Organisational Behaviour: Analysis of Three Articles

This article analyses three articles on organisational behaviour, covering topics such as power, leadership styles, innovation, and decision making. The first article discusses the relationship between power and overconfident decision-making, while the second article explores the relationship between ethical leadership and core job characteristics. The third article focuses on the impact of transformational and transactional leadership styles on innovative behaviour, with psychological empowerment as a moderating factor. The relevance of these topics in real-world situations is discussed, along with recommendations for organisations.

Running head: ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
Organisational Behaviour
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s note

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Introduction
A business organisation runs operates on the values and principle that has been
established by the owners or the management. The strategic management policies or decisions of
the business are all based on these values and principles. Organisation behaviour is the way
people in an origination interact with each other. Individual behaviour impact the performance of
the organisation and therefore understanding the concept will help and guide the organisation in
improving the performance. The three articles that are selected are based on the organisation
behaviour theme. Leadership, power, innovative behavior and decision making are all attributes
associated with organisation behaviour. This assignment will be divided in four introduction
discussion, recommendation and conclusion part. The discussion part will include article
summary and analysis of three articles that is chosen in three sub sections.
Article 1:
Fast, N.J., Sivanathan, N., Mayer, N.D. and Galinsky, A.D., 2012. Power and overconfident
decision-making. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 117(2), pp.249-260.
Article Summary
Decision making is an integral part of leadership in an organisation based on these
decisions the company strive to achieve the objectives of the business. This article analysis the
relation between power and overconfidence, the article is based on three theoretical and
empirical contributions they are as follows: with power there is overconfidence which may lead
to over powering the knowledge and judgement ability of an individual. There is also a decline in
the performance of the people due to overconfidence which is a result of power in the

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organisation. Furthermore, the authors have concluded that the sense of power reconciles the
relationship between power and overconfidence. The dynamics between power and
overconfidence is analysed with the help of the information gathered by 5 experiments that are
held by the authors (Fast et al. 2012).
Article Analysis
With the help of five experiments the authors have concluded that the sense of power
make the sense of overconfidence worse. The findings indicate that a pattern in the behaviour of
the individual who is in power. Overconfident people are likely to obtain responsibility of a role
that afford power and but the subjective sense of power that these roles carry makes an
individual even more overconfident this in turn makes the situation worse. The authors agree on
the fact that power and overconfidence is directly relatable and the fact that financial loss is also
directly responsible for over confidence (Fast et al. 2012). The fact that the authors do not agree
by the end of the experiment is that the making the people feel that their role and their
capabilities are not sufficient will reduce the impact of power and overconfidence, this point can
be further synthesised as the subjective sense of power does not only depend on the competency
of a person therefore other aspects should also be considered in order to make the hypothesis
more relatable. One of the biggest flaws that has been observed in the assignment is that it talks
about power but the sample size that the authors have chosen to conduct the assignment is based
on the observation of students, this generalises the power perspective and based on a
hypothetical situations (Pettigrew 2014). This makes the analysis more psychology based than
being based on management dynamics. The experiments are appropriate to understand the
dynamics of power play but it is insufficient to understand how power influences an individual
who is in a position to afford power in an organisational situation (Pettigrew 2014).

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The importance of the research is explained in the examples stated in the concluding
paragraph of the article, in order to avoid such situations power dynamics and organisation
structure should not have concentrated power in the hands of an individual. There is also future
scope of research in the topic as discussed by the authors they indicate that the article
successfully establishes a relation in between the two variables but there is scope to identify a
solution to the issue (Trianni et al. 2016).
Recommendation
 Over confidence leads to faulty judgement and wrong decision making, thus leading
financial loss
 Many times organisations do not understand the reason the failure of its certain decisions
sometimes the higher management have an idea of the misuse of power within the
organisation in that case this research can be applied in real work setting as in order to
understand the issue and to deal with the problem in a strategic way
 The organisational behaviour of an individual is based on the values and culture of the
organisation and therefore a real life situation will be different from that of a hypothetical
situation that a student is being asked to analyse.
Article 2
Piccolo, R.F., Greenbaum, R., Hartog, D.N.D. and Folger, R., 2010. The relationship between
ethical leadership and core job characteristics. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(2‐3),
pp.259-278.

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Article Summary
The theory that has been discussed in this article is the concept of ethical leadership. The
role of a leader is essential to understand the performance of the company and the employees. It
is the responsibility of the leader to motivate and encourage the subordinates to improve their
efficiency and develop commitment towards the organisation. But the concept of ethical
leadership deals with sensitive situations of organisational dilemma and understanding of the
perspective of the impact of an action (Piccolo et al. 2010).
Another important model that is used in the assignment is job characteristics model
(JCM) (Hackman & Oldham, 1976) the idea of the article is to establish a relation between the
following variables: performance efficiency, ethical leadership, job autonomy, effort, and
importance of the job (Ali et al. 2014).
Apart from the above mentioned concepts the concept of motivation is also include in the
articles as it tries to establish a relation in between two of the factors in JCM and ethical
leadership indicating that it leads to improved motivation among the employees. The two factors
of JCM are: task significance and task autonomy.
The authors conducted a survey in order to gather relevant information form a number of
organisations and the conclusion of the study indicates that there is a certain dynamics in
between the attribute of task significance and effort and relationships between ethical leadership
and the performance of the employees and the subordinates (Piccolo et al. 2010).
Article Analysis
The hypothesis drawn by the authors are:

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1. There is a positive relation in between job autonomy, task significance and
ethical leadership (proved)
2. Effort is positively associated with Task significance and job autonomy (partially
true as the second part of the hypothesis which states a relation in between
autonomy and effort is not established).
3. Task significance and job autonomy creates a relation in between effort and
ethical leadership (partially agrees with the hypothesis as the relation with job
autonomy was not established)
4. There is positive relation in between task performance and organisational
citizenship (proved and agrees with the authors)
5. Effort mediates the relationships between task significance and task performance,
OCB and effort establishes a relationship between autonomy and task
performance (partially proven as the particulars are like the H3 that has been
discussed above) (Piccolo et al. 2010).
Autonomy is the degree of freedom that employees have to accomplish the goals and to
fulfil the job responsibilities, which is dependent on several factors both from the end of the
employee as well as from the organisation therefore it is difficult to pin an established relation
(Bouckenooghe et al. 2015).
The authors conclude that using inputs form the employees in the process of decision
making, using rewards to support ethical behavior among the employees and establishing values
and principles in the operations of the organisation help in developing the concept of autonomy
and provide importance to the job. The role of an ethical leader helps in supporting the objective

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of the business operation with the help of creating a clear vision of the process of job and the
importance of the job role (Bouckenooghe et al. 2015).
The is relevance to real world is significant as there are issues observed in organisations
regarding job satisfaction and employee retention in that case the findings and the result of the
study will help in understanding the issue in the organisation and tackle with the situation in a
strategic manner (Bouckenooghe et al. 2015).
Recommendation
 Ethics is more than just what is right; therefore the leaders of the organisation
should act responsibility towards the employees or the subordinate in order to
understand the issues and grievances of individual employees.
 Ethical leadership should be introduced in the CSR aspect as well
 Commitment of the employees towards the organisation help in aligning the
interest of the organisation along with the interest of the employees this further
motivates the employees to improve the efficiency and performance.
 The leader in an organisation is responsible for establishing an inspirational work
environment which improves and impacts the efforts that is presented by the
employees
Article 3
Pieterse, A.N., Van Knippenberg, D., Schippers, M. and Stam, D., 2010. Transformational and
transactional leadership and innovative behavior: The moderating role of psychological
empowerment. Journal of organizational behavior, 31(4), pp.609-623.

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Article Summary
Transactional and transformational leadership styles are important in organisations whose
business model is based on innovations. The process of innovation initiates changes and
development in the organisation based on the trends of the industry as well as the requirement of
the customers. The concept of innovative behaviour is discussed in the assignment; it establishes
a positive correlation in between Transformational leadership, in contrast to transactional
leadership (Pieterse et al. 2010). Innovative behaviour in organisations is encouraged in order to
improve the performance of the employees as well as in the long run improve the product or
service offered to the customers. In order to keep up with the dynamics of the industry of
operation the company has to keep on changing and evolving with the help of innovation.
Another most important aspect of adopting innovation in the business model is that it assures that
the company will maintain competitive advantage over the other organisation operating in the
same industry (Wu et al. 2014)..
Transformational leadership is the style where the leader encourages change and
welcomes new and innovative idea not only in the product but also in the process of business
operation (F. Vito et al. 2014).
Transactional leadership is the style where there is a give and take relation in between the
subordinates and leader, in order to do something the leader has to offer something in return (F.
Vito et al. 2014).
Psychological empowerment can be defined as the motivation that employees have from
within in understanding the responsibility they have and the significance of their job.

8ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
These are the theories which are significant in the article, the authors tries to establish
relation in between the variables in a positive and negative way. They conclude that there is
positive relation in between transformational leader in the organisation and innovative behaviour
provided there is high rate of Psychological empowerment, on the other hand they establish that
the transactional leadership style have a negative impact provided the circumstances are kept
unchanged(Pieterse et al. 2010).
Article analysis
The study indicates that both the types of leadership impact the innovation behaviour
when there is psychological empowerment. The attribute of a transformational leader of being
inspirational and encouraging attitude positively impacts the innovative characteristics of a
person who is innovative in nature. The leaders who follow this style align the interest of the
employees along with the objective of the organisation in order to motivate the people and help
them in enjoying their work with the organisation. Creation of innovative ideas require a work
place and work culture that permits creativity and allows the employees to work in freedom this
is not possible without the motivational support of the leaders in the organisation. The authors
state that the involvement and the identification of the responsibilities of the employees along
with transformational leadership are identified as a positive situation to foster innovation (Wu et
al. 2014). On the other hand, transactional leadership style is identified to have a negative impact
on the innovative behaviour as the people with high psychological empowerment deem
transactional leadership as controlling and de-motivating (Slåtten and Mehmetoglu 2015).
The relevance of the study is prevalent in the real world as the innovation is one of the
major challenges in the organisational scenario. Correct implementation of innovation will lead

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to a profitable situation. The companies emphasise on innovation but do not understand the
prerequisites of the system, thus this study is important (Wu et al. 2014).
Recommendation
 Accept changes in the industry and view these as the opportunity for improvement rather
than threats
 Market analysis is an important part of growth
 Motivation of the team is important but it is also important to encourage individuals
based on the force that drives the individuals motivation
Conclusion
It can be concluded form the three articles that organisation behaviour plays an important
role in strategic management. It ensures a healthy relation with human resource and the objective
of the business. Power, leadership styles, innovation, decision making are some of the aspects
that are intangible but have a significant impact on the operations of the business. There are
situations that the management of the company cannot explain thus; there is relevance of all the
three articles in the real world.

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Reference List:
Ali, S.A.M., Said, N.A., Kader, S.F.A., Ab Latif, D.S. and Munap, R., 2014. Hackman and
Oldham's job characteristics model to job satisfaction. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,
129, pp.46-52.
Bouckenooghe, D., Zafar, A. and Raja, U., 2015. How ethical leadership shapes employees’ job
performance: The mediating roles of goal congruence and psychological capital. Journal of
Business Ethics, 129(2), pp.251-264.
F. Vito, G., E. Higgins, G. and S. Denney, A., 2014. Transactional and transformational
leadership: An examination of the leadership challenge model. Policing: An International
Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 37(4), pp.809-822.
Fast, N.J., Sivanathan, N., Mayer, N.D. and Galinsky, A.D., 2012. Power and overconfident
decision-making. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 117(2), pp.249-260.
Pettigrew, A.M., 2014. The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge.
Piccolo, R.F., Greenbaum, R., Hartog, D.N.D. and Folger, R., 2010. The relationship between
ethical leadership and core job characteristics. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(2‐3),
pp.259-278.
Pieterse, A.N., Van Knippenberg, D., Schippers, M. and Stam, D., 2010. Transformational and
transactional leadership and innovative behavior: The moderating role of psychological
empowerment. Journal of organizational behavior, 31(4), pp.609-623.

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Slåtten, T. and Mehmetoglu, M., 2015. The effects of transformational leadership and perceived
creativity on innovation behavior in the hospitality industry. Journal of Human Resources in
Hospitality & Tourism, 14(2), pp.195-219.
Trianni, A., Cagno, E. and Farné, S., 2016. Barriers, drivers and decision-making process for
industrial energy efficiency: A broad study among manufacturing small and medium-sized
enterprises. Applied Energy, 162, pp.1537-1551.
Wu, C.H., Parker, S.K. and De Jong, J.P., 2014. Need for cognition as an antecedent of
individual innovation behavior. Journal of Management, 40(6), pp.1511-1534.