INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1 P1 Organisation's culture, politics and power can influence individual team behaviour and performance.................................................................................................................................1 TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5 P2 Content and process theory of motivation..............................................................................5 TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8 P3 What make an team effective as opposed to an ineffective team...........................................8 TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11 P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisation behaviour.........................................................11 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12 REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................14
INTRODUCTION Organisational behaviour is related to study of human being act within group. Principles related to organisational behaviour are applied primarily for attempting business operations in more effective manner. There are several area of research such as increasing job satisfaction, improving job performance, promoting innovation, encouraging leadership and many more. In an organisation, behaviour of staff member is related to growth of company. This report is based on Marriott International which is part of hospitality industry founded in 1927 by J. Willard Marriott and Alice Marriott. Products offering by them are hotel and resort at worldwide level. Respective report will going to cover, organisation's culture, politics and power which influence team behaviour as well as performance. Along with this,Content and process theory of motivation will implement for encouraging staff members. Furthermore, deference between effective and ineffective team as well as concept and philosophies of organisational behaviour. TASK 1 P1 Organisation's culture, politics and power can influence individual team behaviour and performance In an organisation, culture, politics and power is the factor which influence behaviour and performance of individual as well as team. All these factors have wide impact on growth of company in negative as well as positive manner. Moreover, power is mean of influence which simply means that power can influence staff and their working behaviour. Manager have power inorganisationwhichinfluencebehaviourofstaffandguidetheminrightmannerfor accomplishing goals in effective manner. Power play essential role in controlling behaviour of personnel within organisation. Influence of power on individual and team– In company, manager use power for guiding and motivating staff with the motive of increasing productivity. Power provide assistant in completing task within desired manner and help manager is effective decision making. In this decision taken are related to growth and betterment of staff members. There are several theories related to power which influence behaviour of individual and team within Marriott International which are as follows:- Coercive power- Coercive is the power given to the individual with the objective of punishing, terminating any employee in the organisation. In Marriott International this 1
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power is assigned to managers and CEO (Ball, 2012). These powers are rarely used by the management with the hope of getting maximum output for the company by the employees. ï‚·Reward power- Itis the power given to the person with the objective of providing reward, training and development, promotions etc. In Marriott International Such power is used by Board of directors by taking the permission of CEO rewards can be given to theemployees(Chemers,2014).Ifthispowerisusedbythemanagementthen individuals will get motivated as this will help in increasing the skills and knowledge which will directly result in improving performance of the team. ï‚·Legitimate power- Legitimate power is the power which is given to the person according to the position in the organisation. The power of the CEO of Marriott International is legitimate power which gives the authority to put control over its employees. Use of such power will lead to proper control in the performance of the individual and the team. This is because the management will know how to control and manage the performance its employees and team. ï‚·Referent power- It means the power which is given in order to influence the working behaviour of other employees in the organisation. In Marriott International this power is used by the leaders to bring confidence among the employees related totheirwork performanceand loyalty in the organisation. Use of this will leadin increasing the performance of the team because the individuals will be loyal towards their work and organisation. Influence of politics on individual and team Organisational politics is described as the use of informal efforts or strategies which may affect the activities of business, selling the idea and attainment of power, etc. According to Chanlat political behaviour can be divided into three parts which are- decisional, personal and structural. Managers of Marriott International must take proper decisions and actions to control the political environment of the organisation so that the work of organisation can be maintained. The influences of politics on individuals and teams are discussed below- ï‚·Decrease in the productivity-It is seen that those employees who are engaged in the organisational politics are less concentrating towards work assigned to them which leads to a negative impact on the organisation (Deckers, 2018). Employees who are more 2
interestedinfindingthemistakesofothersdirectlyaffectstheperformanceand productivity of teams. And the individual performance will also be affected as the person will be less concentrating. ï‚·Spoils the Ambience- Politics in the organisation leads to negative environment and mismanagement in the organisation. It spoilsthe relationship of the superior and subordinate and also with other employees in the organisation. Influence of culture on individual and team-These arethe factor which defines the norms, values of the organisation and these are to be followed by the individuals. In A.M Holding Ltd culture is established by employees and organisation(Dolan, J. and et. al., 2017). Work culture of Marriott International can be described through Handy's cultural typology model- This model directs organisation to follow some specified culture with values and norms that Marriott International can apply. It is divided into four parts- ï‚·Power culture- It is assigned to superior having centralised control on their employees. In Marriott International very less members have this power to control its employees. Use of this type of culture will increase the performance of the individual as experienced person will have this power. ï‚·Role culture- It is concerned with roles and responsibilities that employees have in the organisation. In Marriott International managers play a important role in giving roles and responsibilities to the employees. These are given on the basis of skills and knowledge. Individual having skills will get this. So this will bring self confidence in the individual. ï‚·Person culture- In this recognition of employees is done by giving them opportunities to show talent. In Marriott International this motivates employees to share the new and innovative ideas. With this company achieve competitive advantage. If such type of opportunities are given to the individuals than they will provide new ideas for team which will positively impact the team and individuals performance (El-Maghrabi and et. al., 2018).ï‚·Task culture- In this the major focus is on motivating and influencing employees to work and give best output. In Marriott International the major priority is team spirit which increases the productivity and performance of the team and desired goals are achieved in a efficient manner. The individual will also be motivated by this as the focus will be on giving the best output. 3
Impact of power, culture and politics on individual and team behaviour and performance Individualbehaviourand performance Teambehaviourand performance PowerIn an organisation, when task are allotted by manager to their employees in proper manner. Then it will effect individual behaviour in negative manner as well as allotted task are also not completed within required duration. Thus, it is important for manager of analyse skill in effective manner then allocate task. Whenexcessivepoweris exercised on the individuals by themanagers,their performance will reduce which will also impact their working behaviour. Due to the reduced performance of individuals, the team performance will also be negativelyimpactedwhich will also create dissatisfaction in their working behaviour. CultureWhen the power are assigned towrongpersons,thenthey canchangetheworking environment and culture of the firmwhichwillleadsto dissatisfactionamongthe individuals behaviour as it is noteasytoadapttonew culture instantly. This will also negativelyimpacttheir performance as they have to changetheirworkingstyle which also leads to delay in work. Whenthecultureofafirm changes,theindividualsand teamsalsoneedstomake changes in their working style which will negatively impact their performance. And when theperformanceofthe individualsandteams decreases, then their working behaviourwillalsoget influencedastheyhaveto changetheirworkingstyles and their predetermined goals cannot be executed in a timely manner. PoliticsWhen the individuals involvesWhen the individuals in a team 4
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inthepoliticsofthe organisation,theirefficiency andperformancewillbe negativelyimpactedasthey takes part in the unproductive activities.Duetothis involvement,theirbehaviour alsogetsimpactedastheir performancemaynotbe satisfactory which will leads to dissatisfactionamongtheir behaviour towards the work. engages in the office politics, theirperformancedecreases whichwillalsoreducethe teamperformanceand efficiency. Due to this reduced performanceandefficiency, theirbehaviourtowardsthe firm and their work will also changewhichwillcreate dissatisfaction in their working behaviour. TASK 2 P2 Content and process theory of motivation Motivation is important aspect within organisation as it help in accomplishing pre- determined goals as well as objectives. When staff member get motivated their work and interest get influenced in positive manner. Within this process manager and leader play important role because if they get motivated in proper manner then only goals will accomplishing in better manner. There are several theory of motivation which divided in content and process explanation of these are as follows :- Content Theory– These theory of motivation explain that why human need get change with time. There are several theories included in content such asMaslow's hierarchy of need explanation are as follows :- Maslow's hierarchy of needs Theory -Maslow's hierarchy of need is basically a motivational theory which was first formulated by Abraham Maslow in the year 1940. According to his theory, individuals are motivated by five categories of needs such as physiological or biological needs, safety and security, love and belongings, esteem and self actualization. These level of 5
needs are demonstrated as hierarchical level in the form of pyramid. Maslow's hierarchy of needs for JW Marriot are: Illustration1: Maslow's hierarchy of needs Source:The Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s Model of Motivation.2018 Physiological needs:These are the most important and prior needs for an individual. They are at the base of pyramid which means they include the basic fundamental needs for survival such as food, cloths, water, air, shelter etc. The respective company should provideallthebasicnecessitiesoftheiremployees.Theyshouldfulfilallthe physiological needs of their employees such as water. Food, healthy environment etc. So they can work effectively and efficiently. Safety needs:The company environment should be safe and free from conflicts and disputes. The company should give job assureity to their employees to give them job security and stability so that they can work properly without having a doubt of getting terminated by higher authorities. Love and belongings:This is the third basic needs of employees according to the Maslow hierarchy of needs. The internal environment of the respective company should be healthy. There should be healthy interactions between collogues and company like JW Marriott should motivate their employees to work freelywithout taking any pressure or stress. 6
Esteem needs:Employees of the company must be provided with appraisals and promotions. JW Marriott should motivate their employees by giving them rewards and promotions so that employees could work with more enthusiasm. Self actualization: Self actualization are the needs in which person tends to achieve their respective goals. They actually realizes their calibre that they deserves much more of whattheyaredoing.Insuchcasescompanyshouldsupporttheiremployeesby motivating them and providing them resources which they can utilize to build their self- esteem and to achieve their goals. Process Theory–This is system of ideas which explain that how an entity changes as well as develop. Vroom expectancy is one of process theory explanation of this are as follows :- Vroom's expectancy theory- In an organisation, employees play a most important role who provide their effective contribution in business development practices. They put their efforts to perform well in order to attain desired results easily. Vroom theory aid in determining factors that motivates them the most. These aspects are mentioned below as: Expectancy: It denotes the belief of employees about their own effort in order to perform well for their responsibilities. This expectation is the level of difficulty that they experience at the time of performing task. Thus, organisation requires to identify factors that motivate employees to deliver quality performance in organisation. Instrumentality: It is defining mind set of employees that if they perform well so that valuedoutcomewillbereceived.Thus,organisationrequirestoprovidebetter performance outcomes to their employees so that they feel motivated towards other further responsibilities. For this organisation can use different practices as performance appraisal, rewards, promotions and so on. Valence: As per this aspect, individual have different values that they place on a particular outcome as per their preferences. Therefore, firm requires to identify priority of individual’s in order to enhance their motivation level easily.Through this, organisation can enhance their performance criteria and can attain desired outcomes easily. 7
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TASK 3 P3 What make an team effective as opposed to an ineffective team Team is the term defined as group of people with different skills and knowledge which are needed for completing allotted task as well as job role within effectual manner. In an organisationteamplayimportantroleforaccomplishingtheirpredeterminedgoalsand objectives. Moreover, with the assistance of team or group different activities performed in effective manner and result in achieving their goals. Team is divided within two one is effective and another is ineffective explanation of these are as follows :- Effective team is important for an organisation because it help in achieving goals and objectives of company by managing task in appropriate manner. They are most important part of an organisation because they help in its growth as well as development. Thus, Marriott International focus on designing team more effectively because it result in its growth and development. Below mention are some characteristics of effective team explanation are as follows :- Establish company's goal– In an organisation effective team is that which help in accomplishing goals and objective of Marriott International in effective manner. In addition to this, effective team are those which assist manager of respective company in managing their each and every task within proper manner. Clear purpose– Effective team in company have their clear goals as well as motive of doing work. These team know what are their major motives as well as purpose towards organisation and how these will accomplish. On the other hand, there is also ineffective team which have lack of communication, poor leadership, negativity, lack of focus and many more. Such team result in dis-balance within day to day activities of Marriott Hotel and they have some characteristics also explanation of these are as follows :- Errors and negativity– In working of infective team there are several errors which occur as well as develop negativity and demotivation within staff members. Thus, it is important for manager of Marriott to develop team in effective manner so that their will be no chances of errors. Job distribution– In effective team work distribution is not done in proper manner according to the skills and knowledge of staff. Task are allocated randomly such practices 8
give negative impact on Marriott International employees because some may go through heavy workload and others might not. Thus, it disturb overall working respective company. In organisation team play essential role in accomplishing goals and objectives. As there is wide difference within effective and ineffective team explanation of these are as follows :- 9
AspectsEffective teamIneffective team ObjectivesAneffectiveteamhasa particularobjectivewhichis wellunderstoodbyallthe team members. Anineffectiveteamdoesn't have a clear objective and face difficulties to understand tasks and goals of the organization. Working EnvironmentThe working environment of the effective team is relaxed and informal. The team works without any pressure. Theworkingenvironmentis usually stiff and tensed. The membersoftheteamare mostly under pressure. Members ContributionIt includes group discussions in which all the members of theteamparticipateand discussrelevantpointsto achieve their tasks. It does not include any serious groupdiscussions.Onlyfew people are tend to dominate the discussionsandmostlyend with irrelevant points. Decision makingTheyusuallyreachtoa consentagreementinwhich generalagreementalways takes into action. They try to avoid formal voting to reach any conclusions. Actions are taken immaturely. Real issues and discussions are mostlyoverlookedbythe team.Decisonsaremostly made through formal voting. Conflicts ResolutionsAn effective team always tries toavoidconflictsbetween teammembersandtakes disagreements sportingly. Disagreementsaremostly consider as demotivation to the team members, they never take themsportinglyandtheend discussionturnintodisputes among team members.
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Belbin model of team– By this model it has been identified that team role as an tendency to behave as well as contribute others in appropriate manner. With the assistance of Belbin team development model manager of Marriott International will be able to build team in appropriate manner. By knowing opportunities and strength it become easy to predict strength success. There are various role in this model explanation are as follows :-Plant: These member play important role within organisation as they are responsible for implementation of effective tool as well as technique which are undertaken while conducting operational activities in effectual manner. As well provide assistance in accomplishing predetermined targets.Resource allocator: In this, manager need proper fund, staff members and essential resources which assist in performing assigned task or activities in effective manner. For attaining the same, manager provides resources to employees with the motive of effective executing business activities.Co-ordinator:It is essential role in that manager of company provide information to staff members and make them aware related to objectives. Along with this, give guidance for accomplishing goals and objectives. Shaper:Itinvolvesresponsibilitiesgiventogroupmemberswiththemotiveof performing activities in effectual manner. With the assistance of shaper role, manager of team analyse performance of employees working within team in easy manner. TASK 4 P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisation behaviour Path goaltheory is based on specifying leadership style and behaviour which is appropriate for the employee and the organisation. The main motive behind this is to increase the employees motivation and satisfaction level. This leadership theory brings the maximum output from the employees. Path goal theory can help Marriott International in knowing the characteristics and activities of the employees . The organisation will analyses the capabilities of its employees. So that they are able to deal the challenges in the effective and efficient manner. This theory will guide Marriott International in making best decisions for its employees and maintaining a adequateworkculture.Thiswillpromotemotivationamongtheemployees.Marriott 11
International must use participative leadership style which will direct management to know views and feedback of their employees. Classification of path goal theory- Employeescharacteristics-Itwillhelpemployeesinhavingspecificskillsand capabilities according to the needs and requirements. The manager of Marriott International must motivate their employees by guiding them properly. The organisation must know the needs and demands of its employees to motivate them. Task and environmental characteristics- It focuses on identifying the major issues faced by the employees at the workplace. It will also help the managers of Marriott International in solving and overcoming those issues in the best possible manner. The problems will give negative impact on the employees of Marriott International And the organisational goals will not be achieved. Leadership styles-leadership styles helps the leader or manager in guiding and monitoring the employees of the organisation. There are various styles to lead and guide people. They are discussed below- ï‚·Participative style- Participative style offer guidance to the employees of Marriott International and also encourages them to involve in teamwork so that input can be drawn from the employees and the effectiveness of decision is increased. It is considered as a positive leadership style because the employees of Marriott International will have self confidence among them and will also have a sense of belongingness towards the organisation. ï‚·Directive style- In this style the leader takes decisions on their own without the interference of its employees. This is considered as negative leadership style because if the managers of Marriott International will adopt this then the employees may be dissatisfied and demotivated towards their work . This is because they are not being involved in the decision making process in the organisation. This may also lead to increase in employee turnover and absenteeism. CONCLUSION Aftergoingthroughabovediscussionithasbeensummarisedthat,organisation behaviour play important role in growth and development of company. Along with this it is 12
important to have positive atmosphere within company as it help in conducting day to day operations within effective manner. Moreover, it will assist in providing healthy working environment to staff as well as encourage them in performing task in effectual way. Apart from this, each and every corporation have their own power, politics and culture which have negative or positive both type of impact on company and staff performance. Moreover, motivation is necessary so motivational theories utilise for that which have positive impact on encouraging staff members. 13
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