2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Assignment

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Name: Wenna Bea Suaner
Title: Concept Map (2808NRS)
Word Count: 643 (excluding concept map and reference list)
Date: 30th of August, 2021
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KEYS:
Aetiology
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Diet
Anatomical Changes
Age (74 years old)
Impaired Kidney Perfusion
Reduced renal blood flow causes glomerular
perfusion and filtration to also be reduced.
Beta Blockers
Clinical Manifestations Changes in Functionality of the Body
The juxtaglomerular releases renin.
Diagnostics Heart Failure
ACE Inhibitors
Blood Test
Vascular permeability is increased by
inflammation.
Treatment
Monitoring Fluid balance Chart
(Input & Output)
Loop Diuretics
Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
Urinalysis
Serum Creatinine Test
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
(eGFR)
Pitting Oedema
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test Heart Palpitations
Deep Laboured Breathing Oedema of the interstitial space
Decreased Cardiac Output
Elevated Potassium Levels
(Hypokalaemia)
Decreased Urine Output
(Oliguria)
High Creatinine Levels
Renal perfusion is reduced
Renal blood flow is reduced
Renin enters the bloodstream

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Ischemia, Hypoxia, and Nephrotoxicity are the most common causes of Acute Kidney Injury (Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury,
2021) on Paul's case, two risk factors were identified: his medical history of heart failure and his age.
The influence of advancing age on decreasing renal reserve, as well as the related comorbid diseases of senior patients, changing the
anatomical and function of the body which raises the risk of AKI (Acute Kidney in Elderly Person, 2021). Reduce renal blood flow causes
glomerular perfusion to also be reduced (Acute kidney injury: an overview of pathophysiology and treatments. - Free Online Library 2021)
which leads to Impaired Kidney Perfusion Reduced renal blood flow from heart failure, blood loss, hypotension or ischemia of the kidneys, salt
diuresis (excessive sodium loss in urine), and beta-adrenergic stimulation all produce increased renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells.
Renin transforms angiotensinogen in the liver to angiotensin I. Angiotensin II increases the production of aldosterone in the adrenal glands
(Renin Release - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics 2021) Both angiotensin and norepinephrine cause decreased renal blood flow (RBF) in the
presence of low cardiac output, directing blood to the coronary and cerebral circulations (Viswanathan et al., The Cardiorenal Syndrome:
Making the Connection 2021) Capillary hyperpermeability contributes to microvascular hypoperfusion, oedema, hypoxia, and inflammation in
acute kidney injury (AKI), exacerbating tissue injury and dysfunction (Vascular Permeability: Regulation Pathways and Role in Kidney
Diseases,2021)
Mr. Paul Smith arrive in ED with some few clinical manifestations that leads to the pathophysiology of Acute renal injury, Acute renal
injury is defined by a sudden decline in kidney function, as evidenced by a rise in serum creatinine level and/or decreased urine output. The
severity of the injury varies from minor to severe, necessitating renal replacement treatment in some cases. Acute kidney damage can be
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