Organizational Behaviour: Theories of Culture, Communication, and Motivation

This assignment explores the theories of organizational culture, communication, and motivation in the context of Tesco. It discusses different culture models, such as Charles Handy's power culture, role culture, task culture, and person culture. It also examines Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory and its impact on Tesco's organizational culture. Additionally, the assignment explores communication models, including the linear model, interactive model, and transaction model. Finally, it discusses motivation theories, such as Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory and Vroom's Expectancy Theory, and how Tesco applies them to enhance employee performance.

Organizational
Behaviour

Executive Summary
Organizational behaviour refers to the unique field of human behaviour study used by
firms to fulfill their employee’s needs and wants on time. This is also considered as most
effective tools for business that enhance their sales and revenue at marketplace. Moreover, this
assignment includes culture models and theories of communication used by Tesco organization
in order to bring few motivational techniques to enhance confidence of employees towards work.
Lastly, there is huge description of so many models and theories that affect people behaviour in a
positive manner.

Contents
Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................5
MAIN BODY..............................................................................................................................................5
1. Theories of organizational culture.......................................................................................................5
2. Models/theories of communication......................................................................................................7
3. Theories of motivation.........................................................................................................................9
4. Explanation of these sorts of models and theories in detail................................................................10
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behaviour refers to the field of study that investigates the influence that
structures, groups and individuals have on behaviour within firm for the aim of applying such
kind of knowledge towards changing entire effectiveness of organization frequently. On the
other side organizational behaviour consider as one of the most useful study for business which
is directly related with group of people and individuals who works together (Lee and et.al.,
2019). Thus, this study may become more challenging when entire situational factor interact with
each other. Therefore, organizational behaviour related with expected behaviour of people within
the firm. This assignment is based on Secondary Research in which Tesco has been selected as
an organization which was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen and it is headquartered in Welwyn
Garden City, UK. Along with this, it is one of the best British multinational general merchandise
and grocery retailer that have third position in retailer across the globe. Furthermore, this
assignment incudes several culture of organization along with communication models and
motivation theories. Lastly, TEN Resources will used to identify several models, theories in
regards with particular firm.
MAIN BODY
1. Theories of organizational culture
Culture of organization is based on different types of values, assumptions, beliefs and
norms about people like how they should behave and how they should take decision in order to
achieve their targeted goals within particular firm. Thus, understanding or organization culture is
essential or better leadership goals. With the help of this managers and leaders can easily develop
better place to execute in targeted strategies to achieve organizational goals if they understand
culture of firm in a frequent manner. Additionally it is more essential to understand the existing
culture of firm when thinking about introduces new modifications at workplace. Therefore,
organizational culture is known as the way of things which are done by the industry that also
influence overall team members and groups behaviour in a positive manner. Thus, management
and leadership style, traditions and values and attitudes of team members always influence entire
culture of an industry effectively (Yadav and Morya, 2019). In regards with Tesco, there are
different types of culture at workplace in which manager, employees and leaders plays their

crucial role through achieving targeted goals and objectives in short period of time. Along with
HR manager of this company have responsibility to maintain positive working culture in order to
motivate employees so that they can work accordingly and achieve their fixed goals. Thus, it has
direct impact on working performance of employees and their behaviour as well in a positive
way. There are different types of culture theories followed by Tesco, those are as follows:
Charles Handy model/theories:
Power culture: According to this culture, top management of industries has power to
overseeing several kinds of strategies in order to identify assorted issues at workplace. For
implementation of this culture high management of Tesco following this properly by which they
can motivates employees so that they are able to work in an easiest way.
Role culture: It is considered as the particular process which is used by manager in order
to offer appropriate guidelines to their team members as per their knowledgeable skills. In
relation with Tesco they are able to adopt this culture for maximizing productivity or employees
and firm as well. Further it helps employees to achieve their targeted goals in a particular time
(Stewart, Courtright and Manz, 2019).
Task culture: In this type of culture employees or team members of industry always able
to perform their task in a perfect way. In relation with Tesco, this culture followed by their
workforce in order to satisfy customer’s desires through fulfilling overall objectives towards
firm. With the help of this culture firm is able to achieve their goals and influence others directly.
Person culture: In this culture individual feels themselves subordinates in any industry.
In regards with Tesco, individual follow this culture as they work in a fine way and mainly
concentrates on essential aspects of firm. Through considering themselves as subordinates
employees always focus on every point by which they can achieve desired goals and increase
entire sales or revenue of respective firm.
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory
This theory was mentioned through Geert Hofstede in 1980. On the other side, this theory
refers to the specific framework which involves several dimensions of culture, those are
mentioned in beneath:

Power Distance Index (PDI): It refers to the inequality degree that accepted and exists
between individual without power. There are two types of PDI that is low and high. In regards
with high, centralized firms with more hierarchies come in which Tesco needs to aware towards
future aspects to satisfy customers and employees wants. Herein, low incudes employees in
whom Tesco needs to treat their employees within equal level.
Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV): It is the strength of ties that generally have by
people to others within their community. On the other side, it indicates weak interpersonal
connection towards those is not part of entire business as well as family. In regards with Tesco,
people have placed high value and wants for their privacy along with freedom so that firm should
respect their privacy (Lyskova, 2019).
Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS): It is the distribution of several roles between male or
female. In masculine societies, roles of women and men connection fewer and men are expected
to behave insistently. In feminine societies, there is better deal of less connection between female
and male roles and observed as a quality. Thus, Tesco needed to deal their women and men
workers equally so that they can easily reduce the gap of several issues in regards with MAS.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI): It explains anxiety of people and how they can
cope up with difficult situation at workplace. In this dimension people attempt to develop
controllable and predictable thoughts towards their life. In relation of Tesco they find people
who mainly engage with risky behaviour as it overcome uncertainties to ignore failure.
Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation: It identifies the time oriented
people within the workplace or society. Herein, long term goals orientation ten to be modest. On
the other side short term oriented people tend to emphasis on so many real principles. In relation
with Tesco they should use both goals to develop better productivity of their business.
Indulgence vs. Restraint (IVR): It is the sixth dimension that covers gratification of
people’s own emotions and drives like they enjoy their life by having fun. In regards with Tesco,
they needs to control over such factors those are not essential for firm in order to satisfy
employee’s needs and demand at workplace (Johnson and Umphress, 2019).
2. Models/theories of communication
Communication refers to the complex process along with it is hard to identify where or
with whom a communications starts and ends. Sometimes it can be considered as helpful aspect
which involves several communication models that guides people every time within workplace.

There are so many models as well as theories of communication that provides visual
representation of various aspects and explains communication more detail. It is considered as
valuable as it allows to people to see particular steps within the process of communication which
is used by Tesco, those are as follows:
Liner model of communication:
This mode is known as transmission model of communication and it is a one way process
in which a sender transmits a message to a receiver. On the other side, this model concentrates
on message and sender within communication encounters (Islam, Ahmed and Ali, 2019). Along
with receiver plays crucial role within this model which is viewed as an end or target point rather
than the part of ongoing process. In relation with Tesco, this is the simple model used by them as
it has good flow within the straight line from sender to the receiver. In this manager use this
model of respected firm in order to give accurate information to their receiver like employees
and team members. With the help of this model they can get proper information and work
accordingly. Therefore, this is very simple model and do not have any type concept of feedback.
Interactive model of communication:
It is considered as interaction model of communication which determines the
communication as a process in which people participates at alternate positions as receiver or
sender and develop best way to receive feedback within the physical as well as psychological
contexts. In relation with Tesco, it is based on very interactive communication process by which
people can take feedback from their customers and that develops effective two way process of
communication. Therefore, receivers and senders of this firm known as best communicator that
plays equal role in best communication. Apart from this, it is considered as non-verbal feedback
such as body language, gestures and many more. Thus, it is related with realistic communication
aspect that develops effective identity at workplace and encourages employees towards their
work (Miller, 2019).
Transaction model of communication:
This model of communication analyzes communication as a process in which
communicators develop social realities into the context of relational, social and cultural. As per

this model people just communicate with each other in order to dealing with participants such as
receiver and sender. Therefore, this model is different from others for this firm as it makes good
culture at workplace and influences others through focusing on so many communication goals.
3. Theories of motivation
Motivation refers to the desires, needs, wants as well as drives within the individuals. It
refers to the process of inspiring people to achieve their targeted goals and objectives within the
short period of time. It is also necessary for people while working in the firm in order fulfill their
own needs like fund requirements, success, recognition and many more. There are several
theories used by Tesco, those are as follows:
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory:
It refers to the theory of motivation which is directly related with human needs and wants
(Yu and Davis, 2019). This theory is divided in so many types of needs towards people those are
as follows: Physiological needs: These are considered as basic needs of people which
includes clothing, food, water, shelter, air, water and essential for their life. With the help of
these desires humans can easily survive their life in perfect way. In regards with Tesco, manager
of this firm consider these needs of their employees and fulfill timely that directly influence
employees positively.
Safety needs: After fulfilling physiological wants the next desires of humans called
safety as well as security. These needs find expression within the economic protection and
security from physical dangers. In regards with Tesco, there are lots of employees works together
so that this firm provide best safety tools to them that motivates them and satisfied them.
Social needs: A person is a social being. Therefore, these sorts of needs include
companionship, belongingness, interaction and many more. In regards with Tesco they focus on
these needs and fulfill their employee’s demand.
Esteem needs: These needs refer to the self-respect of people. These include and indicate
achievement, self-confidence, knowledge and so on. In relation with Tesco, these assorted needs
of employees fulfilled by manager that increase their working capability in a better way.

Self-actualization needs: These types of needs represent the higher needs of human
being. On the other side, this is the final stage of this hierarchy model which means to fulfillment
of desires of people. In relation with Tesco, they develop self-actualization through motivating
them and transform perception of self within the reality that encourages them and they can
achieve their goals without any issues.
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory:
It is one of the best theories which accepted an explanation of motivation was given by
Victor Vroom in his expectancy theory. On the other side, this is the cognitive process theory of
motivation which is founded on the behalf of basics nation by which firms can develop better
relationship between employees and themselves. There are different types of aspects includes in
this theory, those are as follows:
Valence: It indicates the working performance of employees at workplace towards
achievement of targeted goals. In regards with Tesco, manager of this firm accomplish their
employees wants so that they improve their working performance and develop better relations
with their superiors (Lyskova, 2019).
Expectancy: It shows the efforts of employee’s performance within the Tesco like how
they are dealing with every situation and achieve their desired goals.
Instrumentality: According to this level of model employees can get benefits and perks
towards giving better performance at workplace. In relation with Tesco, employees always give
better performance and increase firm’s value into competitive scenario.
4. Explanation of these sorts of models and theories in detail
From the above explained so many theories and models this can be said that culture plays
crucial role within every business or industry as it increase the uniqueness of firm and make
attractive in front of others. In regards with Tesco, they have been applied different types of
theories and models in order to develop best culture at workplace for their employees.
Additionally there are so many types of culture used by this firm in order to develops best
communication method for team members so that they can interact with each other and able to
achieve their desired goals on time. It directly increases the overall success of firm in a perfect

manner. Therefore, it is essential for Tesco to follow regular methods by which they can improve
communication process and improve more aspects of business that satisfy employee’s needs and
wants. Furthermore, this respective organization has been followed so many motivational
theories that develops positive working culture for employees and give huge satisfaction to them.
With the help of this employees can increase firm’s growth successfully and achieve desired
goals within specified period of time (Mesdaghinia, Rawat and Nadavulakere, 2019).

CONCLUSION
According to the above mentioned assignment it has been concluded that organizational
behaviour plays crucial role that affects human’s behaviour positively. Additionally, there are
different types of culture theories used by respective firm to develop best culture at working
place for employees. After this, respective firm used so many model of best communication by
which they can bring modifications so that people can frequently communicate with each other.
Moreover there are so many theories of motivation used by them to motivate employees and
satisfy their needs and wants. Thus, it develops successful growth of firm within the competitive
environment in a perfect manner.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
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organizational behavior. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and
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