Public Health Concerns in the UK: Addressing the Leading Cause of Overweight among Children and Young Adults

This report discusses the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and young adults in the UK and its impact on their physical and psychosocial well-being. It covers various interventions and initiatives to manage the issue, including pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and behavioral interventions. The report also discusses the evaluation strategy and the quality of methodologies used in the analysis.

Faculty of health and Social
Care.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY.......................................................................................................................................3
RATIONALE...................................................................................................................................4
APPROACH....................................................................................................................................4
INTERVENTION DESIGNS..........................................................................................................5
EVALUATION STRATEGY.........................................................................................................6
ETHICS............................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
The concept of overweight generally refers to an excessive or an abnormal
accumulation of fat among young adults as well as children. In this, it can ultimately lead to
creating some of the risks of health. It is the only one that leads to producing an impact over
the weight of the people, where the Basal Metabolic Index can effectively play an essential
role in determining or identifying the health of the people as well as its associated concerns.
Obesity is extremely effective among children as well as young adults that simply causes due
to taking up of extra calories other than needed. It is the one that specifically can lead to
creating a great impact on young adults as well as children. It is the only one that particularly
can lead to creating an influence due to the intake of the supplementary number of calories
that can generally accumulate in the form of fat in between an individual. Different problems
specifically are being created due to a leading cause of obesity that care is quite associated
with the progress of various dissimilar illnesses. In this, there is a need to safeguard about the
improved healthiness that can lead to creating a negative impact on children as well as the
young people. This report will cover the various public well-being concern in the United
Kingdom where overweight is one of the main concerns within the country. In this, different
health-associated policies can have a great influence on the serious investigation and its
associated health policies. It can also involve the application of the public well-being concern
as well as its influence over an economy. The report will include the various initiatives as
well as the interventions that can particularly address or can manage the various public well-
being concern with the critical discussion that includes the health promotion theory. It can
also include the discussion about the effectiveness of the interventions as well as their impact
on the children’s well-being challenges (Mahil and et. al., 2019).
MAIN BODY
The prevalence of both obesity, as well as the overweight, are effectively enhancing
in both the children’s as well as the young adult’s population across the worldwide. Among
the countries, the socio-demographic slopes in the overweight have been analyzed. Obesity or
overweight generally tends to be more prevalent in between the socio-economically
disbenefit children in the very developed countries and the children as well of the greater
socio-economic status in the evolving countries. Within the countries in the very economic
transition, overweight is quite more prevalent in between the greater income groups as well
as in the urban in comparison with the rural communities, but it can involve the indications
that this particular drain may be more shifting towards the low. Obesity, as well as
overweight among children, are specifically known to have a particular influence on both the
psychosocial as well as physical well-being. In this, for example, hypertension, abnormal
tolerance of glucose, hyperlipidemia, the resistance of insulin can specifically occur with the
enhanced frequency in the overweight adolescent and the children as well. In this, the
childhood overweight or overweight is generally linked with a wide range of medical
conditions, containing the reduced the functions of the pulmonary, an advanced growth as
well as an early maturity, the reduced grades of the systemic inflammation, the polycystic
ovary illness, the orthopedic complications and many others (Rasmussen and et. al., 2018).
Obese children are more known to become the targets of early discrimination. In
addition to this, overweight or obesity in childhood is generally an independent risk factor for
overweight among adults. In this, the treatment of childhood obesity or overweight is quite

essential, given the significant well-being as well as the social consequences in the long term
as well as the short term. Ultimately, the treatment can share the very same fundamental
principles as a treatment in young people that is to reduce the intake of calories and can
effectively enhance the energy expenditure. The basic aim of providing the treatment is to
reduce the weight or can deacceleration the weight gain and can effectively recommend the
modes of interventions is specifically a variable and are dependent on the age group of the
children as well as its initial levels of the overweight. To encourage the care professionals in
determining the very most applicable form of care, the guidelines regarding the management
of pediatric weight can specifically exist in various countries to promote the best practices,
but nowadays, many of these particular recommendations are generally based on the reduced
grade scientific shreds of evidence (KoenigHarold, 2018).
RATIONALE
The Rationale of the study is to acknowledge the terms as well as the knowledge which
is quite helpful for personal as well as professional development. In this, the study is well
conducted to bring the modifications which are particularly based on both professional as
well as the personal development. Moreover, personal development includes self-
improvement and exploring the knowledge regards with the topic that is linked with the
leading cause of obesity or overweight among people, children, or older adults. This can aid
to develop various sets of activity that specifically aid to maintain a piece of knowledge
regarding the pathophysiology as well as the complication of various illnesses that is linked
with the overweight. Moreover, professional development can give a quality of knowledge
that is quite helpful for those who are dealing with such kind of difficulty. As per this, the
main motive of this particular study is to aid others with the help of knowledge that is
attained during the conducting of the study. So, professional as well as personal development
is sought due as per the study of determination. Overall, the personal and professional
development enables me to seek an opportunity for prospects to deal with such type of
situation that may arise with others. In this, the proper knowledge can aid to develop a core
value with another as well as specify them some of the interventions that can help them to
deal with illness. As per this, appropriate knowledge regards with this topic plays a crucial
role to save the life of other people. This is act as both personal and professional development
(Aaron and Stanford, 2021).
APPROACH
In this, the terms 'complementary' and 'alternative' designate the practices as well as the
products which the people choose as an assistant to or as alternatives towards the Western
medical approaches. The National Institutes of Health has gathered such types of
interventions into the main five somewhat overlapping domains which are as mentioned
below:
· Biologically‐based practices: In this, these generally involve the use of a vast array of
vitamins and mineral supplements as well, natural products like chondroitin sulfate, which is
specifically derived from bovine or shark cartilage; and the herbals, like Ginkgo Biloba and
echinacea.
· Manipulative and body‐based approaches: In this. these particular kinds of approaches
can involve massage which has been used throughout history. In the 19th century, additional
formal manipulative disciplines have been emerged in the United States: chiropractic
medicine as well as osteopathic medicine.

· Mind‐body medicine: In this, many ancient cultures were assumed that the mind can
exert powerful influences over bodily functions and vice versa. An attempt to reassert the
proper harmony among these specific bodily systems will ultimately lead towards the
development of mind‐body medicine, an array of approaches that particularly incorporate the
spiritual, meditative, as well as relaxation techniques.
· Alternative medical systems: In this, whereas the ancient Greeks have postulated that
well-being specifically needs a balance of vital senses of humor, Asian culture has generally
considered that well-being particularly depends on the balance as well as the flow of vital
energies across the body. This latter theory can underlie the practice of acupuncture, for
example, that can specifically assert that vital energy flow can be restored by placing the
needles at serious body points.
· Energy medicine: in this, this particular approach uses therapies that can specifically
involve the use of energy—either biofield‐ or bioelectromagnetic‐based interventions. In this,
an example of the former is Reiki therapy, which particularly aims to realign as well as
strengthen the healthful energies through the various intervention of energies that can be
radiating from the hands of a master healer.
In addition to this, a systematic review, as well as the meta‐analysis, recommended that
acupuncture for overweight might be helpful as compared to placebo or other lifestyle
control, but the outcomes were generally limited by various clinical heterogeneity as well as
the poor methodological quality of the included trials (Fridsma, 2018).
INTERVENTION DESIGNS
In this, the interventions that generally engage the society’s well-being to prevent
obesity or overweight disorders specifically include a goal to reduce the risk factors among
the children as well as the young adult. These such people are quite at greater risk and
providing culturally appropriate education, can specifically offer social encouragement as
well as informal counselling. The intervention design to reduce the leading cause of
overweight can include some pharmacological, non-pharmacological, the behavioral
interventions particularly can aid the children’s or the young adults or older adults to
overcome the leading cause of obesity disorders. There are other ways by which the leading
cause can be overcome or reduced such as the governmental campaigns, the public talks
about the health can also take part to prevent or overcome the leading cause of overweight
disorder among the children’s, young people or older adults (Brunt and et. al., 2018).
Pharmacological Interventions: Various pharmacological interventions specifically
take part to overcome the leading cause of obesity. The medications which are particularly
used to reduce the cause of overweight are Bupropion-naltrexone, (Contrave), Liraglutide
(Saxenda), Orlistat (Alli, Xenical), Phentermine-topiramate (Qsymia). In this, the
combination of Bupropion-naltrexone pill was recently approved by the country for treating
the leading cause of overweight. It is generally seeming to an effective for maintaining
weight loss. This medication is particularly used among the people of children who are
generally overweight or obese as well as the people who particularly have weight-related
medical issues. The alpha-MSH can activate the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), leading to
reduced intake of food, an enhanced expenditure of energy as well as weight loss. The beta-
endorphin can particularly decrease the activity of POMC cells by binding to the inhibitory
mu-opioid receptor (MOP-R). In context with Liraglutide medication, it can cause a glucose-
dependent stimulation of the insulin secretion, the decrease in the concentration of plasma

glucagon, the delay in gastric emptying, and appetite suppression via the neuronal pathways,
reduced production of hepatic glucose. In context with Orlistat, it can effectively work by
inhibiting the gastric as well as the pancreatic lipases, the enzymes which can break down the
triglycerides in the intestine. In this, when the lipase activity is blocked, the triglycerides
from the diet are particularly not hydrolyzed into the absorbable free fatty acids, and instead
are defaecated unaffected. In context with Phentermine-topiramate, it is generally the most
effective or commonly prescribed medication for weight loss medication. It is particularly an
adrenergic agonist which specifically enhances the release of norepinephrine in the
hypothalamus. The release of norepinephrine can specifically encourage the suppression of
appetite as well as enhance resting energy expenditure. In addition to this, all these particular
drugs can involve side effects, as well as the side effect profiles, can vary per drug.
Sibutramine drug is generally linked with the modest enhancement in the heart rates as well
as the blood pressures; the symptoms of the gastrointestinal can effectively predominate in
the use of the orlistat. Phentermine can encourage the heart-related illness and the side effects
of gastrointestinal, the bupropion with the paraesthesia, insomnia and the effects of the
central nervous system (Wade and Halligan, 2017).
Non-pharmacological Interventions: In the non-pharmacological interventions, it can
include the diet plan, exercises which can effectively decrease the leading cause of
overweight among children’s, young people as well as older adults. In general, weight loss
can specifically occur when the energy intake is particularly decreased than the energy
expenditure. In this, particular can effectively aid to manage the weight and can promote the
health and can effectively able to decrease the risk of having the severe chronic illness. In
this, exercise is also an essential part as well as plays a significant role in maintaining the
health. It is generally an essential component of any of the lifestyle modifications as well as
the management of the weight. In this, having a combination of the diet with some physical
exercise can effectively result in reduced outcomes of obesity. The negative aspect of this is
that exercise was specifically not been evaluated alone from the diet and that the outcome
may suffer from reporting the bias.
Behavioural Interventions: In this, the behavioral treatment generally involves
multiple components like keeping the food as well as the records of the activity which is
specifically a self-monitoring. It can also involve the controlling of cues which are
particularly linked with eating that is stimulus control, the education or knowledge of
nutritional amount, the physical activities, restructuring of cognitive skills, and so on
(Kassama and et. al., 2020).
EVALUATION STRATEGY
The analysis which is particularly involved in this review is greatly in the intervention
design, the measurement of outcomes as well as the quality of methodologies. In this
analysis, the above study greatly demonstrates the beneficial impacts of the interventions on
the child adiposity from the prime line towards the end of the interventions or the follow-ups.
The evaluation strategy is generally determined about which of the interventions are most
effective for reducing the leading cause of overweight among children as well as young
adults. In this, an adverse impact of the leading cause of obesity on female fertility could be
mediated by various mechanisms. Firstly, the overweight can potentially contribute towards
excessive estrogen as a result of the extra glandular aromatization of the androgen precursors.
The sex hormones are specifically binding with the globulin levels are particularly

diminished which results in more bioavailable estrogen as well as the androgen for
aromatization. secondly, obesity generally enhances the levels of leptin. In this, the actions of
leptin over the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐ovary (HPO) axis are generally believed to have
various differential impacts over the central and peripheral pieces of machinery of the
reproductive system within the central nervous system. Leptin has particularly been exposed
to modulate the GnRH pulse frequency in vitro. On the level of gonadal, leptin has been
generally found in the fluid of the ovarian follicular as well as the leptin receptor has
specifically been localized towards the human granulosa and the theca cells as well. In
humans, leptin may interrupt the normal maturation of the oocytes. In this, Weight loss can
specifically enhance the metabolic, endocrine as well as reproductive profile of obese
females. There is evidence that approximately about 5% weight loss has been enhanced
among both the natural as well as induced conceptions, as well as the likelihood of a healthy
live natal. In addition to this, the etiology of the leading cause of overweight is generally
believed to be multifactorial, with both the genetic as well as the surrounding environmental
contributions. In this, a key element of obesity is particularly the balance among ingested
calories as well as the body's basal energy expenditure. overweight is therefore involving an
outcome when small positive energy balances gather over a long period Weight loss can be
achieved by an effective lifestyle intervention program which particularly incorporating the
association of a healthy diet, enhancement of physical activity, behavioral modifications, as
well as the use of complementary as well as the traditional healthcare approaches and
medications as well. Lifestyle modification, which generally contains a grouping of nutrition,
physical activity, as well as behavioral modification, is particularly an oft‐used strategy to aid
children, young people, as well as older adults, who can effectively attain weight loss and its
maintenance. It has been generally recommended that complementary and alternative
medicine consisting of acupuncture might enhance weight loss by regulating the overweight-
related neuropeptides, by regulating the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal cortex as well as the
sympathetic adrenal cortex. In addition to this, it can also involve lipid‐lowering effects. The
particular drugs can act on the mechanisms which specifically involve regulating the appetite
and satiety. It can usually help to combat the pathophysiological adaptations which can drive
weight regain (Parisi and et. al., 2019).
ETHICS
In this, the potential ethical drawback which generally arises with respect to the
prevention of the overweight regard the significances for the physical well-being, the
psychosocial health, the informed choices, an equality, the cultural as well as the social
values, the attribution of liberty as well as the responsibilities. The Public well-being
programs are generally put forward in recognition that the well-being is particularly
fundamental good which governments have a responsibility towards both protect as well as
promote. In this, such investments can also mirror the efficiency which the certain well-being
issues “can be averted or lessened only through the collective actions which are generally
aimed at the community. The salutation of government’s responsibility towards the well-
being of the public is generally underscored by the existence in all 50 states not only over the
state health departments but also of “police powers”—authority delegated by the various
states to these departments so as to confine the individuals, the very close restaurants, which
particularly needed an immunization, can effectively set the standards, and otherwise can
implement the laws as well as the policies to protect the public’s well-being. In this, such
authority as well as the responsibility, however, can invoke the longstanding discussions

regarding the extent of governmental reach to promote the health. The Public health must
equilibrium its authority to respond towards an existing well-being threat or can narrow the
health inequalities against the other compelling interests to enable the individuals the freedom
to make the possible choices which they value. In this, the chief can specifically concern of
the public well-being ethics have been outlined with the frameworks usually declaring the
ethical importance of an advancing the public well-being advantage as well as promoting the
social justice while minimizing the possible threats to liberty, privacy, and social and
physical harms. In this, it involves a short summary of 4 well-articulated considerations of
public well-being ethics; it can involve the very 2 additional considerations which
particularly concentrates more specifically on ethical duties of governments which the people
generally believe figure importantly in an ethics determination of overweight prevention
policy proposals and which are as detailed below:
 Attain public health benefit: In this, the public well-being policies, programs, as well
as the recommendations must be organized to promote the essential public well-being
benefits or it can decrease the various necessary public well-being harms; Also, they
must be implemented only when the sound evidence recommends that their specific
approach will be effective. The Public well-being interventions, then, should
effectively decrease the possible threats or can foster the well-being-promoting the
surrounding environments through the data-driven approaches which can particularly
have a positive influence on morbidity as well as the mortality (Jerkovic and et. al.,
2017).
 Minimize meaningful burdens and problems: In this, the public well-being programs
must constrain the meaningful liberties as minute as possible as well as can reduce the
risk of other essential problems or burdens as well. In this it can include the social
stigma, the various physical side effects, the financial burdens, as well as the
opportunity costs. In this, the risks and the burdens may be decreased through various
approaches like the public revelation, opt outs, the specific confidentiality protections,
and financial subsidies as well. Furthermore, the proportionality generally needs the
programs whose burdens will remain elevated to provide the greater aids which are
particularly associated with the quality as well as the magnitude of evidences
specifically encourages a program’s supposed advantage that should enhances when
the risks or burdens are higher.
 Reduce morally relevant disparities and promote justice: In this, the public well-being
interventions cannot disproportionately burden or advantage the more specific,
targeted groups, unless this can decrease the pre-existing disparities. Furthermore, the
targeting of programs must avoid an unintentional negative impact like the stigma or
the threats towards the dignity. In this, the public health promises towards the social
justice go further, however, necessitating the interventions to address the various
conditions that can hinders well-being (containing the health), and intervening with
special ethical earnestness to address conditions which particularly obstruct the life
prospects of certain groups which are particularly relative to others (Bieber and et. al.,
2018).
 Ensure fair procedures and accountability: In this, especially when the stakes are
generally high or disagreements necessary, the procedural justice can demand—
especially for more contentious programs, the policies, or the recommendations—the
opportunity for public input as well. in this, an additional accountability is attained
through the mandated program evaluations which are made publicly available, and

through the periodic revisions, as required, of broadly the issued guidance documents.
The public health agencies generally contain a responsibility to supporter for the
programs which can further the public’s well-being is clear, but when a program’s
approach challenges other essential values, or where an evidence can specifically
encourages a new program which is more limited, claims that the government is
acting to promote the public good may be on shakier ground. In particular cases, the
public involvement will be essential, as will transparent the evaluations with policy
modifications which particularly resulting, as required, from emerging the evidence.
 Align government policies and programs with evidence-based agency guidelines: In
this, the Considerations 1 through 4 generally can assert which the government
agencies must develop programs, the policies, as well as the guidelines to further
public support, and also that such programs or the guidelines should meet the tests of
being evidence-based, rigorously examined, as well as the socially just. The
Consideration 5 on the above goes further, signifying that when a government agency
problems evidence-based endorsements for the public, that agency’s own practices,
and the programs they fund—as well as all other policies, programs, and practices
throughout that government—must be consistent with the authorized guidelines
unless there are compelling the reasons not to do so. Instead of simply insisting upon
the government coherence for its own sake, this particular deliberation can
significantly urges the various public entities to model the implementation of
government agency endorsements, in both the reinforcing their impact through the
multiple as well as the rippling venues, and potentially averting the cynicism that
could result from the various government programs being blatantly at odds with
governmentally authorized commendations as well as the guidelines. In this, having
the public programs and activities which will be consistent with the guidelines that
would also complete, casually, widespread “piloting” of approvals across varied
contexts as well as the jurisdictions, giving a check on effectiveness and suitability of
government guidance as well as enabling the modifications which are particularly
based on the experience (Fitchett and Grossoehme, 2021).
CONCLUSION
The more effective weight loss options are generally required to encourage the
healthy as well as sustainable eating behaviours. In this, randomized control weight loss trials
are particularly been designed to assess which diet is best. Instead of asking about which is
the effective diet, the people should be asking for how can adherence be improved.
Concentrating over the efforts on developing reliable methods which are used for facilitating
the long-term adherence towards both sides of the energy balance equation which would be
worthwhile and constructive.

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