Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3 TASK 1...........................................................................................................................................3 P1Evaluatehoworganisationalpower,culture&politicsinfluenceperformanceand behaviour of team as well as individual......................................................................................3 M1 Critically examine how power, culture and politics of a business entity influence performance and behaviour of team and individual....................................................................5 TASK 2...........................................................................................................................................5 P2 Assess how process & content theory attain goals and objectives of an organisation..........5 M2 Critically measure application of these theories influence others behaviour.......................7 TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7 P3 Discuss what makes a team effective and ineffective............................................................7 M3 Examine effective theories of team development.................................................................9 TASK 4...........................................................................................................................................9 P4 Apply various philosophies and concepts of organisational behaviour in context of organisation.................................................................................................................................9 M4 Investigate and measure how concepts & philosophies influence behaviour in positive as well as negative manner............................................................................................................10 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11 Book & Journals........................................................................................................................11
INTRODUCTION OB or Organisational behaviour is define as the study of individuals behaviour within an organisation which takes place in different situations arise at workplace. Major purpose behind conducting a study on organisational behaviour is to examine the relationship among staff members of the business entity. It is an assignment where Marks & Spencer is chosen as the base company which is a British multinational retailer company(Chan and Lai, 2017). It is the company which is founded in the year 1884 by Michael Marks & Thomas Spencer. Company deals food items, clothing and home products. It is the report which includes a discussion about various theories, concepts and philosophies which influences the behaviour of individual as well as team. Along with this it includes different motivational theories which encourages staff members working within the workplace. TASK 1 P1 Evaluate how organisational power, culture & politics influence performance and behaviour of team as well as individual. Organisational culture define as a behaviour, attitude and values of an individual and organisation which provide contribution to perform task in an effective manner. It is the factor which includes expectations, experiences, philosophy as well as values of an organisation due to which employees level of satisfaction remain positive. In order to attain desired results, Marks & Spencer have effective organisational culture. For this, managers use Handy's typology which are going to be discussed as follows: Handy's typology It is defined as one of the most effective and beneficial model as it assist in examining the culture of an organisation in an effective manner.According to Handy's Typology there are majorly 4 main types of culture which will assist the management team in order to attain there goals and objective within given time frame(Conard and et. al, 2016).In the present context of Marks & Spencer, all these elements are going to be discussed in an effective manner: Role culture:It is define as a type of culture where managers and leaders of the company hold the authority and responsibilities in order to assign duties, jobs and work to individual person working within the organisation. With theassistance of sense of encouragement,
employees will be able to produce positive result within given time frame. This as a result, assist them in order to perform their work in an effective manner within given time frame. Task culture:This is define as a type of culture where managers develop various groups in order to resolve disputes and conflicts arise within the organisation. With the help of this culture, organisation will be able to gain support from their staff members in order to create positive environment within the organisation(Dedahanov, Rhee and Yoon, 2017). Personculture:Accordingtothisculture,employeesofthecompanyconsider themselves as the superior and start enhancing self growth rather than team development. Execution of team culture within the business entity might affect there overall performance and profitability at the competitive marketplace. Power culture:It is define as a type of culture where power is limited to only the top management authority of the company. This as a result assist in positive manner as decisions will be taken within limited time frame but on the other hand it reduces the level of motivation within the employees of Marks & Spencer. With the help of above mentioned discussion, it has been concluded that management team of Marks & Spencer might use role culture so that they can enhance teams as well as individuals in order to enhance their overall profitability. With the help of enhanced motivational level, employees will be able to attain their pre defined goals in an effective manner. Politics It can be regarded as the dissemination or various conflicts which occur in companies because of power. This affects the overall behavioural conduct of individuals and groups in a very adverse manner(Halbesleben and Wheeler, 2015). Marks & Spencer, can have a positive politics which helps them in having flexible practises at workplace, rotational shifts, timely feedback is being taken from employees, paid leaves medical leaves are provided to them. This enhances the overall level of performance of employees. Negative politics can occur in form of discrimination, partiality, stereo types, biasness on part of company etc. In the context of Marks & Spencer positive politics helps in motivating employees and helping them in attainment of long term objectives of company. Power
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It is considered as one of the most effective method where top management authority of the company takes effective decisions in order to achieve organisational goals and objectives of the company. In the present context of Marks & Spencer, there are basically two types of power which are going to be discussed as follows: Reward power:In this context, business entity measures the performance of individuals and team in order to provide them rewards. With the help of this power within the workplace of Marks & Spencer, it will assist in motivating staff members. This as a result, increase the level of productivity as well as performance of employees(Harvey, Bolino and Kelemen, 2018). Coercive power:It is define as a type of power which is used by the managers of Marks & Spencer. With the assistance of thismanagers of the company perform their business functions in an effective manner by making usage of force or threats. Therefore, in such cases staff members feel demotivated as they have to perform all the task against their will. With the assistance of above discussion, managers of Marks & Spencer use reward power so that they can encourage their staff members on a regular basis in order to attain organisational objectives within given time frame. M1Criticallyexaminehowpower,cultureandpoliticsofabusinessentityinfluence performance and behaviour of team and individual. TheexecutionofpowercultureinsideMarks&Spencerwoulddepreciatethe productiveness of individuals as well as teams which affect the whole performance of behaviour in a negative way. Furthermore, negative politics such as partiality, demotion, bias, affects the overall performance and profitability of the company in a negative manner. On the other hand, enforcement of coercive power leads to reduce the outcome which creates conflict within the organisation. TASK 2 P2 Assess how process & content theory attain goals and objectives of an organisation. Motivation defines as a procedure which assist in influencing individuals behaviour, attitude and mindset so that they can perform their task in an effective manner and help in attaining goals and objectives. It is considered as one of the most positive process which assist in changing the behaviour of individual so that they can create required outcome(Khalid and
Ahmed, 2016). Further, motivation is categorised into two parts which includes intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Intrinsic MotivationExtrinsic Motivation It is define as a type of motivation which comes from inside of an individual and do not need any kind of extra efforts. It is a kind of motivation which is quite rare but beneficial for the organisation. Ontheotherhand,extrinsicmotivationis considered as a motivation which comes from various external factors. In this case, individual requires different sources of motivation such as money, position, power, success and so on. Motivational Theories:It has been identified that there are various philosophers who develop effective theories in order to examine and explain behaviour and attitude of individual. Along with this, various factors are going to be evaluate which can assist in motivating employees in a positive manner(Khan, Khan and Gul, 2019). Some of the effective process & content theories are going to be discussed as follows: Maslow's Hierarchy Theory:It is define as one of the most effective content theory which is developed by an American philosopher named as Abraham Maslow. He developed this theory between 1940s to 1950s which includes 5 main stages. All these stages assist in motivating staff members of Marks & Spencer so that they can perform their work in an effective manner. Physiologicalneeds:Itisconsideredasthefirststagewherealltheneedsand requirements of an individual are basic. It includes water, cloths, food, shelter and many more. All these requirements help in motivating staff members so that they will be encouraged in a positive way in order to fulfil their task. Safety & security Needs:It is the second stage where individual work only if there first need is being fulfilled. In this case, individual person wants financial and non financial security. In this context, Marks & Spencer provide job security, health insurance, various medical benefits to their staff members in order to encourage them in a positive manner(Mackey and et. al, 2018). Social Needs:After attaining both the above levels, social needs is considered as the third stages where individual person demands to be emotionally satisfied, wants mental peace, affection and acceptance. In the present context of Marks & Spencer, managers develop positive
and strong relationship between their staff members so that they feel satisfied and attain different types of opportunities. Esteem Needs:In this context, person demands for self-esteem & self-respect so that they feel motivated and encouraged. It is the kind of staff members it is the level where they need intrinsic motivation rather than extrinsic motivation. In the context of Marks & Spencer, managers need to provide recognition as well as appraisals so that they feel motivated(Mueller, Renken and van Den Heuvel, 2016). Self-Actualization Needs:It is considered as the last stage where employees of Marks & Spencer wants to increase their personal as well as professional development. They provide T&D sessions to their employees on a regular basis. Vroom's Expectancy Theory:It is the theory which was developed in the year 1964 by Victor Vroom. It is the theory which includes three main elements which are going to be discussed as follows: Expectancy:It has been said that each and every employee have their own performance level which is required to perform high quality work. If staff members do not have enough capabilities it will affect the whole work. Therefore, according to the skills of staff members, managers categorised it in two ways such as authorities and responsibilities. Instrumentality:An individual person feels motivated if they are attached with their work or organisation. In this context, managers of Marks & Spencer involve their potential staff members in the process of decision making. Valency:In this context, every person have their own expectations which is quite differentfromothers.Marks&Spencermotivatetheiremployeesbyexaminingtheir requirements and expectations and then provide them rewards accordingly. M2 Critically measure application of these theories influence others behaviour. It has been critically evaluated that all these theories applied within the organisation in an effective manner so that they can motivate their staff members. All these theories highly influence the behaviour of employees in a positive manner which will assist them in order to produce result within stipulated time frame(Rashid, Gul and Khalid, 2018).But on the other hand, if these theories does not apply effectively within the organisation it will negatively affect the overall performance.
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TASK 3 P3 Discuss what makes a team effective and ineffective. Team is defined as group of individuals who works collectively towards attainment of organisational goals. Development of effective teams within an organisation helps in improving productivity and performance of firm. Two types of teams are exist within an organisation includingeffective and ineffective teams. The characteristics of both the teams are different which are mentioned below: Effective teamsarethosewhichhave clear objectives and purposes. The members of this team have potential to attain all the tasks on time in an organised manner(Skinner and Stewart,2017).IncontextofM&S,itprovidesbenefitstocompanybyimprovingits productivity. Ineffective teamslacks its purpose and its objectives are not clear. Conflicts and issues are exist among the team members that affect overall productivity of the firm. These teams are not appropriate for Marks & Spencer as it leads to delay in work. The members have less knowledge and skills which negatively impacts the performance of company. Tuckman Theory of team development: This theory was founded in 1965 by Bruce Truckman. It is regarded as famous model of team development which assist in formation of team for achievement of particular goal and objectives. The theory consists of five stages of team development such as: Forming- It is the first stage of team development theory where team is gathered together and task is allocated to them. Marks and Spencer has to form team for accomplishment of their objectives. Most of the time is spent on collecting information, planning and bonding as each and every members are unknown to each others. Storming- In this stage, the formed team start sharing their task and suggesting ideas to each other for completion of project work. As each of them present ideas so there are high chances of conflict among members. The relationship can be made or broke in such phase. Norming- In this phase, team members work on practices which are agreed on values and rules in which they should be operate(Szabó and et. al, 2018). Members of team trust and listen to each other and perform their work in an effective way. All the work are discussed and methods are adopted for project work.
Performing- This phase is identified through high level of independence, knowledge, motivation and competence. There is high respect and communication among team members of Marks & Spencer for making decision towards project work. All the team members of respective organisation perform their roles and responsibility in effective manner. Adjourning- This is called the last phase of team development where project is completed and member of team are separate. This stage indicate whether team has achieved their objectives or not. It is success and failure stage for members(Harvey, Bolino and Kelemen, 2018). The manager and leaders can arrange party for team and in case of failure to project can provide guideline and feedback for improvement. Proper implementation of this model within Marks & Spencer helps manager and leader in developing effective team which assists in attaining organisational goals. M3 Examine effective theories of team development. It has been identified that Tuckman Theoryassist Marks & Spencer in order to develop effective team. It includes 5 main stages which help in attaining organisational goals and objectives in an effective and positive manner as well as within given time frame. It is the theory related with team development where managers create teams so that goals attain in such a manner that will enhance the reputation of organisation at the marketplace. TASK 4 P4Applyvariousphilosophiesandconceptsoforganisationalbehaviourincontextof organisation. Organisational behaviour consist of various elements which includes values, ideologies, beliefs, traditions, concepts and many more. In this context, one of the most essential role of a leader is to attain goals and objectives of the company and encourage employees on a regular basis. Business Situation:In the context of Marks & Spencer, present situation of the company is that there is ineffective communication among staff members which affects the overall performance of the company in an effective manner(Halbesleben and Wheeler, 2015). This as a result,generatelotofconfusionamongstaffmemberswhichaffectstheattainmentof organisational objectives. In order to deal with such situation in an effective manner,Path Goal Theory are going to be applied by the Marks & Spencer which are as follows:
Path Goal Theory It is a theory which mainly focuses on the application of different types of leadership style which best suits with the current situation. Here, in the present context of Marks & Spencer, managers use Path Goal theory within their organisation in an effective manner. Classification of Path Goal Theory Employee Characteristics:In the context of Marks & Spencer, managers of the company gain knowledge about the requirements and needs of customers so that they can motivate their staff members in an effective manner on a regular basis(Dedahanov, Rhee and Yoon, 2017). This as a result assist in developing positive impact within the organisation as they motivate their employees after examining the requirements of each and every members. Environment and Task Characteristics:Herein, leaders of the company solve issues and problems faced by staff members arise within the workplace. In the context of Marks & Spencer, leaders ensurethat there is no issue arise within the organisation so that they can create positive working condition within the company. This as a result assist in enhancing performance as well as productivity of employees and organisation. Leadership Behaviour:According to this stage of Path goal theory, leader select best and suitable style of leadership after being familiar with the employees and other factors. This as a result, leaders of Marks & Spencer attain organisational goals and objectives in an effective manner and within given time frame. In this context, managers and leaders of Marks & Spencer adopt effective leadership style which isParticipative Leadership Style.It is the style which includes efforts of employees and leaders must involve their potential staff members in the process of decision making. This as a result create positive working environment and reduce in the issues arise within communication process. It has also been identified that it is the style which have both positive as well as negative influence. In the context of positive influence employees feel encouraged and motivated which increase their performance and productivity(Conard and et. al, 2016). But on the other hand, in case of negative impact it will create disputes among staff members. Therefore, it is important for the management team of Marks & Spencer that to consider both the aspects of Participative Leadership Style.
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M4 Investigate and measure how concepts & philosophies influence behaviour in positive as well as negative manner. It has been evaluate that OB is a concept which includesPath Goal theory. It consist of various elements such as employee, task, environment characteristics & leadership behaviour or Style. All these elements contribute in handling business situations arise within the environment. Furthermore, Organisational behaviour philosophies consist of autocratic as well as contingency philosophy(ChanandLai,2017).Inordertodealwiththeproblemofineffective communication, managers of Marks & Spencer use Contingency philosophy. CONCLUSION With the assistance ofabove discussion, it can easily be concluded that behaviour of individuals within the organisations highly influence the performance of business entity.It is essential for the managers to examine requirements and demands of employees so that they can maintain positive atmosphere within the company. In addition to this, theories, concepts and philosophies used by management team of the company assist in satisfying the needs of their staff members in an effective manner. With the help of effective team, company will be able to perform their task effectively and attain their objectives within given time frame.
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