Annotated Bibliography and Organisational Culture Analysis

The provided assignment is an annotated bibliography that delves into the realm of organisational culture, behaviour, and leadership theories. It covers a range of topics, including Path Goal Theory, Handy's Model of Organisational Culture, Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, and more. The bibliography also touches upon key concepts such as motivation, trust in organisations, and prosocial organisational behaviour. By examining these theoretical frameworks and studies, students can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding organisational culture and behaviour.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1.................................................................................................................................................3
P1. Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance.............................................................................................................3
TASK 2.................................................................................................................................................5
P2. Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable
effective achievement of goals in an organisational context...........................................................5
TASK 3.................................................................................................................................................7
P3. Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team................................7
TASK 4.................................................................................................................................................9
P4. Apply concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisational
context and a given business situation.............................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
In modern era, organisational behaviour is said to the part which is related to the activities of
management, that is linked to predictions, understandings and other. These factors are those which
can affect the behaviours of employees working in an organisation. A David & Co. Limited is one
of the leading organisation in world, the use to deal in food and beverage sector. They use to
provide food items like milk products, bakery items, cheese, breads vegetables and other( Ashenden
and Sasse, 2013). This report will help in studying the affect of culture in organisation over
performance of a team and individual. Along with this, theories of motivation will get discussed,
and at last various philosophies will get discussed along with concepts of organisational behaviour.
TASK 1
P1. Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance.
Organisational behaviour is defined as the study of human behaviour which are working in
an organisation culture. The reason behind of increasing this behaviour in organisation is to
encourage and motivate employees, so that the organisational engagement can get increased.
Creating job satisfaction can help an organisation in making positive business environment for each
and every organisation. The individual behaviour and team in organisation can get affected by the
power, culture, politics and other elements. A David and Co. Limited is one of the biggest
organisation in the world and they use to provide their products and services in food and beverage
sector. It was founded in 1896 and today they are producing about 40,000 flavours and food colour
(Carlos Pinho, Paula Rodrigues and Dibb, 2014). Handy culture model can be used by A David and
Co. Limited, so that they can understand the working culture.
Source : Factors affecting organisational culture. 2019
Illustration 1: organisational culture

Organisational culture : Some factors like values, assumptions and beliefs are used for governing
the over all behaviour of their employees. It has been identified that the environment of organisation
put a huge impact on the performance and thinking of an individual. Here, A David and Co. Limited
can use Charles handy typology's components so that they can identify the behaviour of their staff
members, Which is a beneath :-
1. Power Culture : This is very commonly used business culture between small level
businesses. The distribution of power in this take place between selected persons like, CEO,
top level manager or leader of a business company ( Carlos Pinho, Paula Rodrigues and
Dibb, 2014). According to this, the decision for A David and Co. Limited is being taken by
the members of Board of Directors. The job roles and responsibilities to employees are
given the senior authority of them, and this task take place according to their skills. This all
help them in attaining their goals and objectives in effective manner. A David and Co.
Limited uses French and raven technique in their power, which have following description :-
 Expertise Power : This is where organisation divide the among only in those who have
good knowledge and are expert in some field. A David and Co. Limited us this, so that
their organisation get controlled by only those who are knowledgeable. Referent Power : In this, the power get divided into them who are very gentle and
attractive in nature. A David and Co. Limited use this, so that the power get divided in
them who can represent the organisation.
2. Task Culture : It is very important for an organisation to complete their tasks, so that they
can gain their gaols and objectives in proper manner. A David and Co. Limited use to adopt
this culture, as this help them in gaining their small targets, by which they can achieve their
long term goals and objectives.
3. Role culture : This is a culture of organisation, where manager of department or
Illustration 2: Handy’s Model of Organisational culture. 2019

organisation use to give knowledge about the roles and responsibilities which the employees
have to play in order to attaining their as well as organisational targets. A David and Co.
Limited use this, as it lead them to reduce the risk in their organisation ( Coccia and
Cadario, 2014). As, every individual in this have clear set of authorities which they have to
follow in organisation.
4. Person Culture : This is a culture in organisation, where each and every individual is full of
skills and all of think themselves as superior to one another. This can help A David and Co.
Limited by making an effective team in work place, which is full of abilities and can take
decisions by their own.
For achieving their goals and objective in most effective manner, A David and Co. Limited
can adopt task culture in their business, which can help them in gaining small targets and task of
organisation. This help individuals and organisation to attain their long term goals and objectives
for development.
Impact of culture : There are ample number of positive and negative impacts of that organisation
have to face, these are as follow :-
 Positive impact : When organisation become equal for each and every employee of them, it
help staff in improving their skills and knowledge. This all then help employees by
improving their work, by which they can attain their goals and objectives also help in
gaining the targets of organisation. A David and Co. Limited can use different strategies like
promotion and financial appraisals for motivating their employees, so that their performance
get improved.
 Negative impact : It is very much important for A David and Co. Limited to apply proper
and best concept of organisation culture, so that their employees can get help in improving
their performance. As adopt a wrong culture can harm them by reducing their productivity
and also can reduce their profitability.
Impact of politics : Some time for gaining extra profit, members of top management in organisation
fix themselves in some illegal or unethical activities ( Coccia, 2014). In other words, it can be said
as unauthorised efforts made by top management like, BOD, managers or CEO of organisation for
increasing their profit. Positive and negative impact of this are as beneath :-
 Positive impact : For an employee who give some innovative idea to organisation like A
David and Co. Limited, it is very important that their idea get executed in organisation. As
this also help that employee in building confidence.

 Negative impact : Some time, it is possible that for taking A David and Co. Limited at
different manager and leader can use the personal data or customers, which can cause them
fix in some illegal activities and cases.
Power in organisation : Power is the activity which manager and leader use for motivating their
employees, so that they can work proper for gaining their goals and objectives ( De Vasconcelos,
Gouveia and Kimble, 2016, July). Manager and leader of A David and Co. Limited can use Reward
power, where employees get reward for their good performance along with this, for punishing
employees who are not performing well, manager and leader of A David and Co. Limited can use
Coercive power in their organisation. This have some positive and negative impact, which are as
follow :-
 Positive impact : This help manager and leaders to enhance the motivation level of their
employees, so that they can improve their performance.
 Negative impact : It is not easy for every one to complete the tasks, due to which they can
get demotivated also their performance also get affected by this.
Face of power by Steven Lukes :-
According to Steven Lukes, there are three faces of power which are as follow :-
1. Issue : This is a method where, people who has ability of winning arguments and issues have
power. A David and Co. Limited have many employees who have abilities to win these type
of conditions.
2. Agenda : This is the method, where power give be associated with one who can set the
agenda. In this A David and Co. Limited have to give power to employees who can
understand the topic of agenda and can fix it.
3. Manipulation : This is the face, where power is being given to one who can manipulate the
mind set of one person, and make them work who are not willing to do it. A David and Co.
Limited have leaders with capabilities, that lead them to change the opinion of one person
and make them work.
From the above given data, it has been concluded that, organisation like A David and Co.
Limited can use different theories which can help them in maintaining their culture of organisation,
so that they can perform their tasks and operations in effective manner.

TASK 2
P2. Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable
effective achievement of goals in an organisational context.
It is very essential for an organisation to hire and train their employees in effective manner,
so that they can achieve their goals and objectives. For A David and Co. Limited also, it is very
much required to train and motivate their employees so that the performance of their employees get
improved and they can achieve their goals and objectives. For motivating their employees, A David
and Co. Limited use different motivational theories, which are as follow :-
1. Content theory : This is a type of motivational theory where, organisation like A David and
Co. Limited have to understand the most important needs of their employees, for which they
are working. Then they have to fulfil those requirements of employees, so that employees
get happy and their focus towards work get increased ( Harper, Randall and Rouncefield,
2012). This will help them in increasing the employee engagement and also motivate other
employees for performing well. Doing all this will help organisation in achieving their goals
and objectives.
i. Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation: This is a theory of motivation which was
proposed by Frederick Herzberg, and this theory was also known as motivation-hygiene
theory. According to the philosopher, there are several factor which can help employees
in satisfying themselves and also help in reducing dissatisfaction of employees. These
factors as beneath :-
 Hygiene factor : This one of the most basic factor which is used by organisations
for motivating their employees, as this also help them in changing their thoughts
and thinking towards organisation ( Hashim and Wok, 2014). This also help them
in improving their performance in the favour of organisation. For adopting this, A
David and Co. Limited have to study the psychological needs of their employees
and have to fulfil them. These needs include, job security, interpersonal relations
and physical working condition of employees. This all will help organisation to
improve the happiness level of employees which lead to improvements in
performance.
 Motivational factor : This is an another most important factor, by which
organisation like A David and Co. Limited can motivate their employees, so that
their performance and productivity can get increased. In this organisation have to
identify the factors and issues which are affecting their performance and then
have to provide proper solution for it. This will help employees in reducing their

problems and also help in motivating towards work.
Illustration 3: Herzberg's Theory
Source: Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation, 2018
2. Process theory : This is the theory of motivation where, organisations have to study the
different needs of their employees and then have to fulfil them. This theory is based on
different perspective, which is required to study for organisation, in this behaviour of
employees is one of the most important factor for organisation ( Hyde, Harris and Boaden,
2013). A David and Co. Limited can use different process theory in their business which are
as follow :-
i. Lockey's theory of motivation : This theory of motivation was given by Edwin Locke. It
is also known as goal setting theory. In this, manager of organisation use to identify the
key factors which they can use for motivating their employees. For manager of A David
and Co. Limited, it is very important for them to provide proper information to their
employees regarding their job responsibilities. This will help them in improving the
performance of their employees, and also help in motivating them. This all lead an
organisation to achieve their goals and objectives in effective manner.
ii. Equity theory : This is a theory of motivation where, it is very much required for leader
of organisation like A David and Co. Limited to provide equal sources to each and every
employee and subordinates, so that they can perform well.
 Positive impact : Help employees in building their confidence over themselves and
on their work
 Negative impact : The performance of every individual get monitored by themselves,

which can lead them in getting negative reviews by their own by comparing to other.
Along with this, leaders of A David and Co. Limited can also use some techniques of
motivation in their organisation, which are as follow :-
1. Trust on them : This is one of the most effective method of motivation which A David and
Co. Limited can use in their organisation, as this says that it is very important for a leader to
to trust their employees and let them do what they want. This help an organisation to get
some innovation in their working style and in their operations.
2. Be transparent : For motivating employees, it is required for an organisation like A David
and Co. Limited to make transparency in their working process. This lead employees to get
complete knowledge that what are their role in organisation and what they have to do. This
lead them performing in better manner and also help them in feeling motivated.
3. Rewards : This is a method which is used by many organisations like A David and Co.
Limited so that they can improve the performance of their employees and also motivate
them. In this, they use to provide required rewards to their employees according to their
performance and according to the feedbacks given to their work.
Above are the mentioned techniques which organisation like A David and Co. Limited can
use, so that they can motivate their employees in effective manner. This also help them in
improving the skills of their employees, so that they can perform in better manner and can achieve
their goals and objectives. For motivating their employees, A David and Co. Limited can use the
techniques of motivation like Trust on employees, transparency in organisation along with rewards
for employees and other.
TASK 3
P3. Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team.
Employees are the most essential part for an organisation, therefore, it is very important for
very entity to use their resources in best manner so that they can achieve their goals and objectives
on time. For doing so, it is required for A David and Co. Limited to make effective divisions in their
teams. This all will improve the interaction between employees and also for this, top management
of organisation have to make strategies and plans. This will help employees in increasing their
engagement with organisation and also help in improvement to their performance, so that they can
attain long term goals and objectives of organisation. There are several types of teams which are as
follow :-
1. Effective team : In this, team members have very clear gaol which they have to achieve,
along with this a proper communication take place between top management and
employees. Here, team members have to work together for attaining the goals and objectives

of their head.
2. Ineffective team : This is a team where, collaboration between top management and
employees is not proper and employees also do not aware to their goals and objectives. In
this team, conflicts and disputes are common conditions which lead to disagreements
between them ( Kazemipour and Mohd Amin, 2012). Therefore, it is not easy for any one to
work proper and attain the goals and objectives of their organisation.
Comparison between effective and ineffective teams :-
Effective team Ineffective team
 Performance of every member is
interdependent on each other, which
poses positive impact on employees
engagement ( Muchiri, Cooksey and
Walumbwa, 2012).
 Goals are clearly elaborated by leaders
and managers, so that employees give
their best and can adopt change easily.
 A two way communication is created
between employees and leader or
manager of organisation, which increases
the efficiency of system.
 Here, decisions are made by knowing the
point of views of all the employees
working in organisation.
 Leaders and manager are not able to gain
interdependence in organisation, which
lead to failure of system.
 The goals of organisation get forcefully
assigned over employees, as they do not
get explained about the roles and
responsibilities they have to play.
 Only a one way communication take
place, where employees have to follow
the steps given by leaders and managers
of organisation ( Robbins, and et. al,
2013).
 Authority of taking decision is only with
the person who is most powerful in
organisation.
For developing effective team, A David and Co. Limited can use Tuckman's team
development model, which is as beneath :-
1. Forming : It is the first stage where employees in A David and Co. Limited get detail
information about their roles and responsibilities which they have to play while completing
the task.
2. Storming : At this stage, employees in A David and Co. Limited use to put their plans and
ideas for completing the task, and can cause to conflicts between them.

3. Norming : It is the stage where, employees of A David and Co. Limited get agreed on a final
and have to follow that for completing the task and for attaining the goals ( Thomson and
Van Niekerk, 2012).
4. Performing : This the second last stage of this, here employees are trying to performing
with their best on the task and also try to achieve their goals and objectives.
5. Adjourning : It is the last stage of this model, where leader of A David and Co. Limited will
monitor their teams and then make changes to their plans and strategies which are required
for them for future benefits.
TASK 4
P4. Apply concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisational context
and a given business situation.
Some industries have pre identified objectives for which it operates or these can be received
only by the effective efforts from team. Here, it is essential for A David & Co. have a good team
structure that will be virtual. Thus, it is vitally necessary for managers to provide guidelines and
direction to continue assigned work or project apart from this it is also necessary information about
the decided goals ( Wang and Ritchie, 2012). In regard of this leaders should motivate team
members and price or reward must be given for their working performance. There are some factors
which are followed by managers:
Integrity : This factor analyses on generating an ethical climate for people working in an
organization as per the strengthen internal relationships. It is a part of leadership that is provided by
leaders and it is important to the success of any business entity. It is the very basic need of
fundamental that employees find.
Responsibility : It is very important component where manager assign task or projects. Here,
manager delegate roles and responsibilities according to the talents, skills, capabilities and ability to
work. According to this is also important to shape or design the structure of the team in order to
evaluation of effectiveness.
Path goal leadership theory : It is the important theory was generated by Robert J. house,
he is an expert in the field of management and leadership. According to the writer, a leaders has a
duty to analyse goals clearly to each and every member in a team or give directions to achieve
them. An effective communication is the key for maintain a coordination between individual and
team efforts ( Weng, and et. al, 2015). It helps in reducing errors that are occurs in members
communication to reach their objectives. Moreover, It defines leader's behaviour that will be
accepted by workers. It is useful when team has lost encouragement and directions. Through this

concept this theory is useful to complete goals and objectives within the given time.
Figure 1 Path goal theory, 2018.
Employee Characteristics : It refers to the evaluation performance for employees. Hence,
there are some duties and division of work by A David & Co. should be done according to the each
and every individual performance. Therefore, manager or leader must motivate to their employees
to accomplish the goals within the given period of time.
Task and Environmental Characteristics : It refers to the team that can work efficiently
without any issues but only when team have support from their leader. An organization, assure that
their workers have sufficient support together with full of resources in order to fulfil their targets in
a effective manner.
Leadership styles : There are different types of leadership styles have been given below:
Directive : The leader of an organization should provide direction under directive style
( Wong, Wong and Ngo, 2012). It helps in creating a coordination which will maximise the overall
effectiveness of an organization. Therefore, its provide in a specific way which can achieved goals
easily.
Supportive : According to this leadership style, A David & Co. will support their workers by
motivating them to use their ways for the attainment of industry goals. It also helps in improve work
performance of employees.
Participative : In this style of leadership company should assure actively participation of
team members. It will increase employees level of confidence through the get an opportunity to
share their thoughts, which can be helpful for decision-making process.
Achievement : Leaders adopt this style for give much more importance to their reward
system of an organization. Managers of a company should determined the employees work
performance against standard fixed by the company ( Wood, and et. al, 2012). If employees gives

better performance above the set criteria, they must be rewarded.
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it has been concluded that organisational behaviour is on of the most
important factor for an organisation that can build or break them. The organisation culture can get
affected by several factors and these factors can also affect their productivity and profitability. Also,
there are several theories which managers and leaders of organisation use for motivating their
employees. Also, effective team can be made by members who are responsible for their job and
roles.

REFERENCES
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unstable growth of human resources. International Journal of Services Technology and
Management. 20(4-6). pp.251-266.
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Hashim, J. and Wok, S., 2014. Predictors to employees with disabilities’ organisational behaviour
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Hyde, P., Harris, C. and Boaden, R., 2013. Pro-social organisational behaviour of health care
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3130.
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Muchiri, M.K., Cooksey, R.W. and Walumbwa, F.O., 2012. Transformational and social processes
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