Organizational Behavior and Motivation Theories

This assignment delves into the world of organizational behavior, covering essential theories such as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, and McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory. It also discusses motivation, leadership, and workplace citizenship, providing insights into employee attitudes and behaviors. The assignment is a comprehensive review of key concepts in organizational behavior, making it an ideal resource for students seeking to understand this complex field.

Organizational
Behaviour

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Organization's culture politics and power can influence individual and team behaviour and
performance.................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective achievement of goals
in an organization........................................................................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
P3 Understanding of what makes an effective team, as oppose to an ineffective team..............7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P4 Concept and philosophies of OB within an organizational context and a given business
situation.......................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Organization is a set of groups where various people come together for collective
common purpose. Every firm have own structure in which they maintain better relationship with
all the employees. In this process, behaviour of a person affect the management of business.
Basically, organizational behaviour is a study of individual which is analysis by the company to
manage it effectively. It defines that how an must employee behaves in the workplace. In today's
modern era organizational behaviour play crucial role in management in which all the employees
perform their work in appropriate manner (What is organizational behaviour? 2017). It is an
effective technique which is used by business to manage all the employees so that they perform
their task effectively and get positive end results. Present report is based on Marks & Spencer, it
is a British multinational company. They provide home and luxury products to its customers. In
this report organizational culture, power and politics are discussed which aid and influence the
team behaviours and its performance. Various theories and techniques of motivation is also
mentioned in their assignment to achieve organizational goals in appropriate manner. Along with
this, concept and philosophies of OB is also discussed in this project.
TASK 1
P1 Organization's culture, politics and power can influence individual and team behaviour and
performance
Organizational culture defines various norms, value and behaviours which are shared by
the employees and manager in the organization. This helps in defining that how to behave at the
workplace. Culture of the business define that how an employee dressup and perform their job
which lead in improving the overall performance of the company in effective manner. In today's
business environment culture affect the regular activities which are performed by the employees.
It is more important forcited firm to maintain effective balance within culture, power and politics
so that they perform their task in ethical way (Al-Zu’bi, 2010). Every company should provide
healthy and positive work environment so that every worker feel comfortable at the time of
performing their job. Culture of the Marks & Spencer define four aspect which are as follows: Power culture: This type of culture defines various rules and regulation which have to
follow by every employee who perform their job within the company. This culture helps
in maintaining the ethical structure of the business (Ali, 2010).
1

 Role culture: In this culture, every workers and employers have to aware their job roles
and responsibilities so that it evaluates the effective positive of the person with the
organizational activities. Task culture: This is important term in which effective task define by manager of the
company to complete all the activity in better way . In a team every person is different
from each other so that they share their ideas and opinion for resolving all the conflicts
that arise at workplace. It helps in improving the performance of the company.
 Person culture: Every person and workers having different culture so that they perform
their job accordingly and effectively to achieve organizational goals in appropriate
manner.
It is more important for every employee to knowing about couture differences with the
organization. For this company provide best training and development classes to people so that
they effectively understand about the culture’s importance. If they are not aware about the
culture so that they fail in coordinating with each other.
Organization's culture, politics and power:
 It is very important, that culture of organization should be effective and strong so that it
aid in growth of the business. It is maintaining and controlling by top management of the
company to define effective as well as strong infrastructure of firm.
 Culture of the organization should be defined by the manager in clear manner in front of
all the employees so that they are aware about all the rules and regulation and also follow
it effectively.
 Power of the organization is also important because it define ethical rules and regulations.
All these are effectively follow by the employees to maintain better coordination in the
business environment (Ayyagari, Grover and Purvis, 2011).
 Culture define the way of performing the business activities which have to be followed
by the workers at the workplace. Because it includes values and beliefs which is
important responsibility of the employees to follow it in hierarchy way. It helps in
influencing the overall performance of the company in appropriate manner.
Effects:
 Culture, power and politics helps in encouraging the employee’s morale and also
influence their performance in effective way. It developes positive working environment
2

for the employees which aid in cutting-down the negative factors and improve the overall
performance at the workplace (Baum, Frese and Baron, 2014.).
 Every employees are belong from other culture so that it increases the chances of
conflicts among the workers so it is an important responsibility of the manager to
maintain healthy working environment.
 Effective power, culture and politics affect the overall proactivity of the workers so that it
is more important for the employees to follow all the elements effectively
 The important advantage of strong culture of the business is to maintain the employee’s
stability in the firm and also generate the maximum returns. In this effective politics and
power also build positive relation with outsider parties so that they enhance their growth
in the market..
 Positive power of the organization also contributes in encouraging the confidence of the
employees so that they complete their job with more efficiency and get positive results in
appropriate manner.
Culture, politics and power in M&S:
 M&S provide positive culture to their employees which lead in enhancing the overall
productivity of the company at market place and also customers mind. With the help of
this cited company capture larger market share from its rivals.
 They established some rules and regulation which protect the employees’ rights toward
their job and also eliminate all the disputes ..
 Cited firm listen all employee’s complaints and find better solution for eliminating
resolve effectively.
 Strong culture, politics and power aid in reducing the employee’s turnover and growing
their business at competitive marketplace (Coccia and Rolfo, 2013).
TASK 2
P2 Theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective achievement of goals in
an organization
Marks & Spencer use various motivational theories to motivate their employees by
providing quality services at workplace. So that they perform their job in effective manner and
get desirable goals and objectives (DeChurch and Mesmer-Magnus, 2010). Motivation is more
important for the workers within the business, it is an important responsibility of the manager to
3

provide better guidance to its workers so that they done their work effectively and also maintain
the healthy work environment.
Content theory:
This theory is more effective because it related to the employees needs and requirement
which assist in motivating them toward its work as well as job. It is an important because it
analysis that how needs and wants are continuously changed so that company provide better
services accordingly. The main and important advantage of this theory is to motivate employees
and also define that how to behave at the workplace. It divide in two type of theories, the first
one is Maslow's hierarchy of need theory and second one is two factors theory. All these
approaches used by the company to encourage their employee’s morale so that they do their
work effectively.
Maslow's hierarchy needs of theory:
It is more important approach because it defines all the need which is motivate the people
to fulfil them effectively. It is used by the M&S for their worker which include basic needs,
safety needs, social needs and self-actualization needs. All are the hierarchy term so that it is
interrelated with each other. If person do not fulfil basis needs so that they can not able to fulfil
their other needs (Three Main Theories of Motivation, 2017). So that all are the important for
workers for their motivation. It is start from lower needs and complete with the higher needs so
that people get motivate and fulfil their needs in effective way.
4

(Source: Saul McLeod, 2017) Physiological/ basic needs: These needs are more important and basic needs for the
person. It includes food, clothes, shelter and air which is necessary for the human to live
on earth. If they do not feel their basis needs so that they cannot able to move in next
needs. Safety needs: It define the safety like protection from elements and fear tom lose the job.
So that it is more important for the firm to provide these needs effectively which aid in
enhancing the workers morale. With the help of these they perform their job effectively
and get better results. Social needs: This type of needs is also important and it comes after all the basic needs.
It includes friendship, trust and acceptance and another needs which is more important to
maintain the healthy relation with their family and friends (Haslamand et.al., 2014).
5
Illustration 1: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

According to the Maslow they think that every person wants to maintain their social
network so that they maintain their life effectively. Self-esteem needs: It is more important for motivation of the person because it include
awards, status, promotion and achievement which is more important for the person.
According to the Maslow reputation and respect is more important for the individual so
that it helps in motivating the people to maintain their activities accordingly.
 Self actualisation needs: This needs is define the self fulfilment to evaluate the actual
capability of the person to perform their work.
All these needs play an important role because it aid in influencing the overall motivation
of the worker to perform their work effectively and get success. With the help of these
employees get motivated and attain best results
Two factors theory:
This theory is based on hygiene approach which lead in enhancing the workers satisfaction
toward its job as well as work. It is founded by the Frederick Herzberg. He define the satisfaction
is totally no satisfaction and dissatisfaction is no dissatisfaction. This line define the effective
motivation that is more important for the employees to perform their work in effective manner. It
define various factors of the motivation which are as follows:
6

(Source: WILF H. RATZBURG, 2017) Motivators: This is based on employees satisfaction and motivate their workers to
perform their work in effective manner. They also provide that do work hard and get
positive end results. For this organization provide healthy work environment and also
provide authority to take their decision about their job. In this motivator play an
important role in motivating employees and encourage them effectively. They provide
extra benefits like reward, incentives and bonus to boost up their confidence which lead
in improving the performance as well as their productivity level in effective manner.
 Hygiene factors: If this factors are absence at the workplace so that it increase the
dissatisfaction and lack of motivation so that it is more important for the employees
(Hershcovis, 2011). It include salary policy of the company, better relationship with
manager and co workers.
Both factors are more important for the employees because it influence the overall
motivation of the workers. Both are completely depend on each other. It helps in increasing the
employees satisfaction as well as motivation. In absence of these factors it increase the
dissatisfaction of the employees.
Process theory:
This approach is based on the human needs and wants and it is more important for the
organization to satisfy it effectively. Satisfaction of the employees lead in motivating them to
7
Illustration 2: Motivation-Hygiene Theory

perform their task in better and way and get best results. In absence of satisfaction workers can
no able to achieve desirable outcomes. It include for elements of approach which is
reinforcement, goals setting, expectancy and equity in order to achieving employees satisfaction.
(Source: Motivation theory, 2017) Reinforcement theory: It is one of the best theory in which the employees get motivated
by organizing the reward event. This lead in enhancing the overall productivity of the
company as well as employees in effective manner. Reinforcement define the positive
punishment which give to the employees as per their work performance so that it aid in
improving their performance. Expectancy theory: This theory is based on past experience of the people in which they
evaluate that haw to achieve its goals in appropriate time period. It influence the
individual behaviour to expected that what they expect in the future from their efforts. Equity theory: In this it define that how an employer treat their employees at workplace.
In this every employees compare with each other and define that all are equally treated as
same position. So that they motivate with each other and attain desirable results in
appropriate manner.
8
Illustration 3: Process Theory

 Goals setting: This approach is based on overall organization goals which increase the
positive image of the company at marketplace. It is depend of individuals because all the
people set their goals and perform their job accordingly which aid in achieving positive
results in appropriate manner.
All these theories is more important for the organization to motivate their employees and
also encourage their morale in effective way (Huang and Bond, 2012). With the help of these all
the workers perform their job in positive manner and achieve success. M&S use these theories in
their activities to increase employees salary, provide incentives and also set interesting work
environment so that employees get motivate and perform their best for achieving its goals and
objectives in appropriate manner.
Marks & Spencer use another method in order to enhance its employee’s morale and
motivation toward work. All these methods are as follows: Give healthy and positive work environment: It is more important for the workers to
perform their work in ethical manner because healthy work environment motivate thee
workers to put their string efforts toward the company and work in order to achieve
higher success in appropriate manner (Huang and et.al., 2010). Give incentive and bonus to its employees: Company provide extra benefits to the
workers so that they done their work effectively and also attain positive as well as
desirable results. M&S provide both financial and non financial incentives like cash gifts
which aid in improving their performance.
 Share profits among all the workers: M&S share their profits between all the workers so
that they think that they are valuable for the company. It lead in improving their work
performance in appropriate manner. If all the employees put their strong efforts at the
workplace so that they reduce the overall turnover and enhance the productivity of the
company in appropriate manner.
TASK 3
P3 Understanding of what makes an effective team, as oppose to an ineffective team
Team is more important for every organization because they contribute in overall success
of the business. Team is a set of people who having their own abilities and capabilities in a
common purpose is known as team. For making a strong team, leader play an important role
9

because they guild them to perform their war effectively. A group of people is essential for the
cited company because they out their efforts to getting desirable goals and also fine the better
solution of every problem which arise at workplace. Every organization set some permanent and
temporary team which is related to purpose of the company. M&S used various types of team
which lead in achieving organizational goals in effective manner.
Functional team: It is an effective team which is built by the organization for a particular
plan. In this the manager of the company are responsible to manage all the members effectively
and get better results in appropriate manner (Johns, 2010). They set all the activities for its team
so that they come together and perform it effectively. Manager of the company manager their
subordinates so that they perform their work in effective manner because all the team members
are permanent for the company who contribute in overall success of the firm.
 Importance: One of the best advantage of this team is to save time as well as money. All
the members provide their opinion to resolve problems which arise at workplace (Joseph
and Newman, 2010).
Problem solving team: In this all the members come together for finding better solution
of the problems which arise at the workplace. They analysis all the situation to find best solution
for this they gather all the relevant information and evaluate it effectively. In a team, various
types of members are there and having different capabilities so that they find more creative
solution of the problem in appropriate manner. Importance: This team is more effective for the organization because all the problems
are solved by the skilled and experience people so that they enhance employees
productivity in appropriate manner (Walumbwa, Hartnell and Oke, 2010).
Virtual team: This team is related to those group who comes together for a specific
purpose. They all are connected by the internet, video and voice conferencing. All are the related
from the different geographical locations. They work for common purpose in order to attain
desirable results in appropriate manner. They communicate with each other with the help of
online process. Importance: The main and important benefit of virtual team is to all the different people
are related by the internet which aid in increasing the overall profitability if the company
ineffective way.
10

Project team: This is totally based on the project in which all the members are comes
together and analysis the project for getting the best outcomes. Manager of the company allocate
the project according to the team so that they perform it properly. For better results proper skills
and knowledge is more important so that they put their efforts in effective manner.
 Importance: One of the important benefit of this team is to define new and innovative
ideas to performing the project which is also helpful for the employees in order to
enhance their performance as well as ability in better way (Judge and Kammeyer‐
Mueller, 2012).
All these team are effective for the cited company because all are having their own
responsibilities to achieving the organizational goals and objectives in appropriate time period.
Team is an effective set of group which connect all the members with each other which aid in
making the effective networking with them and also enhance their knowledge by sharing their
opinion in front of other team members (Koenig and et.al., 2011). If proper coordination is not
there in a team so that it affects the company performance in negative manner. For attain positive
success proper coordination is more important for the company to attain desirable goals and
objectives in appropriate way.
TASK 4
P4 Concept and philosophies of OB within an organizational context and a given business
situation
Organization used various motivational theories which aid in improving the employee
performance and also encourage their morale in appropriate way so that they perform their task
in ethical manner and get best results. Maslow's needs theory, two factors and path goals theory
are effective for the organization to motivate their workers to perform all the work effectively
(Tierney and Farmer, 2011). In today's business environment providing motivation is more
important to the employees which aid in improving the overall performance of the employees.
Marks & Spencer use path goal theory to increase the morale of the workers so that they enhance
their productivity in order to achieve desirables goals. Path goal leadership theory is based on
Vroom's expectancy theory that define the individual’s behaviours in various ways all these are
related to their expectation so that they achieve the best outcomes in better manner. This will aid
in developing the overall performance of the workers and get desirables goals. By using this
11

approach cites company set the task on the basis of employee’s capabilities and business
environment (Kulik and Olekalns, 2012). After that they define the various leadership style such
as supportive, directive, participative and achievement oriented (Taras, Kirkman and Steel,
2010). After that they easily focus on employee’s motivational factors to increase the morale
and also enhance their skills and abilities in appropriate manner. All these aid in achieving
organizational goals and objectives. This theory is used by the manager of the company to
mentioned the individual behaviour and give them work accordingly. It helps in organization to
achieve its results in appropriate manner.
There are different barriers which impact on employee’s performance in organization which
are as follows:
Negative working environment: It is one of the negative factor of the organization which
increase the negative environment within the organization (Lee, Kim and Kim, 2013). So that it
is more important for the manager to provide better as well as healthy working environment so
that it contribute in overall performance of the company in positive manner and also reduce the
negative factors. It aids in increasing the employee’s productivity in appropriate manner. M&S
having positive working environment so that all the workers are perform their best. Negative
workplace reduces the positivity of the employees and also feel suffocated from the work so that
it reduce the number of workers within the business.
Bullying and harassment: It is one of the biggest barriers of the organization which is
faced by the employees at workplace (Paillé and Grima, 2011). Cited company also faced this
type of barriers in their activities. It can be physical, mental and social in which employees are
mentally destroying. For eliminating these types of berries company have to formulate some
rules and regulation so that it helps in reducing it effectively and maintain positive environment.
Discrimination: This is negative factors which include the gender, caste and nationality
and many more which lead in reducing the overall profitability of the company (Ng and
Feldman, 2012). It also increases the chances of creating the dispute among all the employees at
the workplace so that they do not perform their work effectively. For remove their type of
negative aspect government set some rules and regulation which have to follow by the company
to protect the employees’ rights which aid in improving the overall productivity of the
employees.
12

Inappropriate services: With the help of appropriate services and activities organization
can easily develop their growth at marketplace. It also motivates the employees top perform their
best. In absence of this factors all the workers get disappoint of their work and also leave the
company. So that it is important responsibility of manager of the company to provide appropriate
services to their employees in order to get positive results.
Inequity: This factor is influence on the basis of salary, gender, religion and casts. All
these are the reason of inequity at the workplace. So that it is more important for manager of the
company to give equal salary of the same position of the employees so that they are satisfy their
job and also define their positive work in order to attain its goals and objectives in appropriate
manner (Olson, Herman and Zanna, 2014).
All these factors influence the employee performance so that it is more important for the
company to maintain the effective working environment to encourage their workers towards its
work and achieve desirable goals and objectives in appropriate manner.
CONCLUSION
From the above-mentioned report, it can be concluded that organizational behaviour is
more important to evaluate the person behaviour towards its work and activities. Organizational
culture, power and politics also affect the overall performance of the company. M&S uses
various strategies to motivate their employees by providing better awards and incentives to
enhance their morale. Various motivational theories are also used by the company to encourage
employee’s confidence to put their effective efforts and get desirable goals and objectives in
appropriate manner. In this it is an important role of manager to maintain positive and healthy
work environment so that they perform their task with extra efforts. Management use various
philosophies of organization behaviour which aid in achieving its goals and objectives in
effective manner.
13

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Al-Zu’bi, H. A., 2010. A study of relationship between organizational justice and job
satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Management. 5(12). p.102.
Ali, I. B., 2010. A correlation study of leader-member exchange and organizational citizenship
behavior in a public-sector organization. Journal of Global Business and Economics.
1(1). pp.62-78.
Ayyagari, R., Grover, V. and Purvis, R., 2011. Technostress: technological antecedents and
implications. MIS quarterly. 35(4). pp.831-858.
Baum, J. R., Frese, M. and Baron, R. A. eds., 2014. The psychology of entrepreneurship.
Psychology Press.
Coccia, M. and Rolfo, S., 2013. Human resource management and organizational behavior of
public research institutions. International Journal of Public Administration. 36(4).
pp.256-268.
DeChurch, L. A. and Mesmer-Magnus, J.R., 2010. The cognitive underpinnings of effective
teamwork: a meta-analysis.
Haslam, S. A. and et.al., 2014. Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational
practice. Psychology Press.
Hershcovis, M. S., 2011. “Incivility, social undermining, bullying… oh my!”: A call to reconcile
constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior.
32(3). pp.499-519.
Huang, X. and Bond, M. H. Eds., 2012. Handbook of Chinese organizational behavior:
Integrating theory, research and practice. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Huang, X. and et.al., 2010. Does participative leadership enhance work performance by inducing
empowerment or trust? The differential effects on managerial and non‐managerial
subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 31(1). pp.122-143.
Johns, G., 2010. Presenteeism in the workplace: A review and research agenda. Journal of
Organizational Behavior. 31(4). pp.519-542.
Joseph, D. L. and Newman, D. A., 2010. Emotional intelligence: an integrative meta-analysis
and cascading model.
Judge, T. A. and Kammeyer‐Mueller, J.D., 2012. General and specific measures in
organizational behavior research: Considerations, examples, and recommendations for
researchers. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 33(2). pp.161-174.
14

Koenig, A. M. and et.al.,2011. Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three
research paradigms.
Kulik, C. T. and Olekalns, M., 2012. Negotiating the gender divide: Lessons from the
negotiation and organizational behavior literatures. Journal of Management. 38(4).
pp.1387-1415.
Lee, U. H., Kim, H. K. and Kim, Y. H., 2013. Determinants of organizational citizenship
behavior and its outcomes. Global Business and Management Research. 5(1). p.54.
Ng, T. W. and Feldman, D. C., 2012. Employee voice behavior: A meta‐analytic test of the
conservation of resources framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 33(2).
pp.216-234.
Olson, J. M., Herman, C. P. and Zanna, M. P., 2014. Relative deprivation and social
comparison: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 4). Psychology Press.
Owings, W. A. and Kaplan, L. S., 2012. Leadership and organizational behavior in education:
Theory into practice. Pearson.
Paillé, P. and Grima, F., 2011. Citizenship and withdrawal in the workplace: Relationship
between organizational citizenship behavior, intention to leave current job and intention
to leave the organization. The Journal of Social Psychology. 151(4). pp.478-493.
Singh, A. K. and Singh, A. P., 2010. Role of Stress and Organizational Support in Predicting
Organizational Citizenship Behavior. IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior. 9(4).
Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L. and Steel, P., 2010. Examining the impact of Culture's consequences:
a three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede's cultural value dimensions.
Tierney, P. and Farmer, S. M., 2011. Creative self-efficacy development and creative
performance over time. Journal of Applied Psychology. 96(2). p.277.
Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A. and Oke, A., 2010. Servant leadership, procedural justice
climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: a
cross-level investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology. 95(3). p.517.
Online
Three Main Theories of Motivation. 2017. [Online]. Available through.
<http://smallbusiness.chron.com/three-main-theories-motivation-1888.html>. [Accessed
on 17th October 2017].
What is organizational behaviour? 2017. [Online]. Available through. <https://www.css.edu/the-
sentinel-blog/what-is-organizational-behavior-learn-more-about-the-human-side-of-
business.html>. [Accessed on 17th October 2017].
15

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. 2017. [Online]. Available through.
<https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html>. [Accessed on 17th October 2017]
HERZBERG'S TWO FACTOR THEORY. 2017. [Online]. Available through.
<http://www.geocities.ws/frtzw906/htmlherzberg.html>. [Accessed on 17th October
2017]
16