Other Race Effect: Perception of Black and White Participants towards Black and White Celebrity Faces

This study explores the Other Race Effect (ORE) and its impact on the perception of Black and White participants towards Black and White celebrity faces. The study found that there is no significant difference in reaction time for both groups. The report also discusses the factors that influence ORE and the need for awareness regarding racial discrimination.

Quotative reports general lab book

ABSTRACT
Other Race Effect is all about when individual identify own race faces more perfectly as
compared to other ones. In the present study, Black as well as White participants were asked to
determine whether they recognise Black and White celebrity faces respectively because
according to OCR the chances of responding own race faces is more. Also, as per the results it
has been identified that there is no significant difference between the reaction time for both
participants to determine their own race celebrities. Thus, it has been identified that now a days,
ORE has eliminating due to using other factors which includes racial makers and power related
to stimuli. Overall, it can be stated that there is a need to provide an appropriate awareness
regarding racial discrimination.
INTRODUTION
From last many decades, it has been analysed that race plays a very important role in
order to make decision such that white people are highly preferred to become celebrity as
compared to black one and that is why, the psychological factor contributed the same (Cavazos,
Noyes and O'Toole, 2019). The reason behind conducting such analysis is to understand whether
the preconception regarding celebrities like they are handsome, smart, attractive and fair are true
or not. Similarly, the present study become more useful to understand the perception of people
towards race. With the help of present study, scholar determine the role of race while selecting
celebrity and that is why, different research articles will be undertaken.
There are many factors that influence ORE which include racial makers i.e. a features
which are specific and quite evident in this area. Also, the student conducted by Maclin and
Malpass which reflected that face unclear to race can be constructed by using computerized
facial composite program in order to match the same with other race. However, all the
participants were belonging to Hispanics and African American who found that racial marker
was added where hair, face are related to race. As a result, Hispanics get a face with Hispanics
race maker and so on.
For the present study, psychological theories need to be considered which help to
determine which factors contribute towards the perception of people. Through the current study,

scholar determine whether there is any different between the group of people and this in turn
assist to identify differences. However, there were many previous research conducted to the
similar topic in which it has been identified that most of the people’s responses faster than own
race as compared to other race. Thorup and et.al., (2018) explained in their study that internal
features of the people are not changed whereas external features are easily changed and these are
considered as less significant. The secondary study reveals that most of the Korean children
adopted by the white families and they believed that they recognise as a white faces better than
Korean faces. Similarly, the chances of attracting black people by famous people are higher.
Therefore, it has been analysed that people belongs to different culture are mainly influence from
their race and famous faces. That is why, the term own race bias is introduced in which own race
faces are considered far better than faces of another races.
In addition to this, the current study the dependent variable i.e. responsiveness of
different race of people varies from race of famous races (independent variable). With the help of
present report, the reaction time of each race people can be determined and this in turn assist to
generate a better outcome. Hence, the cultural differences within a people also lead to cause a
difference and change in perception of people to choose the famous faces and that is why, the
chances of getting selected will be varies due to cultural difference (McKone and et.al., 2021).
With the help of current study the scholar determine the response time among different famous
faces and this in turn assist to determine why unique features are considered harder to identify
other race faces.
Research questions
Q: Does responsiveness of black and white people varies from race of the famous faces?
Design and variable
The chosen research type for this study is quantitative in which numbers and facts will be
included in the research section which in turn help to create a better outcome. Under this, excel
will be used in order to apply the statistical analysis and inferential tool. In order to determine the
views of people of two groups i.e. white and black, within as well as between the participants are
used under anova test. Under this, independent variable is black and white celebrities whereas
dependent variable is race of participants and their reaction time to identify the same.

METHODS
Participants
In the present study, 40 participants took part in which 20 are males and 20 are females.
They all are UEL psychology undergraduate students who helps to complete the study and assist
to answer research question as well. Further, the mean age of all the chosen participants is 30.65
years, whereas the standard deviation is 8.86. Also, the range of all the participants is from 53 to
18 years. Moreover, the rationale for choosing this these participants is such that they all belongs
to psychology and provide valid information regarding the same.
Along with this, for the present study the participants are selected on the basis of
opportunity sampling (Aknin and et.al., 2020). Under this, participants can be take part as per
their interest and sample random sampling also choose which in turn assist to create a better
outcome and prove the hypothesis as well.
Design
The research design opt for the present study is anova in which two different groups are
selected who assist to answer the research question (Verschuere and et.al., 2018). Here, the
independent variable is black and white celebrities whereas dependent variable is race of
participants and their reaction time to identify the same celebrities. Thus, between group variable
actually helps to determine the race of participants i.e. Black and white and within group variable
were Black and White celebrities faces.
Materials
The responses are collected in an excel in which each participant’s reaction time is
noticed that help to determine whether the black participants identify black celebrity and vice
versa. In this, 40 participants are selected where both male and female are in equal ration who
help to ascertain the research question. In this, the condition of stimulus is such that black
participants normally choose black celebrity and it can be helpful to determine the research
questions. It has been analysed that with the help of replication, the results can be supported with
the secondary research and that is why it assist to generate a better outcome.

Procedure
In order to conduct the study in more authentic manner, there is a need to take consent
from each participants and for that consent form need to be signed which entails that all of them
participants voluntarily. Moreover, both male and female are selected randomly for the study in
order to note their reaction time for celebrities. Also, the age of all the respondents varies from
18 to 53 years. In order to prove the hypothesis, it is essential to involve participants randomly
that assist to generate a better outcome (McCarthy and et.al., 2018). Moreover, the research is
replication because there were many researches already conducted with different subject to
determine basic findings under various circumstances.
At the end of the research, if participants want to know the answer then scholar will
provide the answer but before participation, a debrief need to be provided to all of them in order
to let them understand what the research is about. Hence, with the help of effective outcome
scholar can determine the effectiveness and whether black participants choose black celebrities
or not. That is why, it can be reflected that by using an effective procedure will help to analyse
the results in a most appropriate manner.
Ethics
The University provide an approval regarding completion of research which reflected that
it assist to determine the results. Also, before conducting the experiment, all participants sign a
consent form which indicate that voluntarily participate in it. However, all the participants have a
right to withdraw up to 3 weeks and the details of all participants should be kept sensitive by
complying data protection act. Participants should also be debrief of an experiment latter which
helps to determine the main aim of a study.
RESULTS
The data mainly obtained from opinion of selected respondents which was entered into a
different excel that contain different elements. Such that their reaction time (RT) and Yes / No
responses. Also, correct and incorrect responses also separated and labelled as RT(yes) and RT
(No) and the accuracy of all the responses are also calculated for each participants in order to
divide their correct views with their reaction time. As per the result, the means reaction time yes
of all the participants is 0.95s and standard deviation is 0.15.

Descriptive statistics
Particip
ant_selfi
detifiedr
ace
Ge
nde
r
Ag
e
RT
_ov
era
ll
RT
_Y
es
RT
_N
o
Ac
cur
acy
RT
_Y
_C
1
RT
_Y
_C
2
RT_
Y_P
1_C
1
RT_
Y_P
1_C
2
RT_
Y_P
2_C
1
RT_
Y_P
2_C
2
Mean 1.5 1.5
30.
65
1.0
121
0.9
551
25
1.4
141
0.7
65
0.8
313
75
1.1
399
25
0.96
335
1.55
835
0.69
94
0.72
15
Stand
ard
Error
0.080064
08
0.0
800
640
8
1.4
003
433
6
0.1
000
565
2
0.1
150
935
4
0.1
559
582
1
0.0
247
713
9
0.0
703
179
1
0.2
085
220
4
0.12
004
335
0.39
674
017
0.06
367
968
0.05
167
762
Media
n 1.5 1.5 29
0.8
685
0.7
685
1.1
84 0.8
0.7
565
0.8
185
0.85
95
0.90
95
0.66
05
0.77
7
Mode 2 1 24
1.1
75
0.7
41
#N/
A
0.8
25
#N/
A
#N/
A
#N/
A
#N/
A
#N/
A
#N/
A
Stand
ard
Devia
tion
0.506369
68
0.5
063
696
8
8.8
565
490
8
0.6
328
13
0.7
279
154
4
0.9
863
663
4
0.1
566
680
3
0.4
447
295
2
1.3
188
091
6
0.53
685
02
1.77
427
596
0.28
478
42
0.23
110
934
Sampl
e
Varia
nce
0.256410
26
0.2
564
102
6
78.
438
461
5
0.4
004
523
0.5
298
608
8
0.9
729
185
5
0.0
245
448
7
0.1
977
843
4
1.7
392
576
1
0.28
820
813
3.14
805
519
0.08
110
204
0.05
341
153
Kurto
sis
-
2.108108
1
-
2.1
081
081
-
0.2
103
083
4.9
416
131
8
7.5
959
793
9
13.
921
429
7
2.2
536
399
7
4.2
240
523
5
12.
173
672
8
2.41
868
818
4.65
016
386
0.55
992
503
-
0.96
394
78
Skew
ness
1.7979E-
17
5.9
931
E-
18
0.6
476
610
7
2.1
026
556
8
2.6
654
408
3
3.2
758
645
2
-
1.3
383
687
1.7
438
803
6
3.4
748
447
4
1.42
405
965
2.31
936
896
0.90
508
069
-
0.15
285
99
Range 1 1 35
2.9
65
3.5
29
5.6
33
0.7
5
2.1
96
6.4
74
2.19
6
6.37
3
1.09
7
0.80
4
Mini
mum 1 1 18
0.3
9
0.3
46
0.5
36
0.2
25
0.3
11
0.2
8
0.31
1
0.38
1
0.33
1 0.28
Maxi
mum 2 2 53
3.3
55
3.8
75
6.1
69
0.9
75
2.5
07
6.7
54
2.50
7
6.75
4
1.42
8
1.08
4
Sum 60 60
122
6
40.
484
38.
205
56.
564
30.
6
33.
255
45.
597
19.2
67
31.1
67
13.9
88
14.4
3
Count 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 20 20 20 20

Interpretation: Through the above descriptive statistics it has been interpreted that both
male and female are equally selected for the present study and this in turn help to determine the
results in an effective manner. However, there are 0.50% of chances to deviate the answer and
majority of the people fall under the age of 29 whereas average of them are 30 to 31 years old.
Further, the average reaction time of all the respondents are 1.01 second and 50% of them took
0.86 second. Apart from this, the table also entails that the selected students have minimum
accuracy to present the answer which in turn reflected that they instantly present the answer and
meet the defined aim. Moreover, the average reaction time of black participants is less while
choosing the black celebrities as compared to white one. On the other side, 50% of the white
participants took less reaction time of choose black celebrities as compared to white celebrities.
Overall, it has been stated that due to majority of the people identify same celebrity easily
as compared to another one and this in turn reflect the perception of people. However, black
participants choose less time while selecting black celebrity and it reflected that people follows
stereotype and that is why, their perception towards selecting same race celebrity is high.
Inferential statistics
The data is mainly obtained from Psychopy was entered into a different excel sheet that
contain reaction time of self-identified race with their yes and no as a response. For that, anova
as an inferential statistics has performed which in turn assist to determine the accuracy of the
reaction time.
Descriptives
N Mean Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
95%
Confidence
Interval for
Mean
Minimum Maximum
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
self-identified
black with
celebrity race
white
black 11 1.7938 1.82463 .55015 .5680 3.0196 .38 6.75
white 9 1.2706 1.77360 .59120 -.0928 2.6339 .40 5.96
Total 20 1.5584 1.77428 .39674 .7280 2.3887 .38 6.75
self-identified
white with
black 11 .7131 .24885 .07503 .5459 .8803 .28 1.08
white 9 .7318 .22188 .07396 .5612 .9023 .43 1.08

celebrity race Total 20 .7215 .23111 .05168 .6133 .8297 .28 1.08
self-identified
black with
celebrity race
black
black 11 1.1505 .63863 .19255 .7215 1.5796 .31 2.51
white 9 .7346 .26003 .08668 .5347 .9344 .37 1.12
Total 20 .9634 .53685 .12004 .7121 1.2146 .31 2.51
self-identified
white with
celebrity race
black
black 11 .7021 .32981 .09944 .4805 .9237 .33 1.43
white 9 .6961 .23796 .07932 .5132 .8790 .40 1.08
Total 20 .6994 .28478 .06368 .5661 .8327 .33 1.43
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Levene
Statistic
df1 df2 Sig.
self-identified black with
celebrity race white .059 1 18 .811
self-identified white with
celebrity race white .763 1 18 .394
self-identified black with
celebrity race black 4.652 1 18 .045
self-identified white with
celebrity race black .926 1 18 .349
ANOVA
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square
F Sig.
self-identified
black with
celebrity race
white
Between
Groups
(Combined) 1.355 1 1.355 .417 .526
Linear
Term
Unweighted 1.355 1 1.355 .417 .526
Weighted 1.355 1 1.355 .417 .526
Within Groups 58.458 18 3.248
Total 59.813 19
self-identified
white with
celebrity race
white
Between
Groups
(Combined) .002 1 .002 .031 .863
Linear
Term
Unweighted .002 1 .002 .031 .863
Weighted .002 1 .002 .031 .863
Within Groups 1.013 18 .056
Total 1.015 19

self-identified
black with
celebrity race
black
Between
Groups
(Combined) .857 1 .857 3.338 .084
Linear
Term
Unweighted .857 1 .857 3.338 .084
Weighted .857 1 .857 3.338 .084
Within Groups 4.619 18 .257
Total 5.476 19
self-identified
white with
celebrity race
black
Between
Groups
(Combined) .000 1 .000 .002 .964
Linear
Term
Unweighted .000 1 .000 .002 .964
Weighted .000 1 .000 .002 .964
Within Groups 1.541 18 .086
Total 1.541 19
Interpretation: The result generated from the anova tool reflected that the value of p is
0.01 which is higher than 0.05 and this in turn shows that null hypothesis is accepted. As per the
statistics table, it has been identified that reaction time of Black participants to choose black
celebrities is 01.15, whereas the standard deviation is 0.63. On the other side, the mean of
reaction time of white people to choose the black celebrities is 0.70 and standard deviation is
0.32. Apart from this the statistics table, clearly reflected that the mean of white people reaction
time to choose white celebrities is 0.71 and standard deviation is 0.24. However, on the other
side, the average reaction time taken by black participants to choose white people is 1.79 and the
standard deviation is 1.82 Therefore, summary statistics reflected that f, p > 0.05 and this in turn
shows that alternative hypothesis rejected. Thus, the result shows no interaction between self-
identified race and celebrity face of stimuli or dependent and independent variable.
Also, this in turn stated that black participants are not influenced by black celebrities
more easily as compared to other. Whereas, white participants are not influenced by white
celebrities and this in turn reflected that race has an ability to influence. Moreover, the summary
table shows that the reaction time of black people to choose black celebrity 0.96 seconds. Also,
the reaction time of black people to choose white celebrities is 1.55 which is more as compared
to previous. On the other side, the reaction time of white respondents to black participants is
0.699 seconds however white people is 0.72 seconds. Overall, it can be stated that race can easily
change the person’s view and they can easily have attracted by same colour.

DISCUSSION
From the results generated above clearly reflected that chosen participants show accurate
response time in order to determine their famous faces. With the help of anova test, it has been
identified that black participants are identify black celebrities more easily as compared to white
due to less mean time observed. This is also related to Own race bias where it will be easy for an
individual to recognise famous female whole belong to their own race. Therefore, this cross
cultural study ascertain no relationship between recognition of own race faces more easily as
compared to other race faces (Marsh, 2021). On the other side, it has been analysed that average
time to recognise the white celebrity by white participants is lower as compared to identify black
one. So, holistic processing has been also found to be related with a face recognition
performance.
In addition to this, it has been analysed under other face effect people are less likely to
remember a face from a racial group different from their own and that is why, researchers also
found that brain activity increases by each 250 milliseconds when individual see both same as
well as other race faces simultaneously. The same has been realised under the anova test where
the reaction time of black participants are higher when they see other famous face people. This in
turn reflected that response time will be increases by seeing other race faces people (Yang and
et.al., 2018). So, the reaction time will be increases which has been analysed under the summary
table of anova.
Apart from this, prior research has found that when people label and group as per the
race, but they end up by focusing upon more on attributes in which skin colour is common. That
is why, the same has been also identified while noticing the response time under the descriptive
statistics. Along with this, a participant paid more attention to those people whose colour is not
same as compared to other one. However, if the people have a unique facial feature, then the
people also took high time in order to note the same (Burns and et.al., 2019). This is prove when
the study conducted where 40 participants shared their time to identify the famous faces. Overall,
it can be stated that the observation of own race bias is higher as compared to other and the
rationale behind different faces among individual is due to evolutionary pressure that make them
unique and different. So, it can be stated that it might take different time to recognise famous
face but time will be lessen when celebrity belongs to same race. This is also proved under the

anova test where black participant identifies black celebrities more or white participant identify
to white celebrities, vice versa.
Limitation
For the present study, the limitation identified is related to time and money. Such that due
to less time, scholar uses opportunity sampling however, it is not appropriate in order to answer
the questions. With the help of this sampling, researcher only choose those participants who are
interested towards a research. Therefore, it might affect the result in negative manner and also
different culture people need to be evaluated which in turn assist to determine how response time
affected due to own as well as other race people. In addition to this, limited access to data is
another key limitation that affect the entire research in opposite manner. In this, there were many
websites which are access denied and this lead to consume time and also affect the results. That
is why there is a need to implement the ways to minimise the key issue so that effective outcome
can be generated.
Recommendations for future research
For the future research, there are many recommendations which can be used for
conducting the research in authentic manner. These are as mentioned below:
 It is to be suggested to use probabilistic sampling method in which simple random
sampling method should be included where the sample can be selected randomly in
which age of all the respondents should be in between 18 to 40. In addition to this,
different race need to be included except black and white so that authentic outcome can
be generated (Estudillo and et.al., 2020).
 Further, to minimise the time constraints issue it is to be recommended to make an
effective planning and select the best article for the research. This in turn assist to create a
better outcome and reduce the extra time used by researcher.
Implication of the research
The generated finding will contribute to the research topic because as per the research
question, the influence of race towards other can be identified. However, the result shows that
black participants were influence by black celebrities. Moreover, it also create an impact over

real life because it is the perception of people where race influence chose the celebrity who
belong to the same colour. Generally, it is the concept of people and the same have been also
proved.
Overall, it has been summarised from the study that race mainly affect to choose the
person as per their own colour which is proved by accepting the alternative hypothesis. This in
turn shows that black people are easily attracted towards a black celebrity more as compared to
other and same with white people. So, own race people are easily recognise famous faces and
their reaction or response time is also less as compare to identify other face people.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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201.
Cavazos, J. G., Noyes, E., & O'Toole, A. J. (2019). Learning context and the other-race effect:
Strategies for improving face recognition. Vision research. 157. 169-183.
Estudillo, A. J. & et.al., (2020). No evidence of other‐race effect for Chinese faces in Malaysian
non‐Chinese population. Applied Cognitive Psychology. 34(1). 270-276.
Marsh, B. U. (2021). The cost of racial salience on face memory: How the cross-race effect is
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