hotel employees are interacting with love and sympathy with their peers, mangers and
colleagues.

Esteem needs: these needs are based on status and ego. It develop person recognition,
statu8s and respect. Most of the people feel respected with having self esteem and self respect. It
is typical based on human desire. ABC hotel employee's are focusing on desire to achieve self
esteem needs by accepting it internally. This needs are distracted person by obtaining higher
level of esteem needs (Burrell and Morgan, 2017).
Self-actualization needs: After fulfilling self esteem needs, this self-actualization need
takes place in a manner includes development, growth, empowerment, advancement and
creativity. Employees of ABC hotel is increasing their growth by facing challenges and
difficulties in order to develop skills.
Process theory of motivation
This process theory of motivation is based on individuals whom to motivate in obtaining
defined goals. Here includes Vrooms Expectancy theory, goal theory, Adam's Equity theory and
Reinforcement theory. ABC hotel manager opt Adam's equity theory which are as follows.
Adam's Equity theory: This theory is developed by John Stacey Adam, which describes
an individual to manage fair and effective relationship in among employees. It is based on
rewards and performance which admire employees of ABC in order make relation with others.
Employees got DE-motivated when they achieved more output than inputs. This theory is based
on assumptions such as
1. Contribution of employees make in regarding with making higher rewards on that basis.
2. Employee compare input and output with determining inequality in certain exchange
relation.
Their certain relation will grow in order by comparing with other person which are stated as
under.
Overpaid inequity: In this, inputs are less than outputs which is compared by others in
order when arising inequity.
Underpaid inequity: This is made by more inputs than outputs when unpaid inequity
arises.
Equity: Here employees think that after comparison inputs and outputs are equal and also
arising equity.
Evaluation of content and process theory enabling achievement of goals

Content theory evaluation: From evaluating use of this theory is determine by ABC hotel
employees which is understanding motivation skills. The manager of hotel is evaluating in
making strong relation by satisfying needs of employees (Norton, Zacher and Ashkanasy, 2014).
Advantages
 Maslow content theory is easy to be understood by employees of ABC hotel.
 They are taking account of human nature with their fulfilling required needs.
 Their use if relevant in any field.
Disadvantages
 Every individual are not thinking in a same manner
 Cultural differences occur
 Difficulty in measuring satisfaction of employees.
Process theory: From making evaluation it is carried out that ABC hotel is facing views in
certain situations by influencing individual. This treatment reward employees like pay and
promotions. Their advantages and disadvantages are defined below.
Advantages
 ABC employees achieving levels with equity
 Employees paying greater retention rate which is helpful in staying company policies in
equitable form.
 Individual recognized by getting inputs and outputs in according with inputs.
Disadvantages
 Here doesn't predict over payment conditions
 Doesn't preparing accounts for individual differences.
From the above discussed content and process theory of motivational theory, it has been
recognized that Maslow's theory of motivation in consider to be more useful while motivating
employees. This is because employees are allotted task in order to make them work and satisfy
their needs. As once need is fulfilled then they move to other needs.
The implications of motivational theory as reflected upon management and leadership
within ABC Hotels
This content and process theory is reflected by implications which impacted on
management and leadership in making growth of behavior of employees. An organization is
looking forward on improving employees accessibility in form of making improvement in their
performances. There use is consider in order to make focus on accomplishing goals and

objectives. This is helpful in maintaining relation among other peers and colleagues. ABC Hotel
employees are making healthy environment which encourages other in opting certain goals and
objectives. Motivational theory is useful in a manner which lead a successful organization with
great image in market (Bester, Stander and Van Zyl, 2015).
TASK 4
P4 Concept and philosophies of organizational behavior in organizational context and business
situation
An organization concept and philosophy is define by grouping and identifying
performance with delegation. In this, authority and responsibility is their in building relation with
objective. This enables in performing most efficiently in achieving goals. ABC hotel employees
preferring tasks which is defined as fixed for achieving the same.
Path goal theory:
This theory is develop by House and Mitchell in year 1974. Theory is related with
effectiveness of manager with their subordinates. It is helpful in a manner to achieve desired
objective. They are leading with supervising subordinate to perform their task with full
efficiency. The manager plans in providing rewards and promotion to their employees in order to
their working capability. This effective plans are based on promoting in order to motivate
employees.
Theory is helpful for ABC hotel in analyzing needs and wants of employees. It is used to
solve issues and queries faced by employees during working process. It will lead improving
efficiency and promote motivation among employee's. Managers of company are encouraging
employees in order to make task on time. Better relations are also useful in resulting with overall
performance. This model is explained by an organization are defined below (Mitchell and
Schmitz, 2014).
Employee Characteristics
This is capacity of employees working in an organization. ABC company managers are
creating culture by achieving goals and objectives on time. Employee's are not able to perform
their work, from that managers of company provide relevant training and development plan on
that basis. This is helpful for employees in enhancing skills and developments. ABC company
manager and leader make possible focus of employees in on their job.

Task and environmental characteristics
It is a vital part of this theory. In this, managers make employees focus in facing difficult
task and motivating them during work timing. Organization uses this style for easily achieve
desire goals. ABC company brings employees together for making efficient performance by
performing in difficult tasks. They are of various types are defined below. Design task: This task is based on connection with leader and manager of company who
is achieving overall objectives for an organization. Manager of ABC hotel is guiding with
work force which makes them to work properly in prescribed time.
 Formal authority system: This type of path leadership theory which is defined by
managers of ABC company. ABC hotel is making control in future which is leading with
unpredictable events.
Leadership styles
In this, ABC hotel is managers are playing important role in organization. Here
employees behavior are concerned by depending on objectives. These styles are defined below. Directive: This leadership style is directed by manager to their subordinates for
accomplishing specific task by achieving goals and objectives. In this case, ABC hotel
managers give proper advice to their team members for performing tasks. There mean is
to provide clear guidelines in regarding with processes which best carry out tasks. For
example, company opting this management style for inexperienced person by checking
regularly. This leadership style is opt by company in order to make achievements by
managing useful situations. Participate: This type of style is participated by employees in making effective decision
regarding plans and resolving issues. Manager of ABC hotel is depending on improving
skills and knowledge which are contributing in taking effective decisions (Carlos Pinho,
Paula Rodrigues and Dibb, 2014).There means is consulting openly and making
discussion for effective decision making. Leaders are deploy with styles and making high
involvement with specialized knowledge. For example, company make participation for
discussing in making effective leader with generating ideas and opinion. Achievement- oriented leadership: In this, leader is setting challenging goals and
making achievements with higher level of trusts and ability. This style forces to make
excellent display with constant achievements and improvement by having confidence

ability. Here employees are working independently by solving capabilities with suitable
styles. For example, company are opting person who have leadership quality and
supposed to handle challenging goals with confidence.
 Supportive leadership: Company leader is paying lots of attention in order to fulfill
needs of their team members. ABC hotel employees are supporting in behavior who
characterized by being friendly and empathetic with others. This style is useful in order to
face any situation either having personal problem or get temporary demotivated. For
example, this style is based on showing concern which every company opt in any
situation either relating with tasks and relationships.
From the above leadership style ABC hotel employees are opting Achievement- orientated
leadership by making focus on higher level of trust and ability. Company is leading with
displaying constant achievement with quality in order to handle challenging goals.
Contemporary barriers to effective behavior
In company their lies many of the barriers are describe below.
 Lack of feedback
 Lack of immediate consequences
 Lack of environment or process support
 Social proof
 Lack of ownership
This barriers and issues are reflected on effective behavior of employees of ABC hotels.
Consequences lie of working which impacted on behavior of individual and team members.
From this, employees are unable to move on next step in achieving goals and objectives.
Company employees equitable participation in work will evaluate in a manner by encouraging
partners for their ideas.
Situational resistance
This resistance is all pervasive which is often leading with rapid speed in a manner of
dynamics, employee resistance. It is an inevitable in order to make more changes ABC hotel,
individuals are defending status quo which make feel in security. It is critical in defining term
resistance which is intended to protect individual from real and imagine changes. It make
negative impacts on adopting intention of individuals among work.
Social capital theory and contingency theory

Social capital theory:
This theory generally depends on academic perspective. This is designed by individual
by easily understanding background which is beneficial for academic focus. It is based on
studying, researching and applying courses. ABC hotel is making excellent theory with key
lessons in improving them. Here courses are present and explains in various theoretical and
disciplinary approaches in social capital. It is basically termed as persons participation with
social groups and making contribution in certain ways. In this, ABC hotel possess significant
social capital with strengthening community(Lee, Kesebir and Pillutla, 2016).
Contingency theory
It is a leadership theory which is based on effective leader with upon contingency. This
style matches with various situations. Leader effectiveness is considered which is depending on
controlling purpose. ABC uses this leadership theory in making definite plans in per situations.
This theory determine by two leadership styles are tasks and relationship motivated. They are
based on accomplishment and building motivation by interpersonal relationship. These are
characterized with three factors such as task structure, position power an leader member
relations.
CONCLUSION
From the above mention report it is concluded that by making analysis which is helpful
for cultural behavior to examine in organization. Company summarized interaction among
individuals. Influencing power are there in determining styles of work which a manager uses to
their subordinates. Organizational politics are based on enhancing performance of employees in
ABC hotel. Motivation is a main concept with is used by finding solution with making
satisfaction in achieving goals. Their different team members who are having several issues and
problems arises in company. Content and process theory are conclude in order to motivation that
lead effective achievements in goals and objectives. From this conclusion it is helpful for an
organization to rectify merit and demerits in order to accomplish goals. Behavioral concept and
philosophies are de6termine which concludes that theories of path goal is useful for building
leadership quality and resisting in any situation.

REFERENCES
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Online
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