Comprehensive Literature Review on Key Aspects of Human Evolution

This literature review comprehensively examines human evolution, tracing the development from apelike ancestors to modern humans. It highlights Charles Darwin's significant contributions, including natural selection and the concept of co-evolution. The review explores the fossil record as evidence, focusing on bipedalism and the evolution of the human brain. It also addresses different viewpoints on human evolution, the role of the environment, and philosophical views on the origin of life. Key ancestors like Gibbon and Sahelanthropus tchadensis are discussed within the context of paleoanthropology and the processes driving human evolution, emphasizing that the evolutionary process continues to advance with technology.

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HUMAN EVOLUTION
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Introduction
For an extended period, human evolution around the global society remains to be a
lengthy process of change. The method of change continues to be about which individuals began
from apelike predecessors. Just like literature review on other topics around the society, review
on the topic of ‘Human Evolution” remains to be essential as it illustrate how human evolve from
scientific views (Booth et al., 2016, p. 3). Scientific data has been vital in suggesting that the
physical, as well as behavioural characteristics shared by every person in the society, begun from
apelike predecessors. The evolution has developed over the time of around six million years.
From existence of living organisms such as minute bacteria to animals to man, the theory that
deals with evolution has remained to have a proper establishment through the every-changing
scientific evidence found in the entire global society (Tarlach 2018, p. 11). Therefore, the
principal objective of this research paperwork is to examine a brief literature review of human
evolution in the world as a whole.
Charles Darwin on Human Evolution
Charles Darwin input on evolution makes him be regarded by many as the “father of
Evolution.” Charles Darwin showed how apes evolve to the human in a progressive manner that
remains to be the most common evolution. Besides, the audit of the most distributed present day
pictorial symbol of human development demonstrates that has taken more years for human of
advance from apes (Vialet et al 2018, p. 12). However, Darwin Charles further suggested the
unbroken evolutionary of the chain of life to occur from simple molecules that comprise of
water, ammonia, along with phosphoric salts to humans. The chain analogy was essential as it

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gave birth to missing connections in the chain that remain as the analogy that is still applicable in
modern society. It is applicable in depicting the way that, rather than the chain, what the fossil
record indicates is a few gatherings of life shapes with huge holes in the assumed chain showing
up between them. Charles Darwin additionally outlined that the movement called the "rising of
man" was in its latest resurrection at first represented in a top rated book titled Early Man
(Franchini & Polland 2017, p. 7). The work by Charles Darwin led to well-established opinions
along with sediments concerning the development of different stages of the man like Homo
sapiens.
The work done by Charles Darwin on natural selection remains to be essential in driving
the process of evolution of humanity through different ages. Besides, co-evolution of human
continues to be another significant concept that deals with various factors that help in evolution
(Babbit et al., 2017, p. 4). It is therefore clear that human evolution is an excellent example of
the fossil record as evidence of evolution. Evolution of human is one of the earliest ways that
tend to define human traits and bipedalism. The idea of bipedalism is the capability of an
individual to walk upright on two legs. The evolution of human according to Darwin took over
four hundred million years (Rishishwar & Jordan 2017, p. 5). The other basic attributes of human
incorporate things, for example, the presence of the tremendous and complex cerebrum, the
capacity to make and use assorted instruments expansive and complex mind, the capacity to
make and utilize diverse apparatuses, together with capacity to have a limit of utilizing and
creating dialect. The advancement of dialect prompted a complex emblematic articulation, works
of art, alongside the intricate assorted variety of culture that rises fundamentally amid the
previous one hundred thousand years.

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Views on human evolution
Human in the present society is term to be pirates. Genetic likenesses show that the
propelled human species, for instance, cases of Homo sapiens incorporates the contented
association to a different social occasion of primate sorts of chimps. In this way, human and the
enormous primates of Africa like chimpanzees and gorillas share the typical forerunner that lived
around eight and six million years earliershow that the propelled human species (Bayer &
Luberda 2016, p. 21). In this way, human and the enormous primates of Africa like chimpanzees
and gorillas share the typical fore-runner that lived around eight and six million years earlier.
Several scientists indicated that human first evolved in the continent of Africa. The scientists
also suggest that quite a bit of human development happened on the landmass of Africa. The
fossils of the early man who dwells between six alongside two million years prior come
altogether from Africa. In any case, most researchers in the present society perceive exactly
fifteen to twenty unique types of early people (Flaman 2016, p. 571). Researchers on their
operations they do not all agree with presentations of human evolution as brought forward by
Charles Darwin, especially on how these species relates or those that naturally die out. Most
species that existed long ago, indeed most of them deserted no living relatives. Additionally,
researchers likewise wrangle over how they are capable of identifying and classifying specific
species of early human sand concerning what factors were capable of influencing the evolution
along with the extinction of every species in the entire global society. The primary and most
common view accepted by many scientists’ remains to be that of the shared ancestor (Cohen et
al., 2016, p. 9). There comprises of variation of opinions on the common ancestor within the
community. Sahelanthropus tchadensis remains to the root primate of gorillas as well as human

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and this is where the human evolution begun. Moreover, human evolution is interconnected with
the global distribution along with the idea that the landscape on species-specific to human
evolution performed the essential duty to the procedure of evolution.
The dominant opinion is that most of the hominin species originated in regions within
East Africa community before the lineage went to colonise places within Asia together with
Europe continents. Furthermore, cases of control of climatic conditions remained to be the
essential factor in the evolution along with the adaptation of different species of the human (Bae
2017, p. 519). The southern Cape area within the continent of Africa continues to fundamental
for the origin of man since the region had the crucial natural system that was active. The system
also contributed to shaping the human lineage of the human. The commencing from the era of
introduction of the process of evolution, there is a need to focus on rely on focus pictures that
follow human development from Pliopithecus to Ramapithecus to Homo erectus, this ought to go
the distance to Cro-Magnon and closure with Homo sapiens. Therefore, modern apes, as well as
apes, tend to differ differently. However, the soonest hominins differentiated in unobtrusive
ways to deal with living gorillas (Hermando-Herraez et al., 2015, p. 6). These differentiations
happen fundamentally in their expanding dependence on strolling upright that alludes to be
bipedalism. The advance of skeletal markers of bipedalism includes a forward position of the gap
at the base of the skull where the spinal segment enters the foramen magnum.
Philosophic view at early life on Earth
Getting the real origin of human life around the global society remains a challenging
issue for most of the communities that deal with science studies. Several cases describe how the

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early life commenced (Samson et al., 2017, p. 97). However, there are still several unbiassed
answers regarding the beginning of human life. For the excellent section of the history of
evolution, it is clear that earth had no complicated life.
Common ancestors in human evolution
The common ancestor in evolution starts from Gibbon and goes all the way to Homo
sapiens. Besides, Gibbon remains to be the primary ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and
gorillas in the views of many scientists. In consideration of Gibbon, it is believed that evolution
started about eight million years ago (Kelly & Hoburg 2017, p. 841). Many people consider that
Gibbon together with Sahelanthropus tchadnsis to be the oldest members of the human genus.
Others believed that during the last days of the beginning of Gibbon and Sahelanthropus
tchadnsis, the evolution of human begun to take place in the society. The essential being ancestor
of chimpanzee remains to be Orrorin genesis (Hawkes et al., 2018, p. 791). Orrorin tegenesis as
species of chimpanzee believed that they were the most living being that begun process of
human evolutionary procedure that followed skeletal along with evidence of DNA.
Paleoanthropology
Paleoanthropology stays to be the ethe logical examination of the development of
mankind. Moreover, paleoanthropology is a subfield that arrangements with human sciences that
spotlights on the investigation of human culture, culture, together with human science inside the
group (Zayan et al., 2017, p. 367). Paleoanthropology field includes the proper comprehension of
the differences and similitudes that exist among people alongside different species in their
qualities, types of kid, conduct, and physiology (Ackerman 2018, p. 9). Paleoanthropologists

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concentrate their work on searching for the underlying foundations of human physical qualities
and activities.
Process of evolution
The method that focuses on the evolution of human comprises of a series of natural
changes that help in making different organisms or species to emerge, adjust to the
encompassing, and wind up plainly terminated. Every one of the animal categories or living
beings in the universe has started through the procedure of organic advancement (Rifkin et al.,
2017, p. 951). In any case, different creatures that duplicate sexually including human, the term
species keeps on being the gathering whose grown-up individuals consistently interbreed coming
about into prolific of posterity. Researchers have possessed the capacity to arrange each species
with the specific two-section logical name (Muller et al., 2017, p. 173). By utilizing such
framework, the advanced human is classifiable as Homo sapiens.
Brain of human
The highly evolved brain among human remains an essential factor evident from the
study of evolution. Advanced brain among human is one as well as the significant factor that
tries to separate human beings from other species of human. The evolvement of human brain
seems to be like the narrative within the biochemical presentations (Kivinen & Piiroinen 2018, p.
129). Many researchers have reported that the evolutionary changes among species lead to the
development of an evolvement of the human brain. The occurrences of changes result in the
general brain anatomy change in the size of the brain, along with texture and the different
progression sections of this human body organ to help in improving processing of information

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(Berretta 2017, p. 46). The alteration of brain structure together with the change in the
distribution of neuron systems of the human brain led to eventual assistance in the ability of
learning.
Conclusion
From the above explanations, it is clear that evolution of human remains to be the
procedure that underwent through million years to take the present man to the point that they are
currently. From the human evolution of Gibbon to Ardipithecus ramidus to Homo sapiens,
interactions and stages, countless species, natural factors, and unknown factors among others all
remained to be significant in contributing to the evolution of the modern human in the society.
The human evolutionary procedures are not extinct as they keep advancing with technology even
in the current culture. It is evident that the long duration has made it possible for the human
species to have different traits. From the brief overview of human evolution in the society,
people can have useful information that helps them in making some necessary conclusions
concerning what they can view in the present community. Therefore, the process of life remains
to be dynamic. Life remains to be a process that means change.

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List of References
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Babbitt, CC, Haygood, R, Nielsen, WJ, & Wray, GA 2017, 'Gene expression and adaptive
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Bae, CJ 2017, 'Late Pleistocene Human Evolution in Eastern Asia: Behavioral Perspectives',
Current Anthropology, pp. S514-S526. Available from: 10.1086/694078. [15 April 2018].
Bayer, CN, & Luberda, M 2016, 'Measure, Then Show: Grasping Human Evolution Through an
Inquiry-Based, Data-driven Hominin Skulls Lab', PLoS ONE, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1-25. Available
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Berretta, N 2017, 'Back to the Future of Human Origins', Science & Christian Belief, vol. 29, no.
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Flaman, PP 2016, 'Evolution, the Origin of Human Persons, and Original Sin: Physical
Continuity with an Ontological Leap', Heythrop Journal, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 568-583. Available
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Muller, A, Clarkson, C, & Shipton, C 2017, 'Measuring behavioural and cognitive complexity in
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