Organisational Behaviour: Influence of Culture, Politics, and Power

This document discusses the influence of organisational culture, politics, and power on individual and team behaviour and performance. It also explores content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques. The case study focuses on Apple, an American multinational technology company.

Organisational
behaviour
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Table of contents
Table of contents..............................................................................................................................2
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................1
P1 determine how organizational culture, politics and power influence the individual and team
behaviour as well as performance................................................................................................1
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................4
P2) content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques.............................4
Task 3...............................................................................................................................................7
P3) role of effective team in achievement of objectives..............................................................7
Task 4.............................................................................................................................................10
P4) concepts and philosophies of ob including leadership style...............................................10
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................11
References......................................................................................................................................12
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Introduction
Organization behaviour is considered as a human behaviour in which different types of
people are behaving difference which pads an organization effectively. This involves top
performance, motivation, structure of organisation, behaviour and communication that has
affected on organisation positively. It is important for organization to behave to behave good and
maintaining positive behaviour which can help to increase organisational productivity and
profitability. In other words organization behaviour is the effected management activity which is
formed for the purpose of build a good performance (salas-vallin alegre and fernandez, 2017). It
is a branch of social sciences that seeks to be good behaviour in organisation and acknowledging
the present situation which can arise in organisation to perform the organisational activities. To
understand about this organisation selected company is apple that is an american multinational
technology company which was founded in the year of april 1975 by steve jobs. This is a large
organisation that has headquarter in cupertino, california that designs develop and sell the
consumer electronics software and online services according to people demand. This is
considered big four technology company across the all countries. This report covers different
topics such as relationship of organisation politics power and culture that has impacted on
behaviour and performance of team and individual. Also consider in this report theory of
motivation difference between effective and ineffective teams and organisational behaviour
concept and theories that are uses so achieve the organisational goals in certain period of time.
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Task 1
Determine how organizational culture, politics and power influence the individual and team
behaviour as well as performance.
The growth of organisation is depends on the culture, power and politics which are important for
organisation to focus on them and maintain a good behaviour. In organisation different types of
people are living that have different culture and tradition impacts on individual and team
performance. This impacts directly on organisation and its performance which can help to get the
higher productivity. In apple organisation number of employees are working that has helps to
increase the overall productivity because it is maintaining all activities in a synchronised form
(kitchin, 2017).
Motivation: motivation in business organisation can be defined as a desire of an
individual while working on a job. This desire is directed towards the work within the
organisation which helps the individual in bringing specialisation within the work. Motivation
can be both internal and external which depends on the factors of motivation which are provided
by the manager of the organisation to the individual.
Influences of organisational culture on individual and team behaviour:
Organisation culture – this refers as shared values, system and attitudes that helps to run a
business effectively. If people are not following right culture then it may impacts on action and
production as it decreases. It uses to play daily activities smoothly and reduced employee
turnover. Positive and effective culture of apple company helps to improve, monitor and control
the employees performance. To understand about culture and its impacts handy culture theory is
used that is defined below:
Power culture: this power states as a person who have authority and power to make
decision which has impacted on individual and team person. Because it is only one who
formulates policies and regulations to run a business and maintain it profitability. In case of
adopting this culture, manager formulates regulations which have to follow by all employees and
need to work according to them so it has influence individual behaviour. Moreover, team
performance also works according to manager who has power so assigned work can be complete.
Task culture: this means task which is assigned by managers between people that have
to be completed. In apple the manager of each department assigned the task between employees
and motivates them to work accordingly that helps to complete goals. From this culture
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individual has influenced positively as they focus on their task and give efforts to complete it.
Team performances become effective and active by getting task and working with people
(laforet, 2016).
Person culture – this culture is related with people who understand superior themselves
and work as they want. This culture is used by people who helps themselves and maintaining the
performance. In context to apple, individuals are performing business activities as they want
team work has not be completed due to person culture (whelan, 2016).
Role culture – this culture mainly based on performance, roles and responsibilities of
employees that are given by manager by knowing their interest, qualification, skills and
experience that help to perform job role efficiently. In apply, roles and responsibilities of
employees are delegated between employees with their interests and experience. This impacts on
individual behaviour positively as employees perform their role efficiently. Team also perform
good and well that increases organisational productivity.
In relation to Apple, organisation for low-power culture within the form where the power
flows from top to bottom so that effective management and discipline can be maintained for
using the resources in an efficient manner. This also provide organisation various kind of
benefits related to increase productivity and profitability within the firm.
Politics – this refers as interference, government regulations and interest groups where
number of people are running their business and getting things done effectively. In apple
organisation number of people are working collectively but some people who have special
knowledge and close to managers plays politics which has impacted on individual behaviour and
team performance. They wants to get opportunities and promotion so they follow them only who
have power and authority to make decision. The impact of politics on individual behaviour and
team performance are as defined:
Decrease in productivity: politics can increase confusion between employees because
such people spend their whole time to observe others and they do not focus on their performance
which reduces organisational productivity. On the other side, team performance do not remain
stable because some employees plays politics and they do not get ready to work (pereira, malik
and froese, 2017).
Dissatisfaction in employees – politics influence individual behaviour negatively as it
increases feeling of dissatisfaction between employees because credit of well doing and good
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performance goes to interested people or who are close to manager. Therefore, politics
influences individual and team performance negatively by creating a feeling of dissatisfaction.
Power - control refers to an ability to influence and handle people in a systemic manner,
particularly though they do not wish to alter or consider alter. This would have an effect on
actions by careful control of resources. Control is used to comply as well as the dedication of all
staff employed in apple organisation.
According to french & raven, apple can use a power structure from different sources which can
be listed below:
Reward power: this power is related to reward mechanism in which organisation should
uses different sources of rewards that can influences employees and get ready to work. In apple,
managers can use this power in order to influence individual and team performance (ruck, welch
and menara, 2017).
Coercive power: this is opposite of reward power which uses by people by threating,
punishing and others that can impacted on individual behaviour and team performance. In apple,
if management adopt this, then employees work under threat which gives wrong results and
reduces organisational productivity.
Legitimate power: it can be defined as power in which mutual agreement and positions
helps to getting the work complete. This power derives from formal position and hierarchy
authority that helps to run business. In apple, manager can use legitimate power by delegating
the authority between employees which can help to maintain the organisational performance by
getting team work.
Referent power: this is another form of power employees refer others to getting the
work complete and completing the goals. In apple company, manager can use referent power by
concentrating on high performance and maintaining the activities (goh, ritchie and wang, 2017).
Expert power: this can be considered as expert and agents who provide knowledge and
experience to employees in order to complete work and task in certain period of time. Employer
of apple can use this power in order to getting thing done by expert people who helps to attain
the business goals.
It can be evaluated that there are various powers within the organisation which has their
great impact on the individual and can also impact on the behaviour within the firm. In relation
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to Apple, all these powers are executed by different person within the organisation so that
effective management can be established.
It can be evaluated from the above mentioned information that roll power and culture have
their direct influence on the behaviour of individual and can also impact on the functioning of the
firm so it is important for the firm to manage individual by providing effective culture, power
and politics.
Task 2
Content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques
Motivation is the activity which is uses by all people in order to complete the goals and
objectives. Without motivation, success of organisation is not possible because employee are
those people who works effectively and give efforts to complete the task. To meet the goals of
the company on time, it is important to give sufficient feedback and inspiration to workers as it
increases the efficiency of workers (wood and et. Al., 2016). Motivation approaches are used to
explore and promote the motivation and interest of workers to be productive and rational. In
context to apple company, managers are using content and process theory to motivate the people
that are as defined:
Behavioural Theories:
Social cognitive theory
It is the theory which is directly related to psychology education and communication
which hold the individuals knowledge about a particular observation within the organisation and
also impact on social interaction experience and outside media influencers. Theory was
developed by Albert bandura as an extension of social learning theory.
There are different key components of this theory which include self-sufficiency
behaviour, capacity expectation, expectancies, self-control, observational learning and
reinforcement. This can directly implemented on the condition of Apple care organisation can
use this tool to identify the behaviour of different individuals according to the factors involved in
this theory which help in identifying the behaviour and achieving goals and objectives.
Health belief model
It is social psychological health behaviour change models which is developed and explain
to identify the health related behaviour within an individual in organisation so that the behaviour
of individual can be influenced by identification of health related conditions. It is important for
the organisation like Apple to identify the behaviour of individual and impact of health on the
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behaviour of individuals so that it can use effective strategies to achieve goals and objectives. It
is impactful system which help organisation in building a mechanism to achieve self-sufficiency
in various function.
Theory of planned behaviour:
It is a psychological theory which is directly linked to the individual behaviour within the
organisation. Dictionary directly related to attitude subject norms and perceived behaviour
control within the organisation which helps in shaping the behaviour and intention of an
individual within the organisation. It is important theory which can be adopted by Apple so that
it can improve the practices of different powers. It also helped apple in managing different fields
related to advertising public relations advertising campaigns healthcare and spot management
and sustainability.
Content theory: this is motivational theory which is used to motivate the people by
understanding their needs and wants. According to this theory, manager motivate people by
filling employee’s needs and wants that helps to complete the work. This involves Maslow’s
theory, Herzberg motivation theory, erg and McClelland’s needs theory that can help to motivate
the people.
Process theory: this is also a motivational theory is which is used to explain good behaviour
of employers and encourages them to work effectively. This involves goal setting, reinforcement
theory, vroom expectancy and Adam’s equity theory that motivates people. Apple company is
using goal setting theory to motivate the employee.
Maslow theory: Maslow’s inspiration principle was founded by respected psychologist
Abraham Maslow in 1940. As per Maslow, individuals have a certain hierarchy of expectations
and thus behave in such a manner by filling their essential needs are met before they choose to
reach any higher standards. Psychologist Abraham presented this idea in a hierarchical diagram
of the triangle.
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(source: maslow's need hierarchy theory, 2014)
Physiological needs:- this involves basic needs and wants of people who are working in
organisation and giving their efforts to perform the activities. Basic needs of employees
such as food, shelter, clothes, water etc. That are important to fulfil. In context to apple
company, manager must fill the basic needs of their employees so they can perform
optimally (maslow's need hierarchy theory, 2014).
 Safety needs:- such requirements require protection in all sorts of harmful factors, health
and security, regulation, peace and freedom from terror. Apple must have a safe
atmosphere free from any risks of physical and psychological damage. A safe workplace
climate offers a sense of protection that can boost the efficiency of workers by removing
both worries and risks. (laforet, 2016).
 Social needs:- once they get safety and security they demand social needs which means
interaction with society people such as friendship, acceptance, trust and believes that
satisfied employees. In apple, employer should focus on this and need to maintain good
relationship with employees which helps to give better performance.
 Esteem needs:- this element of maslow theory indicates achievement, self esteem,
respects and independence at the time of working which make feel good employees and
get complete the task in certain period of time. In context to apple, manager is required to
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provide esteem needs to people which can help to improve themselves and organisational
performance (balwant, 2018).
 Self-actualisation:- this need is related to self-actualisation of employees that involves
potential, personal growth and increasing learning which provides a high level of
motivation to employees. In apple, managers provide personal growth chances to people
which gives better level of motivation to workers and retain them in organisation for long
period.
Two factor theory:
It is that motivational which can be used by the organisation to motivate its employees.
This story is based on two types of factors which are directly related to the psychology of an
individual working within the organisation. In Relation to Apple, organisation can also use this
theory where classification of two factors are mentioned below:
Motivators: Motivator are those factors which include challenging work week organisation
of achievement responsibility opportunity to do something meaningful within the organisation as
well as other factors which are related to positive satisfaction among the individual and help
them in increasing the sentencing condition of motivation where they can perform their job in
more appropriate way by achievement and personal growth.
Hygiene factors: These are those factors which are related to demotivation but doesn't
impact on the motivation of individual working within the organisation. It means that these are
those factors which are helpful to maintain the working condition but are not the factor which
can motivate the motivation within an individual. It includes factors like job security, salary fried
benefits working conditions would pay and many more which are important for maintaining the
individual and proper working environment.
Task 3
Role of effective team in achievement of objectives
Team means collection of two and more than two people working in organisation for
giving their efforts which helps to perform activities effectively. In other words, a group of
individual who understand the needs of organisation and delegate the roles and responsibilities
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between employees and work accordingly which helps to improve the organisation productivity
(chumg and et. Al., 2016). In apple company, many employees are working collectively. In this
organisation, employers have delegated the work among employees by knowing their skills,
capabilities, performance and experience that helps to complete the work. Team has been
categorised in two types effective and ineffective team. Effective team consider those people
who have special type of knowledge, hard and soft skills and capabilities that helps in
organisational activities. In effective team means people who do not take interest in business
activities and also do not contribute in organisational activities.
Effective teams: Effective teams are best human assets for an organisation. This leads the
organisation to achieve his organisational goals. For running a company smoothly and in
effective manner we need effective teams in which every kind of skill set personal needed by
which the operations of organisation can work in effective manner by which we can produce
fruit full results.
Ineffective team: Ineffective teams are the major drawback behind the failure of an
organisation in the industrial market. Because the team who plans the strategy for organisation is
not effective then how they plan a good strategy for organisation to work in industrial market .In
ineffective teams the workers are focus on personal goals and lack of coordination among the
team members
Difference between effective and ineffective team are as defined:
Basis Effective team Ineffective team
Meaning This means when group of
people is consciousness about
organisational operation and
achievement of goals is
considered as effective team.
This means group of people who
avoid the operations and participation
in business activities that is
considered as ineffective team.
Open discussion In this, people who are in team
share or discuss their views and
ideas with in front of all which
improve organisational
productivity.
In this, collection of people think
about themselves and not share their
thoughts with other that give results
low productivity.
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Shapers They are playing a role of shaper
as they are assertive, dynamic,
outgoing and flexible who
focuses on organisational goals
and objectives.
They do not focuses on
organisational goals because they are
not assertive and dynamic who do not
accept the accept the challenges.
To understand the role of effective team in apple organisation which helps to improve the
business process and selling activities belbin typology is used that below:
Action oriented role
 Sharper- This means people who have capability, assertive and dynamic characteristics
which motivates people highly and desire to attain the business goals. These are people
who make things happen and handle the all obstacles. In apple, team members are
playing this role by handling and controlling the business activities.
 Implementer- This type of people is defined as systematic loyal, practical and
conservative who mainly focuses on goals and implement the plans which can help to
increase the business. In apple, team member are performing their roles by taking
responsibility and accountability of execution of business strategy (chang and et. Al.,
2016).
 Complete finisher- This means when people are defined as orderly completion of task,
painstaking, detail people helps in done the work by team. In apple, member work
effectively as manager balance between perfection and more practical outcome by done
the work (chumg and et. Al., 2016).
People oriented role
 Co-ordinator- These mainly descried as confident, calm, coordination and control that is
mature approach to complete task. In apple, manager focuses on team as whole controller
which helps to achieve shared goals of team and helps to maintain the good profitability.
 Team worker- This involves people who are sociable instead of generally sensitive that
supports people and boost the morale of employees that helps to whole individuals to
work in a team. In apple, manager delegate the roles and responsibilities of team so they
can work collectively and perform well.
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 Resource investigator- This contains enthusiastic, extroverted and curious people who
can use available resources optimally and marinating the organisational activities. In
apple, all people are responsible to use resources optimally by using their skills and
experience which helps to improve organisational productivity.
Cerebral roles
 Planet- This involves unorthodox, creative and individualistic that uses to solve the
problems and maintaining healthy relationship between employers and customers. The
manager of apple organisation is focusing on this roles and completing the task by
maintain good relationships (corfield and paton, 2016).
 Monitor evaluator- This is important role which is required to be played by people who
are working in organisation. This involves serious and prudent characteristics which can
help to monitor the performance and provide a sense of team equality. In apple, team
members identify new ideas and evaluate their performance by monitoring which helps to
bring changes according and maintain good performance. Specialist- This means person who are working in organisation should have special
knowledge and experience which help to decide goals and accomplish them. In apple,
employee are working collectively as they ensure all organisational targets has meet
properly which helps to improve profitability.
Team development theories
This model is used to improve the relationship between team and organisation so they can
work effectively and increase the organisational productivity. The management of apple
organisation are using team development theories in order to develop effective team which helps
to attain the business goals. To understand this team development model is used by management
that is defined below:
Bruce Tuckman's Model
 Forming- this is considered as first step of team development theory in which all people
introduced each other and evaluate their skills which helps to bring changes. This is used
by apple organisation as it bring changes by knowing interest and skills of their team
which helps to increase organisational efficiency (balwant, 2018).
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 Storming- this is difficult and stage which is used by people in apple organisation that
helps to overcome the obstacles and confusions in organisation. Moreover, manager solve
the conflicts in team that helps to maintain the team efficiency.
 Norming- in this stage, consensus develops leaders and employees effectively. In apple
organisation, team performance increases cooperation and emerging relationship which
motivates employees and maintain the good performance (elsmore, 2017). Performing- That is the phase where a member of the team has a realistic chance to
apply and perform their skills and expertise. Around this point, the team leader begins to
feel confident and self-sufficient, which increases their productivity and ability to achieve
the goal. In apple, team members are performing their activities by solving their problems
by completing task and meeting with organisational goals. Adjourning – This is last stage in which all goals of organisation have been
accomplished by maintaining actual performance. The management of apple are making
plans which come to an end and managing organisational performance.
Belbin's typology for effective team
Belbin has given 9 different team roles that specifically delivers information about
different range of job duties that staff members of an organisation like apple carries and all of
these are divided among three different categories and these are action-oriented rolls, thought
oriented roles and people oriented roles. It will be effective for Apple organisation to consider all
the roles and deliver information about the same to staff members while focusing on their on job
roles in order to perform much more effectively within the workplace and all these nine team
roles are presented underneath:
 1. The Monitor Evaluator (thought-oriented): In context to Apple, if the company will be
e carrying monitor evaluator then he or she may effectively considered different angles
and focus on various challenges that a project may carry and also pull out favourable
solutions to reach to the conclusion in much effective and efficient manner.
 2. The Specialist (thought-oriented): This is considered to be the individual who
specifically delivers expert advice within the team that would help Apple organisation to
reach to an effective position in a shorter period of time.
 3. The Plant (thought-oriented): Plants are free-thinkers and creative people who produce
original ideas and suggest innovative new ways of doing things in an organisation like
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Apple. As is the case with the other two thought-oriented roles, Plants prefer to work
alone.
 4. The Shaper (action-oriented): This is also considered to be another effective role which
has been played within the team in the organisation like apple. Shapers are extroverts
who tend to push themselves and others to achieve results.
 5. The Implementer (action-oriented): Implementers within the organisation like apple
specifically please an important role as the organizers who like to structure their
environments and maintain order.
 6. The Completer/Finisher (action-oriented): another name that can be given to
completers is finishers where is their role is to specifically improve the overall quality
and a sure each and everything is right on place at the time of delivering services to the
customers.

 7. The Coordinator (people-oriented): Another crucial role played within Apple what is
that to improve overall coordination among interpersonal with the help of effective
communication skills and these may specifically delivers information from one individual
to another.
 8. The Team Worker (people-oriented): This is also set to be an effective role which has
been given by Belbin in his theory, where team members or workers need to have good
listening skills as their role is to follow the instructions given by the leader.
 9. The Resource Investigator (people-oriented): This is considered to be the last role that
effectively place and important one with in a team when it comes to gain ample number
of competitive advantages by a company like apple. Resource Investigators are extroverts
who have a talent for networking. They are positive and enthusiastic people who like to
explore new opportunities and investigate new developments.
Task 4
Concepts and philosophies of ob including leadership style
Leadership is the activity which is used to motivate employees and completing the things
done in effective time. Apple is large size organisation is selling electronic items to customers by
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understanding their needs and wants which helps to increase the capabilities and business
performance. This is important for organisation to maintain a good behaviour and activities
effectively. To understand about this path goal theory is used by apple organisation that are as
defined:
Path goal theory – This is considered as philosophy which uses by organisation to
improve the motivation level and communication which helps to maintain the high productivity
and profitability. Apple is using path goal theory that is defined:
Conflicts – The production and performance of apple organisation is decreasing from last
2 years because of unclear responsibility of employees which confused them what they need to
do and how. This is important for organisation to solve this problem by using path goal theory.
Employee characteristics - At this point, it is the duty of the apple’s leader to consider or
analyse the preferences and desires of workers so that appropriate methods and techniques can be
implemented to encourage or inspire workers to increase their performance. Employee are highly
skilled, expertise and easily communicable which helps to improve the business performance
(darcy and manzi, 2017).
Task and environment characteristics: Community, politics and corporate strength are
the main features of the corporate environment. Apple’s members are responsible for building
and maintaining an optimal working climate and community by discussing and managing
workers' issues in a timely manner. In this manager of such organisation is required to talk with
employees and provide them a solution. A safe environment offers a strong workplace climate
and a greater incentive for workers who lead the way (gkorezis and petridou 2017).
Leadership behaviour or style- This process in target thinking approach is useful in
choosing or introducing the most effective leadership style in an company to provide workers
with the right guidance and inspiration. Kinds of leadership include a collaborative,
participatory, guidance and achievement-oriented style of leadership. The use of a participatory
model of leadership is ideally adopted for apple organisation to have an acceptable amount of
independence and engagement of employees in decision-making that offers more incentive and
trust for workers to enhance their results (gkorezis and petridou 2017). In this leadership style
manager share information with employees and participate in their activities by clearing their
responsibilities and problems which helps to achieve the organisational goals effectively.
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Conclusion
Through this report, it can be inferred that ob plays a vital role in the review of team and
individual activities that have a direct effect on the organization's success. Efficient workers are
the ones who carry out their job and meet the goal on time. Community, authority and policy
have a huge effect on employee and team behaviour. The use of reward analysis is used to test
the implementation and consequences of behavioural research. Usage of the tuckman project
growth model and the belbin project positions to build an successful squad. The job of the belbin
team offers details on 9 key positions to make the team successful.
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