Sustainable Tourism Development

This report aims to develop a sustainable tourism understanding, its promotion and method with which it can be completed. The main part is concentrating on Scuba diving with marine conservation project and its implications on the country’s locals. Also, the tourism activities at the rural and coastal area of Philippines is discussed to analyse the sustainable tourism development needs at the destination.

SUSTAINBABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
TASK 1......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 How stakeholders can benefit from tourism developments planning in Philippines.......1
1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public/private sector tourism planning partnerships. .2
TASK 2......................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Features of tourism development planning at different levels.........................................3
2.2 Significance of interactive planning systems and processes in tourism development.....4
2.3 Evaluate different method available to measure tourist impact.......................................5
TASK 3......................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Sustainability concept in tourism development................................................................6
TASK 4......................................................................................................................................7
4.1 Methods of resolving a conflict of interests to ensure the future wellbeing of a
developing tourism destination...............................................................................................7
4.2 Implication of balancing supply and demand with reference to the Philippines..............9
4.3 The moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism in the Philippines case.........................9
TASK 5....................................................................................................................................10
5.1 Compare current issues associated with tourism development in a developing country
and an emerging destination where the impacts of tourism are different.............................10
5.2 Future development of tourism in these chosen destinations.........................................12
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
The following report aims to develop a sustainable tourism understanding, its
promotion and method with which it can be completed. This concept is explained effectively
by various tasks in the given paper. The main part is concentrating on Scuba diving with
marine conservation project and its implications on the country’s locals. Also, the tourism
activities at the rural and coastal area of Philippines is discussed to analyse the sustainable
tourism development needs at the destination. The sustainable tourism is the implementation
of the sustainability framework to lessen the economic, environmental and social impacts of
tourism on the culture, heritage and communities of the nation.
TASK 1
1.1 How stakeholders can benefit from tourism developments planning in Philippines
Tourism may create short and long term economic, socio-culture and environment
effect on a local place. The careful consideration is needed while making decisions during the
planning process, and there so many merits and demerits of including the large number of
stakeholder throughout the decision-making process. It has been suggested by Bramwell
(1999) that the control of stakeholder is frequently unequal, and highlight that “authority
manages the interaction of organisation, people and agencies influencing, or trying to
manipulate, the origination of policy for tourism and way in which it is formulated”. Some
stakeholder may have both political and financial basis to use more power above certain
planning stages of a project, and more input deliver by them when some specific decision are
being made.
The project of scuba diving with marine conservation at Philippines for sustainable
tourism development can be a good source for the tourism industry and local community’s
development in the country. The specific project can fascinate several tourists around the
world to visit destinations and attractions of Philippines. There are many companies, which
take part in the sustainable tourism development at the Philippines. Furthermore, stakeholders
like owners, investors, local communities, government, workers and creditors of the nation
are accountable for the effective planning of the proposed project (Hennighausen, 2015).
The particular project and their related activities are also beneficial for the government
to generate revenue and increase income and employment opportunities for Filipinos living in
the rural and coastal areas. Additionally, the given marine conservation project will support
the marine industry of Philippines to increase awareness of their services and facilities around
the globe to attract the large number of tourists to visit the place (Añasco and Lizada, 2014).
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The particular project may also lead to the number of infrastructure developments in the
country including hotels, resorts, bars and restaurants along the sea side, etc. to offer fabulous
facilities and best leisure to the visitors. It can improve reputation and goodwill of region in
the world. Moreover, sustainable tourism development in Philippines would lead to the
development of the domestic travel sector, improvement in industries plus rise in income of
residents by changes in their activities and accomplishing new growth options (Andersson
and Henricson, 2007).
1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public/private sector tourism planning partnerships
The partnership of public and private sectors is very important for the effective
execution of Scuba diving with marine conservation project. The positive coordination
among these two sectors can support in successful implementation of the project (Neto,
2003). The following are some advantages and disadvantages of private and public sectors
partnership, which can impact on the economy of Philippines:
Advantages
 Risk share – From PPPs the tourism industry can share their potential risk with private
partners. These risks include excess costs, not able to deliver services on time and
difficulties in complying with rules and regulation of environment or deducting with risks
related to failure of paying capital and operational cost.
 Cost reduction – The Philippines tourism sectors through PPPs would be capable to
perform cost effective project construction and to adequately maintain the operation
services.
 Earnings improvement – It might be rates of users set by PPPs that deliberate real costs
for specific service (Gibson, 2009).
 Maintain current level of service and improve it levels – Through PPPs, the Philippines
may able to revolutionize organization and performance of service supply.
 More effective execution – From combination of various activities the effectiveness can
be achieved like fast sanction for more effective decision making and capital funding,
construction and creation, more flexible hiring plus acquisitions.
 Other economic advantage – The involvement of tourism sectors of Philippines in PPPs
can help as well as inspired the private sector to contribute in an economic growth and
increase the opportunities of employment (Hannam and Ateljevic, 2007).
Disadvantages
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 Political risks and labor issues – In PPPs many government lack their experience and
this shortage of familiarity with PPPs via governments and attentive parties may lead
to high political risks. Greater spending – The “true” services-providing costs is not consider by all
governments for establishing fee and price policies for service users. PPPs demands
tax and pricing policies to provide service that affect the entire cost. Insecure services – Private partners may suffer financial problem, labor clashes or
different situation that stop them to reverence their commitments. Lack of competition – Efficiency, innovation and lower costs lead by competition.
Government cannot get benefit from PPPs in case of limited number of potential
private partners with the capability and experience to respond to a certain proposal; Imbalance in the selection process – The conservative form of service provision can
lead to many issues for the government, which can be responsible of partiality in the
selection of proposals. Loss of government control – Through the nature of PPPs, risks and decision making
can be shared among partners. PPPs that comprise important risks and investment by
private partner, so they involve in decisions about how services are offered
(Aronsson, 2000).
TASK 2
2.1 Features of tourism development planning at different levels
There are various levels at which the tourism development planning can be done. Be it
regional, national or international level, all requires proper planning to promote and grow
tourism at their respective level. Features of this planning, at different levels is discussed as
under:
Regional Level: At this level, the basic emphasis is laid upon development of monuments
situated in the close vicinity of the region. Historic monuments are preserved and promoted.
Their historic importance is explained to people around that area, so that even they can step
up to save, protect and preserve those monuments. New tourist attractions can be developed
with the help of national level organizations in order to attract more tourists (Richards and
Hall, 2003).
National Level: This level is a link between the regional and the international level. At this
stage, planning is done at the national level to promote tourism. It integrates all the regional
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levels and plan accordingly. There are many public and private organizations involved to plan
and promote tourism at national level in UK. Visit Britain is one such kind of a non-
departmental public organization that works to promote tourism in the UK. This organization
is aided by Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). These organizations promote
tourist attractions, hotels, culture, language, literature etc. there are various other
organizations that works to protect and save national heritages, beaches, monuments and
other tourist attractions around the UK (Pigram and Wahab, 2005).
International Level: There are a few renowned international organizations that work for the
development of tourism all over the world. One of such organizations is United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), which aims at preserving
World Heritage Sites. These organizations collaborate with other organizations working at
national levels or with governments of various nations to develop and protect world heritage
sites in different countries (Choi and Sirakaya, 2005).
Site planning level: Site planning state the planning for leisure facilities, landscape and
conservative areas and any other that carry out for particular development sites like resorts
for tourists.
2.2 Significance of interactive planning systems and processes in tourism development.
Although tourism proves to be a blessing for many economies around the world, but it
has its own problems associated with it, as well. Some of these problems are traffic
congestion, overpopulated destinations, social-cultural depreciation etc. Most of these
problems are a result of insufficient planning and unrestrictive tourism policies. Even when
the plans and strategies are prepared, they could not be executed due to lack of interactive
planning system. As against the conventional planning system, which is not that accurate and
often does not correlate with the available data, interactive planning system must be adopted
which emphasis on collaboration of all related parties and study of all related data, to plan
(Gayle, 2002).
Furthermore, interactive planning emphasis on integration of different plans formed at
various levels or by various organizations, to form an interactive master plan. Interactive
planning is a difficult task as it involve integration of planning of various levels and of
various organization, but it is very significant as better results can be derived out of it as it
involves suggestions and data from various sources (Alvarez, 2014). As different level of
organizations, communities, tourists, guides etc. are involved in integrated planning, it helps
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to minimize over budgeting, and adverse effect on local communities. It also maximizes the
potentials of the targeted destination. Integrated planning also minimizes the socio-cultural
degradation of the destination and the region, as it involves participation of various sections
of society and different communities. Overall, integrated planning is very significant for the
overall growth of tourism in a region and is beneficial for the residents of that region
(Buhalis, 2000).
However, the interactive planning process do not ignore the value of tourism planning
with market orientation, offering the right services and products for the visitors. Moreover,
the entire market try to give their best like fulfil the every demand and expectation of tourist
without environmental degradation and loss of socio-culture veracity of the local area. The
importance of interactive plan is to ensure the entire level of organisation, communities and
tourists get comprise to plan that avoid the over budget spending, make maximum use of the
destination potential and try to diminishing the negative impact on local folks.
2.3 Evaluate different method available to measure tourist impact
Tourism can have a positive as well as a negative impact on the region. It is important
to measure the impact it has on the region and as well as on its economy and culture. By
assessing the impact of tourism on a particular destination or region, further planning can be
done to remove the negative impact it had on that destination or planning can be done to
further increase the growth of that destination. The assessment of these impacts also shows
the success of previous planning which was done for that region or destination. There are
different methods to evaluate the impact of tourism (Clifton and Benson, 2006). These
methods are discussed as under:
Economic measures: The main purpose of developing tourism is to increase the region’s
economy. Tourism economic potential can be calculated or measured by analysing the
increase in the income of the people staying in that area and what changes in incomes occur
in the absence of tourism (Cohen and Cohen, 2012). To know the direct economic benefits of
tourism keen observation should be done on the following point:
 Increase in number of job opportunities increased in that region.
 Increase in profitability of businesses of that region
 Increase in the earnings of the employees associated with tourism.
 Increase in revenue returns.
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Environmental Measures: Environmental cost, i.e., the impact or consequences of a project or
development activity has on the environment, is measured in order to avoid the potential
damage that could occur to the environment because of that project or development activity
(Dávid, 2011). There may be a great pressure on local resource from tourism like food, land,
energy and water that can be shortage in supply. Furthermore, the seasonality of tourism
directly affected the local folks and the environment of destination.
As a result:
 The misuse of water and land by offering leisure and tourism facilities.
 Wastage and air pollution.
 Variation in landscape via construction of buildings, facilities and infrastructure.
 The use and provision of energy.
 The damages and destruction of vegetation by sealing and compaction of soils.
 Through noise pollution local people and fauna are disturbed.
Social Measures: This method measures the impact of tourism on society and culture of the
particular region. These impacts are usually very difficult to assess as the impacts are very
personal and qualitative. The information for this purpose can be collected primarily by
interviews, surveys or questionnaires etc. and secondarily by government records, public
records or other media sources (Dwyer and et.al., 2009).
TASK 3
3.1 Sustainability concept in tourism development
Figure 1: Three pillars of sustainable tourism
(Source: Sastri, 2014)
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The sustainable tourism involves strong commitment with local people integration and
nature and social responsibility in the activities of tourism and development of marine
conservation project in Philippines. According to World Trade Council, World Trade
Organisation and Earth Council, the development of sustainable tourism products satisfies the
tourists need in present by safeguarding and enhancing future opportunities. It is imagined as
leading to resources management in a manner that aesthetic, social and economic needs can
be achieved by presenting significant ecological process, cultural integrity, and biological
diversity and life support systems of Philippines (Dyer and et.al., 2007).
The sustainable tourism products includes things, which function in harmony with
culture, local environment and community to make theme become advantageous and not
victims for the development of tourism. Some similar terms of sustainable tourism are
responsible tourism, alternative tourism, soft tourism and minimum influence tourism
(Verbeek, Bargeman and Mommaas, 2011). Furthermore, there are few aspects that are
referred to drivers, pressuring industry towards the approach of sustainable development,
such as:
 Awareness of cost saving improvement from the consumption of sensible resources;
 More regulatory pressure;
 Realisation by tourism operators and professionals that quality of environment is
significant for the competitive tourism product;
 Operators and government awareness that the tourism development can have adverse
effect on the country’s environment;
 Societies increasing awareness about influential policies of tourism (Edensor, 2001).
There are many stakeholder in sustainable tourism having varying interests. Tourism
enterprises always seek long term profitability and concerned about their corporate image.
Local communities look for increased prosperity without affecting their quality of life from
sustainable tourism. Environmentalists are more interested about minimizing the negative
effects of tourism from sustainable development. And, tourist lookout for a quality
experience from the sustainable tourism development. Therefore, the governments must
recognize the different stakeholders’ interests and put effort in seeking more sustainable
tourism.
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TASK 4
4.1 Methods of resolving a conflict of interests to ensure the future wellbeing of a developing
tourism destination
Due to the development of tourism practice at Philippines, the main livelihood activities
of Filipinos has been suffered a lot, therefore the sustainable tourism planner should consider
on quality, continuity and balance. The planner should consider that tourism industry of the
country provide quality experience to tourist while improving the local community’s life
quality and protecting the environment as well. Moreover, they should ensure about
continuity of natural resources and maintain the culture of the local people along with the
complete satisfaction to travellers. The tourism planner should balance the needs of host
community and the tourism industry (Hall, 2007).
For sustainable tourism development, following twelve aims are identified by United
Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and World Tourism Organization (UN-WTO), which
should be adequately achieved by the sustainable tourism planners at Philippines:
 Economic viability – make sure about the tourism capacity and competitiveness so that
they are capable to sustain to deliver and grow the benefits in long run.
 Local prosperity – provide maximum contribution of tourism for the welfare of the
Philippines, including percentage of tourists spending that retained in the host destination.
 Employment quality – improve the quality of employment by providing level of pay.
 Social equity – divide the benefits of tourism under all community sectors including
improve services and opportunities to poor (Hassan, 2000).
 Local control – involve the people of host destination in planning and decision taking
about relevant developments at nation.
 Visitor fulfilment – without any discrimination in race, genders or in other ways, provide
safe experience for travellers.
 Communities well-being – improve the quality of life of the local communities.
 Cultural richness – maintain and develop the historic heritages, culture and tradition.
 Biological diversity – support the maintenance of wildlife, natural areas and habitats and
reduce damage to them (Liu and Wall, 2006).
 Physical integrity – preserve the quality of landscapes both in urban and rural areas.
 Resources efficiency – utilize the resources in limit in the development and operation of
tourism.
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 Environment purity – reduction in water, air and land pollution, also minimize the
generation of waste by visitors and tourism activities (Tribe, 2002).
For example, there may be conflict of interest between stakeholders regarding transport
provisions. On one hand it become obvious to improve accessibility through upgraded
transport plans and on another it is also necessary to reduce emission from growing use of air
and car transport in tourism destinations. A potential solution can be to introduce less-
polluting transport vehicles for improving transport infrastructure, however, economic impact
of the new transport proposals should be carefully assessed. Hence, it can be said that tourism
industry should be planned and managed in a sustainable manner to make the proper use of
the human and natural environment in local areas of the Philippines (Liu, 2003). The
following are some additional methods to resolve conflict of interest in the tourism industry
and to increase sustainable tourism:
 The tourism investors should adopt measures like desalination systems, water saving
equipment and collecting plus utilising rainwater to reduce the local ground water
consumption.
 The proper systems of waste disposal and methods of separating garbage into non-organic
and organic waste can be developed to prevent pollution of coastal and ground waters of a
destination.
 To avoid natural environment degradation, the tourism projects can support in protected
areas financing and safeguard ecological sensitive places against further deterioration of
the environment. Through the local populations’ empowerment and allowing them to
participate in the complete process, sustainability can be ensured, as it becomes adjusted
and accepted by the locals.
 The tourism investors must always respect the tenure system of traditional land and user
right to access the resources. In this regards, the consultation and communication with the
locals about resource-use is also significant.
4.2 Implication of balancing supply and demand with reference to the Philippines
It is necessary to maintain a balance among the tourism supply and demand. The fun
would gone when demand is more than supply because of large number of tourists or
overbooked hotels and flights. Likewise, at time of demand is surpassed by supply it would
result to low generation of revenues. So, supply and demand of tourist must be handled via
skills of marketing. Here marketing team comprise product and sales development and setting
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of price. Particularly, the balancing is vital to maintaining the natural activities at Philippines,
as green and soft tourism is speedily growing, also demand has been improved without any
promotions by suppliers. Hence, for increasing the supply, demand will automatically react.
The tourism growth at Philippines is increased due to the fact that marine habitats and species
are fascinating many visitors to the place (Sastri, 2014).
There are varying levels of demand in Philippines tourism across the year which is a
major issue for the sustainability of tourism. Due to seasonality, distinct peaks and troughs
are experienced by the destination packages. Though, a seasonal pattern allows tourism to be
tailored along with other livelihood activities. However, less seasonal demand have several
benefits for sustainable tourism because resources such as accommodation capacity and other
natural resources can be efficiently utilised which also bring profitability.
Therefore, there are different types of tactics should be used to maintain the balance
among supply and demand at the country. Development of new commodities through themes
or targeting locations, improving quality of product and making active planning which
accounts many segments of the market can affect the supply. On other side, demand is
affected by using the marketing management methods by which they should make some
changes and promotions in prices (Mella and Zahra, 2012).
4.3 The moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism in the Philippines case
Internal colonialism and enclave tourism is a major problem for tourism growth in
Philippines. The meaning of enclave tourism is tourism focus in remote area where physical
locations and types of facilities fails to consider about the needs and requirements of host
communities (Tosun, 2000). The foreign owners categorized the tourists’ facilities along with
meeting needs and interests of visitors from different nations. In Philippines, the type of
tourism facilities that are already developed includes beach site hotels, camp fire and water
sports that are also controlled by foreigners. After many researches, it has been found that
80% of accommodation and transport sectors in Philippines have involvement of foreigners
(Sasidharan, Sirakaya and Kerstetter, 2002).
These outside investors supremacy in the industry and their involvement in tourism
activities can minimize the power of local people over their natural resources. Moreover,
there may be negative impact of tourism in long run because host communities may lose their
independency at native place. The doubts and suspicions among local communities and tour
operators in the nation also develop problem of racism between the two groups (Simpson,
2001). Therefore, enclave tourism bring several moral issues between big organizations and
10

local community for the survivability of the later. Also, there are business ethics that are
negatively affect. For example, visitors do not get the ample opportunity to experience the
local culture and spend less portion of foreign currency in local services. Furthermore, there
are some moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism at Philippines, such as:
 Transitional culture is affecting heritage and cultural value;
 Conflicts among politicians plus risk of contracting diseases like, AIDS, Ebola;
 High crime rates and drug trafficking with increment in cases of prostitution;
 Serious environmental problems i.e. clearance of waste water (Turner, 2015).
TASK 5
5.1 Compare current issues associated with tourism development in a developing country and
an emerging destination where the impacts of tourism are different
Tourism is considered as one of the major source of income for many developing
countries in the world. It plays a significant role for the economic growth of these countries,
hence huge amounts of investment are put into this sector. Thailand's tourism industry started
to grow since 1987 and continued for more than a decade. However, since 2007, the number
of visitors started to shrink due to various problems faced by the sector. Other emerging
destination that has been chosen to compare with Thailand is Dubai. There are numerous
factors that impact the growth and development of tourism in these markets which can be
classified as political, social and economic (Stark, 2002). A brief comparison with respect to
those factors is presented below in the table:
Developing country – Thailand Emerging destination – Dubai
Political issues
 Thailand is facing unstable and
worsened political condition
which increases security threats
and fears for visitors.
 Though, Thailand is a safe
place, recent terrorist attacks
question security issues in the
country (Srisantisuk, 2015).
 Relatively stable political
condition in Dubai has driven
its economic growth as well
as tourism growth,
 The UAE is the most
influential country in the
world and have close ties
with other Arab countries,
the USA and many European
countries.
Social issues  Thailand uses the local culture  Globalization has resulted in
11

as a tourist attraction which
displays the ethnic identity
through revitalization of
traditional language, arts and
festivals.
 However, higher
commodification of cultural
attributes have caused loss of
authenticity and adaptation to
tourist demand often leads to
cultural clashes and irritation
due to tourist behaviour
(Svetasreni, 2013).
a mix of many different
cultures within Dubai,
 High standard of living and
comfortable lifestyle,
Economic issues
 Thailand focus on providing
high quality services, beautiful
beaches and natural
environment at lower cost.
 High inflation rates at Thailand
due to higher price of crude oil
as compared to many countries,
tourists find vacation packages
at Thailand at low price levels.
 Dubai provides luxury
vacations due to high
purchasing power.
 On the other hand inflation
rate is lower in Dubai as
compared to visitors’
countries, therefore, the
overall spending by the
visitors is lower due to high
price of vacation services.
The above comparison reveals that government in developing countries do not
reasonably invest back the revenue generated from tourism into the tourist community. This
led to dissatisfaction and unrest in the local community towards tourism activities. Whereas
in emerging destination like Dubai the situation is very different as greater economic and
scalar support from the government.
5.2 Future development of tourism in these chosen destinations
Both the chosen destinations should develop a long and medium term tangible and
realistic strategy plan by involving governmental bodies and local authorities to create a new
structure of business for tourist organisation, with an aim to avoid redundant budgets and
12

tasks. Also, the skilled employees and qualified management should be appointed in the
tourism sector to adopt with new technique of controlling, regulating and evaluating the
tourism policies implementation. Moreover, there should be a reliable system of internal and
external communication in between all enterprises and media to provide complete
information about tourism activities of particular destination to all over the globe (Crowcroft,
2014). Furthermore, the vision of Dubai for 2020 is attracting 20 millions of tourists in a
year. To fulfil such vision, the country has to outline strategies that can successfully deliver
for the city to drive and serve such growth of visitors. In this regards, there are several
initiatives that can be taken by the organisation, such as infrastructure development,
regulatory policy, destination marketing investments and enhancement in product offering.
The overall goal of such initiatives should be to position the country as first choice for both
business and leisure travellers (Tourism Vision 2020, 2016). Similarly, Thailand should also
build their tourism activities based on the DISCO plan that comprise five components, i.e.
digital marketing, image building, sustainability, crisis communication and crystallisation and
organisation management.
The emerging markets increases the competition for the traditional markets and they
have to evaluate their marketing strategies accordingly. The higher competition provides the
tourist with opportunity to look for better packages and value for money in the competing
destinations. Therefore, providing greater value for money becomes an important concern for
tourist destination. The role of government also becomes important to put in place favourable
policies to promote tourism. Along with government’s encouragement, the role of local
tourist organization is also significant for working towards strengthen the industry.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the above report that there is great requirement of tourism
sustainability in the Philippines. It is because government and local people are required to
monitor the environment and maintain the regular of activities of residents. Even the
population of the country should remain aware of things happening in their environment and
make some proper legislation to preserve the local livelihood and natural resources. The
motive of tour operators and country’s government must keep the ecological balance together
with the tourism activities development, as it supports in the growth of the particular
destination economy.
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