Exploring the Impact of Additive Manufacturing in Supply Chain and Logistics

The provided content discusses the concept of 3D Printing, its impact on industry and supply chain, and its potential applications in various sectors. The articles highlight the benefits of additive manufacturing, such as reduced material waste, increased customization, and faster production times. Additionally, they explore the challenges and limitations associated with this technology, including high costs, limited scalability, and concerns about intellectual property protection. Furthermore, the content touches on the social and ethical implications of 3D printing, particularly in terms of job creation, skills training, and the potential for innovation and entrepreneurship.

Running Head: 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR
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3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR
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3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 1
Executive Summary
The paper has tried to understand the 3D Printing technology and international logistics sector.
The research methodology that has been used is archival research method. The paper has
considered secondary research methods for the data collection and assessment. The recent
advancement in the 3D technology is a matter of curiosity and numerous industries are gradually
accepting this technology. Therefore, it seemed imperative that the various growths in this aspect
is studied and understood. Some of the advancements are also impacting the utility of the
logistics around the world. The advancements of the 3D technology will allow the businesses to
produce cheap products in house and will rely less on the international import of the products. It
was expected that the utility of the international logistics will gradual reduce. The aim of the
research was to understand the 3D printing technology and international logistics sector. The
objectives of the research were directed towards this aim. The objectives of the research was to
understand to understand the contemporary growth in the 3 Dimensional Printing Technology; to
understand whether there exists chance for world to use customized and decentralized form of
3D printer; to understand the influence 3D printing will have in a decade to come; and to
understand whether 3D printing will disrupt the current logistics sector and warehouse
management. The research findings are interesting to note. It has been understood that the 3D
printing has reached around different MRL value for different product sector such as 10 for the
dental products and around 4-6 for the industrial products. Various recent advancements have
been observed in the recent years and the timeline shows appreciable upward trajectory.
The impact of the technology on the manufacturing is expected to profound in the years to come.
The 3D printing technology allows the industries to manufacture products that are of high quality
and of low price. However, perfection is yet to be attained. Therefore, it is difficult to state that
when this technology will dominate the whole manufacturing industry. The impact of the 3D
printing on the supply chains is less evident at present and it does not seem that it will have any
profound impact in a decade ahead.

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Table of Contents
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................1
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Research Background..................................................................................................................5
Research Rationale.......................................................................................................................6
Research Aim...............................................................................................................................6
Research Objectives.....................................................................................................................6
Research Questions......................................................................................................................6
Research Scope............................................................................................................................7
Summary......................................................................................................................................8
Literature Review............................................................................................................................9
3D Printing and Advancements...................................................................................................9
Historical Aspect of 3D Printing............................................................................................11
3D Printing Technology.........................................................................................................13
3D Printing at Present................................................................................................................14
Availability of 3D printing for Industries...............................................................................14
Contributors of 3D Printing....................................................................................................16
Obstacles for 3D Printing.......................................................................................................17
3D Printing Processes.............................................................................................................17
3D Printing Industry Ahead.......................................................................................................20
Application of 3D Printing Technology.....................................................................................22
3D Printing Utilities...................................................................................................................25
3D printing and Supply Chains..................................................................................................28
Research Methodology..................................................................................................................33
Primary and Secondary Research..............................................................................................33
Quantitative and Qualitative Research.......................................................................................34
Deductive and Inductive Research.............................................................................................34
Empirical and Theoretical Research..........................................................................................35
Results and Discussion..................................................................................................................36
3D Printing Competitiveness and its Future..............................................................................37

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3D Printing Impacts in the Next Decade...................................................................................40
Summary....................................................................................................................................42
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................43
References......................................................................................................................................47
List of Figures
Figure 1: 3D Printed Project Illustration.........................................................................................4
Figure 2: 3D Human Heart Printing (Illustration Only)..................................................................5
Figure 3: 3D Model Printing............................................................................................................9
Figure 4: 3D Pizza Printing...........................................................................................................10
Figure 5: 3D Printing Timeline 2000s...........................................................................................11
Figure 6: 3D Printing Processes....................................................................................................13
Figure 7: MetalFAB1 Industry Level 3D Printer..........................................................................15
Figure 8: MRL Value 3D Printing.................................................................................................16
Figure 9: Stereolithography...........................................................................................................18
Figure 10: Digital Light Processing...............................................................................................19
Figure 11: Selective Deposition Lamination.................................................................................19
Figure 12: Electron Beam Melting................................................................................................20

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Introduction
Figure 1: 3D Printed Project Illustration
3D Printing (3DP) has been growing gradually from prototyping to manufacturing customized
parts in low volume. It has started to create buzz around the industry professionals. However,
there is consideration that whether this would be a suitable field to invest large sums or it is just a
field of amusement. 3D printing can be seen spreading its wings to almost all the industry,
beginning from IT industry to manufacturing and supply chains. This paper has focused on
understanding the implications of the 3D printing technology for the global logistics industry
(Manners-Bell and Lyon, 2012). The logistics industry amply utilizes the various transportation
services and there are some speculations that the utilization of the 3D printing in this filed can
profoundly impacts the extent with which the transportation services are being demanded in the
market. Moreover, there are numerous geographies that can utilize this technology to build better
capitals.
The logistics industry combines six elements in general, namely, “consumption, design,
production, transport, selection, and final delivery.” One can observe that all the elements are
deeply connected and it is the expectation that embracing the 3D technology can streamline these
activities and goals can be achieved faster.
3D printing allows the companies involved in the development of the products in manufacturing
even single unit at lowest cost possible. Therefore, it can be stated that the manufacturing
companies do not have to bother about the mass production and economies of scale. The
reduction in the time and costs utilized for the production due to the expected growth in the 3D
technology is likely to positively impact the market price of the products being brought in the
market (Airbus, 2014). Moreover, the reduction in the utilization of the resources for the product
will help the companies to produce the local products effectively and compete with the
companies and the products that are coming from abroad. It can also be stated that the companies
that are coming from the external market at present use the global logistics to a greater extent to
compete with the local market (Tatham et al, 2014). However, after the advancement in the 3D

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technologies, one can expect growth in the manufacturing of the products from the local market
which will eventually improve the local market condition. The demand of the global logistics
might reduce due to this overturn of the manufacturing techniques. The above discussion helps in
inferring that 3D technology might be disruptor for the technological industry. This disruptive
technology is likely to challenge the logistics and manufacturing. There are some of the
researchers who have realized that this technology might have appreciable impact as stated
earlier (Van Diepen, 2012; Markillie, 2012; Anderson, 2012).
There have been a series of debates concerning the 3D printing and the logistics. It is expected
that the evolution in the 3D technology is likely to revolutionize the methods that are utilized to
do the production of goods (Ambrosi and Pumera, 2016). The organizations will be gradually
shifting from the transportation oriented organization to the costs that are employed on the labor.
Research Background
3D printing technology has spent appreciable amount of time with the manufacturing industry as
there are some specific industries such as the automotive and aerospace that has utilized this
method to develop prototypes. It has been observed from the study that the stability and safety
provided by the products developed by 3D printing are almost similar to that of the products that
are manufactured through the traditional methods (Anderson, 2012). It has been found that the
utilization of this technology in the development of the aircraft components positively impacts
the overall weight of the aircraft. Moreover, it contributes in the reduction of the carbon dioxide
emission and saves fuel. The 3D technology has also been used in the health care industry for
some time now. The term used for the 3D printing in the medical field is “additive
manufacturing.” There are various elements that are being manufactured in the medical sector
such as the dental components and the hip joints and are readily used by the doctors from around
the world (Bak, 2003). The extent of 3D printing technology has reached to the level that now
there are some of the researchers who are trying to replicate the human cells that can be used to
replace the defective part of the individuals. One might witness artificial human internal organs
in the coming days if everything went as desired and planned.

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Figure 2: 3D Human Heart Printing (Illustration Only)
The use of 3D printing can be observed in the other sectors also. There are some fashion
designers and architects who are orienting towards this technology to develop models. Items
such as shoes, buildings, and even the eatable pizza are being developed by the 3D printing
technologies. 3D printing technology is the technology of replication done by the machines and
there is no limit to what can be replicated. One can view the development in the market
concerned with the 3D printing (Bailiere, 2013). Moreover, it is expected that in the near future
most of the industries will be substantially using this technology. This will allow the businesses
to procure and produce locally. Therefore, one can expect the impact it can have on the logistics
industry. This paper has tried to understand the same. The implication of the 3D advancement on
the logistics industry is the major area that is being investigated in this paper.
Research Rationale
The reason behind understanding the implication of the 3D printing technology is that this
technology seems to be at the forefront of the new era. However, there has been limited research
in this field and fewer researchers have shown interests in conducting the academic study.
Therefore, it has been understood by far that conduction of some more study in this field which
can help the industry understand this technology better is imperative. Considering this aspect,
this paper has been presented based on various research questions, aims, and objectives.
Research Aim
The research aim for this paper is to understand the 3D printing technology and international
logistics sector.
Research Objectives
Based on the research aim, mentioned below are the research objectives that have been defined:
- To understand the contemporary growth in the 3 Dimensional Printing Technology
- To understand whether there exists chance for world to use customized and decentralized
form of 3D printer

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- To understand the influence 3D printing will have in a decade to come
- To understand whether 3D printing will disrupt the current logistics sector and warehouse
management
Research Questions
The study of some of the papers developed by the various researchers led to the understanding
that there exists close relationship between the 3D technology development and manufacturing
and logistics. Though the focus of the paper is to understand the 3D printing technology in
relation to the logistics, there are some of the research questions that have been defined which
will be used as the guide to take ahead the research further. The research paper is intended to
focus on the below mentioned questions while moving ahead with the study:
Central Question
What impact 3D printing will have on the logistics sector in the years to come?
Sub-research questions
1. To what extent 3D printing has developed till now?
This question will help the researcher in getting proper insight into the developments that have
been done in the 3D printing industry. The purpose of investigating this question is to get an
overview of the various advancements and activities that have being conducted in this area.
Moreover, the investigation will help in understanding the overall scope of this technology.
2. How 3D printing technology impacting manufacturing?
This sub research question has been defined to understand the way 3D printing is impacting the
manufacturing sector on global scale. The question will help the researcher in understanding the
impact in quantitative terms. Moreover, the researcher will try to understand that whether the use
of 3D printing technology in manufacturing bring any kind of competitive advantage to the
company involved in the same.
3. How 3D printing technology impacting supply chains?
The question has been defined to understand whether 3D printing will have influence on the
supply chains or the logistics and if yes, then the extent of the same will be assessed. While
understanding this question, the inner supply chain activities will be understood, and then the
same will be assessed in comparison to the logistics that are concerned with the 3D printing.
4. What impact 3D printing has on the international logistic sector?
This question will help the researcher in understanding the future of 3D printing in global
logistics. The time period that has been taken for the assessment is two decades. It is the most
sought after aspect of the 3D printing technology that interests numerous individuals from the

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manufacturing and logistics industry and, therefore, taking a close look at the same would be an
appreciable step for this research.
Research Scope
The paper that has been developed has certain limitations that cannot be ignored while studying
this report. The limitation of time has been the major constraint while preparing this paper.
Mentioned below are some of the scopes that have been defined which will be kept in
consideration while the work on this paper will be conducted:
- The global aspect has been chosen for the study as most of the information can be
gathered on global perspective rather than the location specific study.
- The logistic aspect that has been considered refers majorly to the sea routes as the focus
has been on the global aspect. The use of trucks and other minor road transportation
elements have not been consider as they may hamper the study of the global aspect.
Moreover, time consumption sought by such study would be extensive which is limited.
- The time period that has been considered to understand the future implications is 20
years.
- As the focus of this study is towards the 3D printing of the products and the
transportation of the same. Therefore, the attention will be kept on the products that can
be packed within the containers and transported.
- The study has concerned itself mainly with the advancements in the 3D technology and
the implications of the same on the logistics. Therefore, the various micro variables of a
particular country and the political situation of that country have not been picked up.
- The focus will be kept on the stakeholders who are of substantial size as the focus is the
global logistics.
Summary
The paper has tried to understand the implication of advancement in 3D printing on the global
logistics. The paper will be consulting various past researches to understand the growth the
impact it can have on the global supply chain. The 3D printing technology is expected to
substantially impact the manufacturing and supply chain industry and, therefore, it would be a
wise decision to understand this aspect with greater attention. There are certain limitations to this
research and, therefore, the whole research has been limited to certain premise such as keeping
major focus on global aspect and negligibly considering the local or minor aspects of logistics or
3D printing. The paper will be addressing central research question with four sub-research
questions. The whole paper is based on certain research aims and objectives. The next chapter is
concerned with reviewing the past literature developed by various researchers on 3D printing
technology. Moreover, the analysis of the various research papers will be focused on the global
logistics and the way changes can be witnessed in the same due to the advancements.

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Literature Review
The literature review is concerned with understanding the studies that have in done in reference
to the 3D printing and global logistics by the various researchers. The studies concerning the 3D
printing technology and manufacturing are in abundance however the direct correlational study
of 3D printing technology and logistics are limited. This chapter will try to assess the various
studies and reach certain inference in relation to the research questions defined earlier.
3D Printing and Advancements
There have been various technological advancements that have impacted the human lives in
some way or the other. This field can be attributed as having comparatively more profound
impact on the human civilization than other advancements. Most of the technologies were
disruptive in nature. One such technology is 3D printing, which is gradually making its mark on
the human civilization (Gill and Hart, 2016). It is the expectation of the proponents of this
technology that there are various activities within the industry that are going to be obsolete in the
near future if the desired outcome associated with the 3D printing is achieved.
Figure 3: 3D Model Printing
Additive manufacturing is another name for the 3DP. The nomenclature ‘additive’ is used as it
creates object by addition of something over the other. Traditionally, the process of
manufacturing was subtractive, that is the parts were molded and something were chiseled out to
create something. However, after the advancements in the manufacturing technologies, now the
one element is added with another to create something else (Baskaran et al, 2016). The 3D
printing technology is one such element with advanced capability. The use of 3DP is getting
wider each passing day and various sectors are gradually accepting this technology. However, it

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is only the initial phase of 3D technology and there is lot of developments one can witness in the
coming days.
The proponents of 3D printing technology have no doubt about the potential of this technology.
The 3DP technology has been widely covered by various researchers, and mainstream media.
Most claims with great confidence that the 3D printing technology will impact the current
manufacturing to greater extent and it might be possible that current manufacturing processes
might become obsolete (Beyer, 2014). Moreover, one can expect this technology to break all the
external barriers such as geopolitical, economic or social and will be adopted by large number of
organizations around the world.
The major differentiating factor concerned with this technology is that, it is additive in nature.
The method of manufacturing allows the 3D printer to build parts at micro scale (sub mm scale).
One can clearly differentiate this technology from the basic manufacturing methods that are
existent around the industry. The traditional industries that are prevalent nowadays have
numerous limitations and one of them is the involvement of the human effort in manufacturing
the products (Bose et al, 2013). However, there are various technological advancements that can
be witnessed which have improved the way manufacturing is being done. Most of the tasks are
now being automated, but still they require human involvement to most extent. All these
traditional manufacturing methods that are being applied till date are using the subtracting
method for the production. That is, they subtract the big chunk of raw material to build desired
object. This can be observed as one of the major limitation of the traditional manufacturing
industry (Bhasin et al, 2014). The subtractive method prefers the utilization of the tools and
fixtures for assembling the various parts to form a structure.

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Figure 4: 3D Pizza Printing
Moreover, the traditional manufacturing process ends up
wasting most of the raw materials during chiseling out the
useful parts. This method is in complete contrast to what 3D
printing technology has proposed. In 3D printing, the objects
are developed by the addition of the material one layer after
another. 3D printing allows the manufacturing organizations to
build creative objects with complex designs (Muth et al, 2014).
Moreover, it gives freedom to the individuals and
organizations to think more creatively regarding the product
designs without concerning about the constraints such as costs
and time. 3D printing allows development of complex
geometric objects. It has been stated by some of the
researchers that the 3D printing is an energy efficient
technology. Moreover, it is expected to increase the
efficiencies of the manufacturing organizations in terms of
time and cost.
The 3D printing technology has moved beyond the prototyping
stage and has entered the actual arena of product development
and delivery. There are various industries that have started
utilizing this technology at small scale which is expected to
grow in the near future. The reason behind the same is that the

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technology is readily available to the small and big manufacturing industries (Birtchnell et al,
2013). It allows them to try the technology for various purposes. 3D printers now come at
different shapes and sizes with different price tags which has increased its affordability. The least
one need to pay to acquire a 3D printer is $1000. This level of affordability has allowed the
wider audience to get the access to this technology. The increase in the adoption rate has
increased the number of experiments that were being done with various product designs.
Historical Aspect of 3D Printing
First 3D printing technology came on the horizon was in 1980s. The nomenclature for this
product was “Rapid Prototyping Technologies.” The logic behind such nomenclature was that
this technology was perceived the faster and cost-effective method for the development of
prototypes for industrial or experimental use. The patent of this new technology was held by
Charles Hull who founded 3D Systems Corporation (Bose et al, 2013). The commercial 3D
printer first came into existence in the year 1987. The first system was kept under rigorous trial
prior to selling in in 1988. Around 2000s, few companies emerged with focus on developing the
3D technologies further, namely, EnvisionTec (2002) and ExOne (2005).
The initial competition was obvious between the various 3D
technological advancements. Some of the 3D printer companies tried to focus on the
development of high end 3D printers for the development of complex objects whereas there were
some that focused on the development of the 3D printers for the masses. However it can be
referred to a calm timeline. The actual game began after the year 2007 when the market
witnessed the first system that was below $10,000. This cheapest 3D printing was developed by
3D Systems. However, this price mark still failed to attract the many proponents of the 3D
printing technologies. Most of them were expecting that the market will flock towards this
product if the price goes below $5000. Yet, the year 2007 can be stated as the important year for
the development of 3D printing technologies (Brian Heater, 2014). Dr. Bowyer came up with the
RepRap concept, which is an open-source method and acts as self-replicating 3D printer. The
concept was found by Dr. Bowyer in the year 2004 however it didn’t take to shoot before 2007.
The year 2009 saw the major advancement in the 3D printing technology when the first 3D
printer kit was brought to the market which completely based on the methodologies devised in
RepRap. The name of this system was “BfB RapMan 3D.”
Some of the companies showed interest in RepRap concept however the major utilization of
RepRap was towards the open source community and developing the technology for fun.
Commercialization was not even near to this. The year 2012 saw the actual commercialization of
this technology with the introduction of the alternative 3D printing processes (Burke, 2014). The
market saw ‘B9Creator’ and ‘From 1’ which came in June. The funding for the both the
technologies were done through Kickstarter. The various advancements in the various aspects of
the 3D printing from different companies helped the 3D printing technology to reach new
heights. The year 2012 saw the attraction towards this technology from the various media
Figure 5: 3D Printing Timeline 2000s

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channels. The year 2013 also witnessed significant growth in the 3D technologies and still in
continuation.
Figure 6: 3D Printing Processes
3D Printing Technology
The initiation of the 3D printing results into the 3D model of objects. There is different software
that is used for the development of the 3D objects. 3D CAD is the most preferred software that is
used by the industry engineers. Different files are created as per the required layers and then they
are filed into the system. The 3D printers are of different types with different purposes. There are
various materials that are used in 3D printing and the most basics are functional plastics, sand,

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and ceramics (Cabe Atwell, 2013). Some of the research is being done towards the development
of bio products such as foods. The most preferred material that is used in 3D printing is plastic.
Sugar and chocolate are also used in some of the specially designed 3D printers. The
technologies used in the different printers are different from one another. Despite so many
benefits, there are also some major limitations such as to design one category of product the 3D
printer must be embedded with product specific design and technology. There are 3D printers
that only work with the powdered material.
Another important aspect that needs to be understood about the 3D printers is that one cannot
simply purchase the product and use at normal device. It requires various initial steps that need
care prior to bring the actual product live (Campbell et al, 2011). The major benefit is that, as the
various parts can be developed directly from the machine. Therefore, one just needs to develop
the design of the product and the rest of the activity can be handled by the machine.
3D Printing at Present
This section has focused towards understanding the current situation of the 3D printing
technology along with the overall industry. The extent to which it has matured has also been
considered. Moreover, the factors that are contributive to the 3D printing technology have also
been considered in the further sub-sections (Canalys, 2014). There always exists some form of
resistance to growth or progress of any kind and 3D printing technology is also in the same state.
There are some obstacles that are faced by the 3D printing technology that is being discussed in
the sub-sections ahead.
Availability of 3D printing for Industries
Manufacturing Readiness Level is generally used to understand whether any particular
technology is ready for the industry to use it widely and on a large scale. MRL helps the assessor
in understanding the maturity level of the new technology. This assessment method is most
popular among the government and private agencies. MRL indicates the distance a technology
has travelled to be used in the industry. There are various stages between the innovation of a
technology and the use of the same in the industry. Some of these steps are experimenting with
the technology, refining the technology, and testing the technology for further adoption. There
are generally three stages or the phases that combine to form the MRL. These three phases have
been further divided into ten levels (Catts, 2013). The level one refers to the technology that is
still in its nascent stage and minimal maturity has been achieved. If a product has the MRL value
of one, then it means that the technology has shown some characteristics for its application in the
manufacturing sector. The MRL value of two refers to the capability of the technology whose
concepts have been identified that is the area of the manufacturing which it will cover. The MRL
value of the three refers to the level when the proof of concept is brought into the picture. This
proof of concept states the particular methods that have been proved for the application of the
technology in the manufacturing sector (Charron, 2014). The MRL value of four indicates that
the validation of the technology in the lab has been attained under the identified concepts. The

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MRL value of five indicates that the new technology has shown the capabilities that reflect it can
be used in the environment that is close to the actual production. The MRL value of six indicates
that the production can be attained using this technology. The MRL value of seven indicates that
the technology had been brought in the actual production environment and has been tried on an
experimental basis for a while. The MRL value of eight indicates that the technology can be
brought in the pilot line and can be finally implemented for the production. The MRL value of
nine denotes that the technology is being effectively used for the production of goods but at
lower rate (Cohen et al, 2014). The MRL value of ten indicates that the technology has
completely matured and full dependency on the same is being achieved by the manufacturing
industry.
Figure 7: MetalFAB1 Industry Level 3D Printer
As per the 3D printing technology is concerned, the manufacturing of various products lies at the
various MRL scale. For some of the products, the MRL level of 3D printing is at one, and for
some of the product the MRL value has attained ten. Dental products such as 3D jaws have been
developed by the recent 3D printers and the MRL value for the same stands at ten. Tooling and
Plastics have been done by the 3D printers and the MRL value for these stands at 7-9. The
aerospace components from the 3D printers show the MRL value from five to eight which is
almost similar to metals, that is, four to seven (Compton and Lewis, 2014). The MRL value of
3D printers concerning the other materials is below three and it requires some more advancement
in it to reach the industrial level.

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Figure 8: MRL Value 3D Printing
Contributors of 3D Printing
There are various factors that have contributed in the growth of the 3D printing industry. The
support has helped the 3D printing technology in gaining the current level of popularity among
the manufacturers. Some of the major contributors in this field are consumer products,
automotive and the medical equipment. The major sections that are covered in the consumer
product are from the electronic items. The consumer products combined with the electronic items
stands as the 20.3 percent contributors. The other two sectors contribute around 19 percent and
15 percent respectively (Elms and Low, 2013). There are numerous benefits that have been
derived by the 3DP by these mentioned industries. These benefits could not have been gained if
the traditional method had been used. One of the benefits is huge reduction in the development
times. The time that was spent in the development of the product has reduced to a greater extent
due to the opportunity of more hit and trial rather than final version for traditional approaches. It
has helped in the production of the products that are of fewer weights. Now the products
developed from the 3D printer are of comparatively less weight from the parent product design
and this has happened due to the quality of the material that is used while developing the
product. One of the major advantages in using the 3D printing technology is that the designer can
become more creative and design the products that are more creative and smart. This freedom
was not allowed in the traditional manufacturing styles. This has helped in customizing the
product in an easy manner (Fawkes, 2014). The designers can now create the designs that could
have thought of before. Other contributors to this area are government and military industry.
They are using this technology to develop prototypes of the advanced technology that can be
used further to develop the final products. This has helped them make more trials and produce
complex elements. The academic instructions are also the major contributors to this sector. The
reason is that the academic institutions require developing modeling for their various
experiments which has become an easy task after the advancements in the 3D printing
technology. The students and fellows in the institutions will not have to bother about the expense
that will be incurred on developing the prototype of the electronic items. This has helped them

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open new gates of opportunity in the field of innovation and technology advancements. The
medical sector has also involved in the development of the items of high precision which is also
referred as the military grade equipment (Ford, 2015). Apart from the benefits that have been
mentioned above, there exist more than ten benefits that can be derived from the 3D printing
technology. The manufacturing machines that are built based on the 3D printing technology are
lighter and are easy to transfer from one place to another. 3D scanners come in minimum budget
and thus incur less cost to the implementer. The materials that are used in the development can
be termed as biocompatible and is friendly to the environment.
Obstacles for 3D Printing
Despite all the benefits that are being derived from the 3D technology, there are numerous
obstacles that are being faced by the 3D technology in its advancements. One of the obstacles
that are being faced by the 3D printing technology is less robust procedures in the development
of the products. If the current development in the 3D printing technology is observed then it can
be clearly stated that the continued monitoring is required while the 3D printers are placed on
working. The reason behind such need is the presence of inconsistency in the production of the
products (Geehoed, 2014). Therefore, it requires some extra care while developing two products
of completely same form and structure. The components that are considered with the safety of
human lives cannot afford to be of different size and shapes. This will reduce the utility of the
same as it will increase the risk of the users. For the production of the similar products, the
current 3D printing technology requires monitoring and regular assessment for the opportunity of
improvement. Another challenge in working with the 3D printing technology is that all the
available materials cannot be molded according the printer. This lacks of optimization of the
materials is the major challenge for the manufactures (General Electric, 2015). Moreover, the
form in which the materials are used in the development does not always generate products that
are strong and durable. The individuals involved in the 3D printing technology have limited
choice regarding the material selection. The most used materials are the polymers along with
some of the metals and not all of them. It can be stated at present that the future advancements in
the material adoption is required so that variety of materials can be used to produce strong and
durable products (Gill and Hart, 2016). Some of the other limitations of the 3D printing machine
is that it comes costly, and there are limited amount of data available that could predict the
overall performance of the machine. Along with that, theft of the ideas have become games for
the organizations in the 3D printing technology which generally discourages that parties who are
more active in the advancements of 3D printing technology.
3D Printing Processes
There are various 3D printing processes that are utilized and the first process that was the
preferred most was Stereo-lithography (SL). The reason behind its popularity can be the
commercialization of the process. It is a laser based method. The photopolymer resins are
generally utilized. The process within SL is comparatively complex. The use of laser beam on
the resins hardens the surface as per the designed defined by the manufacturer. One of the

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 18
challenges in this process is that it requires the support structure for certain parts. Moreover, the
objects developed through the SL require be cleaning and curing. The process of curing is
concerned with further hardening the resins using the light intense environment (Giurco et al,
2014). SL process has been stated as one of the accurate process so far as it helps provide
effective finishing of the object surface. As stated earlier, despite these benefits the steps that are
required to be taken in the later stage makes it a challenging process to some extent.
Figure 9: Stereolithography
Another processing method is, DLP (Digital Light Processing). It is almost similar to the SL as it
also utilizes photopolymers in the development. The difference between both is that one uses the
conventional lamp light rather than intense light. The DLP method is comparatively faster than
SL in terms of processing through light (Goldin, 2014). Moreover, DLP is almost similar to SL
in the development of the accurate object and finishing. The similarities also extend to the
demerit that is the use of support at some of the development process. One of the major benefits
is that DLP wastes less resins than SL.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 19
Figure 10: Digital Light Processing
Apart from the two processes mentioned above there are also various other process that has been
developed. Some of them are highly advanced such as EBM (Electron Beam Melting) 3D
printing.
Figure 11: Selective Deposition Lamination
Electron Beam Melting is the most recent development in the 3D printing technology. The
technology has been developed by the Swedish company named Arcam. The parts are developed
through the utilization of the metal powder. The major differences one can witness in this 3D

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 20
printer from the others are the requirement of the heat source. The heat source is used for the
production of electron beam that are then used to printing. EBM effectively creates dense parts.
Therefore, the printing made from this machine is sometimes used in medical facilities. Another
effective and start of the art 3D printing technology is SDL that stands for Selective Deposition
Lamination (Gross et al, 2014). This processing methodology was developed by Mcor
Technologies. The method of building the parts in the SDL is through one layer after another.
Each of the layers is connected together using strong adhesives. The application of adhesives is
selective based on the data provided to the machine. The method of SDL mechanism is, initially
the sheet of paper is fed into the system with the selected adhesive. The next phase is concerned
with the selective adhesive application and then placing another paper over the previous one.
After that, pressurizing is done and tungsten carbide blade
cuts through the sheet.
3D Printing Industry Ahead
This section is concerned with understanding the trends that
are visible in the 3D printing market and the advancements
that can be expected on the technological front related to the
3D printing. As per the various countries are concerned the
major share in 3D printing is being held by the United
States, West Europe, Japan, and China. The United States
hold market share of 38 percent. The market share held by
the West Europe is around 23 percent and that of Japan and
China is 9.7 percent and 8.7 percent respectively. The rest
of the markets are in bits and pieces. The revenue that is
being generated from the 3D printing technology is rising
fast (Huang et al, 2013). It reached USD3500x10^6 in the
year 2013. This is worldwide stats.
The advancement of new innovations could convey
transformation to generation strategies which thus brings
about critical extent of assembling getting to be robotized
and evacuating dependence on substantial and excessive
workforce, which thus could lead in inversion of the pattern
of globalization which has described industry and utilization
in the course of the most recent couple of decades, itself
predicated on the exchange off amongst transportation and
work costs (Janssen et al, 2014). For Enterprises, for
example, the Car and life sciences it was anticipated that 3D
printing would begin to end up a supplementary approach to
assembling parts which would add new intricacy to
supporting logistics as it is important to smooth
Figure 12: Electron Beam Melting

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 21
incorporation. Products which are created in different nations could be close sourced and this
will prompt lessening in the transportation and air load volumes. Diminishment in distribution
center necessity as a result of mass altered items, results in fall in stock levels as products are
made all together. There would be less open door for logistics suppliers to be required in
organizations' upstream supply chains, as assembling procedures are progressively re-packaged
inside a solitary office. A noteworthy new part of the logistics business would develop managing
the capacity and development of the crude materials which "encourage" the 3D Printers. As 3D
Printers turn out to be more reasonable to the overall population, the home conveyance business
sector of these materials would increment (Kara and Kaynak, 1997). The administration parts
logistics division would be one of the first to be influenced. At present billions are spent on
holding stock to supply items as differing as autos to x-beam machines. Now and again
enormous measure of repetition is incorporated with supply chains to empower parts to be
dispatched in an exceptionally short timescale to get machines up and running again as quick as
could be allowed. It doesn't take much creative energy to comprehend the advantages for an
administration parts specialist of having the capacity to download a part outline from an online
library, 3D Print it and afterward fit it inside a brief span window. This would make worldwide
and national parts distribution centers and forward stock locations pointless to satisfying client
needs. It will quicken a movement from "push supply chains" to "draw supply chains." With 3D
printing, the long creation keeps running for large scale manufacturing will regularly offer
approach to constrained generation keeps running for client driven mass customization and work
to-request items (Kianian et al, 2013). With 3D printing, assembling will turn out to be more
lithe and will be better ready to respond to client requests. This implies there will be less work-
in-advancement and completed item in transport and in stock and less outdated nature of existing
stock. Despite the fact that the expense per unit might be higher, with decreased stockpiling and
less obsolete item, the general store network framework costs might be lower than that of
conventional assembling supply chains.
Makers utilize 3D printing at their own particular destinations, lessening stock levels and
warehousing necessities. This is most appropriate for things in the stock long tail or where
further completing, get together or testing is required before the item or part is sent. This is an
augmentation of merchant oversaw stock model, where suppliers introducing 3D printing at
client site, giving programming configuration to items and parts to be assembling on demand.
This model could likewise see the client obtain a printer with suppliers giving the outline
information to the printers to deliver on a permit or pay-per-print - premise. Firms will offer a 3D
printing administration locally or remotely. To refer to a case for the same, a year ago USP
declared, it was introducing a few Stratasys printers at its locales over the USA to give this
administration, whereby shoppers and organizations can get printed items on accommodation of
their configuration (kievet, 2014). These new models, whether halfway or completely embraced
as the innovation develops, will have a substantial effect on the expense and ability of supply
chains. Closer arrangement of parts, for example, through introducing printers at customer
locales, will definitely diminish conveyance times and increment on time, in-full and e-

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 22
satisfaction records. Store network systems will be disentangled, with a decrease in warehousing
needs empowered by a lessening in stock levels. The greatest change actuated by 3D printing
may happen in worldwide worth chains and logistics. No one realizes what is truly going to
happen, yet it is savvy to keep the eyes open and be prepared for change. The dynamic change in
the Production network will prompt the advancement of new kind of Logistics Organization
which will take after a "4PL", or administration organization. The new logistics company will
outline arrangements which include request arranging, fabricating, conveyance, next business
sector checking, administration parts administration and return and reuse administrations. In
nutshell they will end up being an organization of item life cycle administration provider.3D
printing can change the exemplary large scale manufacturing worldview that greater is better,
generation is worldwide and supply chains are exceptionally intricate (Kleinschmidt, 2014)). The
worldwide store network has been molded by guidelines of large scale manufacturing on the
grounds that the expense of unit creation goes down, however with 3D printing that is no more
genuine. On the off chance that 3D printing takes off, then assembling, and therefore worldwide
logistics, will be changed. As indicated by the late study the perspectives of the production
network master predicts that 3D Printing will assume a key part in logistics ventures. As more
research into the use of the 3D printing gets to be accessible, SCM predicts that it will play a
substantially more unmistakable part in future supply chains, and it will take under 10 years for
the technique to be actualized a great deal all the more broadly. The Administration Parts
Logistics industry will be either changed or pulverized by 3D producing – or maybe both. With
development in 3D printing it is anticipated that some outsider logistics suppliers will be hard hit
(organizations will print what they require). It is likewise been evaluated that by 2020 3D
printing and creation will include up to 20% of the supply chain. By shaving weeks off
assembling times and at-home generation, this innovation may alter the course of minimal effort
worldwide assembling outsourcing, dispersion (parts distribution centers and forward stock areas
will get to be pointless), generation, and retailing – representing a risk to the worldwide
transportation industry (Lee, 2013). Albeit numerous supply systems will probably be changed, it
is anticipated that some supply chains and appropriation systems would stay in place, because of
the quick development in business and home requirement for crude materials to nourish the 3D
printers. Birth of another logistics part for capacity and development of these powders and
supplies, reusing, and squander transfer is likewise expected.
Application of 3D Printing Technology
The gadgets business esteemed at $3.2 trillion in 2012 is described by quick specialized
advances and short item lifespans. It requires an adaptable innovation, for example, 3DP that can
abbreviate advancement process and assemble time. The creation of assembling and apparatuses
hardware particularly profits by 3DP, in light of its capacity to join electric circuits into work
pieces which would dispose of procedure steps. Achievement elements for expanding market
infiltration are surface quality, process unwavering quality, part reproducibility, and new
materials (Lipson and Kurman, 2013). There is a pattern towards expanded interest for shorter

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 23
improvement time, inserted hardware, and brilliant microsystems, which could fortify 3DP
arrangement.
The shopper items industry covers numerous sub areas, from cigarettes, to apparatuses, to dress.
The divisions that are known for trying different things with 3DP or might profit by 3DP are
materials (esteemed at $700 billion), furniture ($376 billion), adornments ($275 billion), sport
($130 billion), toys and collectibles ($75 billion) and claim to fame nourishment industry ($13
billion). It is however hazy how much every segment is adding to the 3DP business. 3DP
advantages the car business (that is worth $2.6 trillion as it decreases costs, time and tooling in
routine assembling forms, and quickens advancement and item improvement Ducati utilized 3DP
to manufacture a model motor that lone took 8 months to outline and work rather than the
standard 28 months (Manners-Bell, 2012). Like the aeronautic trade, there is a requirement for
elite and low weight segments particularly in the motorsport division.
Extravagance and antique autos makers apply 3DP to straightforwardly create little, complex and
non-security important parts. Vital achievement variables to expand piece of the pie are greater
form chamber volume, expanding process unwavering quality and part reproducibility, and the
advancement of normal configuration principles and confirmation forms. There could be more
usage of 3DP later on, because of more interest for lightweight parts, new parts for classical
autos, and individual customization. Inserts and prosthetics require an abnormal state of
customization since each patient is distinctive (Markillie, 2012).
3DP advantages these sub ventures as it offers the adaptability to create one of a kind items
custom-made to every patient speedier and all the more monetarily. A dental professional can
create 20 dental edges for each day contrasted with 450 utilizing a 3D printer. Case of 3DP
applications are prosthetic teeth, arms, legs, and contact focal points. Achievement calculates
that will build the piece of the pie are surface quality, process repeatability and reproducibility,
and new material. A few patterns in the business that may decidedly impact the 3DP business
sector are expanded spotlight on advancement of printed organs, custom fitted surgery system
utilizing 3DP, and advancement of helps to enhance understanding solace. Inside the avionic
business, 3DP is being utilized for an awesome assortment of utilizations, particularly the
configuration and assembling of lighter-weight parts. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner for instance
has no less than 30 3DP delivered parts and a Mars wanderer around 70 sections. 3DP is
especially reasonable for the airplane business as it manages geometrically complex items and
little group sizes with high unit costs. The aeronautic trade is in charge of 12,1% of the
worldwide 3DP incomes and this is required to proceed with its development. The avionic
business has an estimation of about $677 billion (Michael, 2014). A couple of basic achievement
elements for the avionic business to expand piece of the overall industry are meaning of basic
configuration manages, the foundation of affirmation procedures for 3DP-sections and 3DP-
forms. There is a pattern towards expanding utilization of lightweight parts, enhancement of item
portfolio, and individualization of configuration, which all will energize 3DP sending.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 24
The advancement and assembling of tooling is a costly and tedious methodology inside an
assembling procedure because of complex geometries and high caliber of definite parts regarding
surface completion, exactness and unwavering quality. 3DP adds to this industry as it can spare
time on the creation of tooling or it can work as a tooling substitute. The world machine
apparatus industry is worth about $77 billion. The business made up 10,8% of the 3DP business
sector. 3DP is now broadly spread inside the tooling business and it is trusted it will supplant
numerous traditional assembling advances. Later on, the industry will encounter shorter life
cycles of instruments, interest for quickened item improvement and sending of all inclusive
apparatus holders (Mike, 2013). 3DP suits the arms business as it is more execution driven than
cost driven. Likewise generally weapons have a mind boggling structure that are created in
constrained amounts of a couple of thousands parts, and require standard part overhauls. 3DP
applications can be found in tweaked weapon holds, camera mounts on tanks, and complex
military airframe structures. The worldwide arms industry is assessed to be worth in any event
$410 billion. It contributes 6,0% to the worldwide 3DP business sector.
Higher business sector infiltration can be acknowledged through better materials, part quality,
and procedure unwavering quality. Improvements that may invigorate 3DP utilization inside the
business later on are higher interest for lighter items, higher assortment of unmanned
aeronautical vehicles, and on area creation or tooling. The business sector infiltration of 3DP into
the material business is still generally constrained to test purposes. The aggregate business sector
size of the business is assessed to be around $700 billion in 2012. 3DP have been connected in
items, for example, purses, wristwatch groups, shoes and gloves. Most prerequisites are as of
now met by routine assembling techniques, just specialty markets like the superior and
"insightful" materials would profit by 3DP (Muth et al, 2014). Patterns in the business are
developing interest for superior materials, consistent article of clothing, and enthusiasm for
covering with Nano-innovation. 3DP is engaging the furniture business as it gives fashioners
more geometric flexibility. In expansion, through 3DP, creation on interest will diminish stock
size and generation times can be abbreviated. 3DP has been utilized to make items for example,
tables, seats, and lightings. In 2009, 3DP contributed short of what one percent to the aggregate
furniture industry which was worth $376 billion, since it is still mostly being utilized at the high
cost section. Later on it is normal that the interest for individual inside outline will build which
can be met by tweaked plans through 3DP (Neely, 2014).
3DP applications are seen in both the high and in addition the low value section of the gems
business. It adds to the business as the items frequently have complex geometries. The
adornments business is worth about $275 billion. It is obscure the amount of this worth is adding
to the 3DP business sector. Albeit high esteem materials can be prepared, the material decision is
still restricted. Another achievement variable to build market infiltration is surface quality. Later
on there will be a developing interest for imaginative and individual outlines, which would
request more 3DP usage (Novak and Eppinger, 2001). 3DP is conveyed in the game business to
upgrade hardware execution, solace and happiness for the competitors as it gives the capacity to

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 25
modify the items custom-made to every individual's needs. Case of 3DP applications in the game
business are customized soccer shoes, head protectors, and shin cushions. The business sector
volume of the game business is about $130 billion. Enthusiasm for great hardware is rising;
notwithstanding this fragment is just a little parcel of the aggregate business sector. Today, 3DP
is for the most part utilized for prototyping to test fitting and structures. A few striking patterns
in the business are shorter lifecycles of items and opportune conveyance is turning out to be
more imperative. The toys and collectibles industry is portrayed by its abnormal state of
individual interest (Nyman and Sarlin, 2014). 3DP makes it workable for youngsters, who are the
primary target gathering, to make their own toys. More seasoned toys may get to be collectibles
for the grown-ups. However the utilization of 3DP in this industry is still constrained, because of
the high cost of a 3D printer. The business was worth about $75 billion in 2009. It is trusted the
business will progressively receive 3DP later on because of diminishing costs of the 3D printers,
expanding interest for lower estimated toys and shorter times of conveyance.
3D Printing Utilities
roduct quality can be broke down under two alternate points of view, to be specific target quality
and saw quality. Target quality can be characterized as the specialized, quantifiable and certain
nature of items/administrations, procedures and quality controls, while saw quality alludes to the
purchasers' subjective judgments or view of value. Seen quality is dictated by inborn properties
and outward characteristics. In view of natural and outward signals, the buyer shapes a specific
desire of the quality at the purpose of procurement. The distinction between the apparent and
expected quality will decide the shopper fulfillment (Oak Ridge, 2014). For instance, if the
apparent quality is equivalent or higher than the normal quality, the buyer will be fulfilled, while
on the off chance that it is lower than the normal quality, the customer won't be fulfilled. What is
pertinent here, is the goal quality, or essentially 'quality', since it is free from outward properties
that are relative and shift broadly per item and per shopper.
Proposed eight basic measurements or classifications of value as a system for vital examination
are execution, highlights, unwavering quality, conformance, solidness, serviceability, feel, and
saw quality. Whether style and saw quality ought to be incorporated will be talked about in the
sub areas, since these have all the earmarks of being the most subjective measurements. Firms
will pick a mix of these measurements, contingent upon their methodology, to expand the nature
of their item to increase upper hand. In this area, we will examine the appropriateness of 3DP to
expand these measurements. It can be contended that if 3DP is reasonable to expand a specific
measurement, it will probably be sent by a firm. Execution alludes to an item's essential working
attributes (Parker, 2014). The execution of a PC is controlled by various perspectives, for
example, information preparing speed, reaction time, or information throughput. The execution
of a light is the measure of discharged light per vitality unit. Be that as it may, numerous items
have unimportant execution measurements, for example, a vase or a scratch pad. How well a
vase executes as a water holder or how well a notebook holds ink is not fascinating. These items

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 26
for the most part have a captivated execution measurement, which means they either satisfy a
capacity or they don't. Interestingly with a PC, there are no levels of execution in the middle.
A PC can work at a large portion of its full execution, while a vase can't. While diverse items
have altogether different execution measurements, every one of them have one basic or
nonspecific angle that decides their general execution: weight. Much of the time the lighter
rendition of an item is viewed as the better performing one, since it quires less vitality to be
transported. Exemptions are items that require to be "substantial, for example, golf clubs,
dumbbells, and stays (Pete Basiliere, 2014). With 3DP, the execution to-weight proportion of
items can be enhanced utilizing an inward cross section or honeycomb structure that outcomes in
a diminished material utilize and lighter structures. Along these lines it will be expected whether
3DP is a feasible answer for expansion the general execution of an item relies on upon the
significance of its light weight. The lighter an item must be, the more probable 3DP will be
considered as a measure to enhance this measurement. Elements are every one of the 'shrieks and
chimes' the item offers that supplement its essential working. Diverse items will have a wide
range of components. The most obvious included element that 3DP can offer an item is the
expanded ergonomics (Petrick and Simpson, 2013).
Ergonomics concerns the solace and ease of use of an item. "Impeccable fits" are simpler to
accomplish with the expanded outline flexibility that 3DP offers. Items that require ergonomics
for the most part have a strong part for the human body, for example, shoes, prosthetics, or seats.
It can be expected, whether 3DP will be a practical instrument to build an item's element relies
on upon the significance of ergonomics. The higher the ergonomics necessity, the more probable
3DP will be conveyed. Unwavering quality is the probability of an item deformity or breakdown
inside a day and age. Items that are manufactured utilizing 3DP are still not up to industry
measures regarding dependability; in any case it is making strides. As of late it has been
accounted for that 3DP is moving towards "high unwavering quality situations" as a turbine
motor producer is get ready to execute 3DP procedures into another motor. Additionally, 3D
printed metal firearms turned out to be as solid and exact as the expectedly made weapons. The
drawback is "it requires costly modern evaluation gear" (Rayna and Striukova, 2014). It appears
that unwavering quality beginning to beat this obstruction and is turning out to be less of an issue
sooner rather than later. It can be said 3DP getting it done can coordinate ordinarily made
variations, however will for the most part diminish the dependability. Extravagance and antique
autos makers apply 3DP to straightforwardly create little, complex and non-wellbeing pertinent
parts. So, when all is said in done, it can be expected 3DP is less reasonable for items that have a
wellbeing prerequisite. Conformance is the extent to which an item adjusts to particulars or is
delivered effectively (Reeves, 2009). At present 3DP procedures are not completely vigorous.
Process consistency amongst clusters and machines is as yet missing, there are no in-line process
control techniques and post handling is frequently expected to meet item details.
As such 3DP is as yet deficient as far as precision and completion, which makes reproducibility
less ideal. Most exact machines are fit for holding a resistance of around 0,125 mm/25 mm.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 27
Therefore it can be accepted that if an item requires a low level of accuracy, it is more
appropriate for 3DP and the other way around. Sturdiness can be characterized as the measure of
use one gets from an item before it separates and repair is not ideal. The general population
comprehension of item life cycle and toughness, solidness is for the most part not essential, aside
from items that individuals put resources into. This class of items was relative costly and have a
long life cycle (Revolutionary, 2006). It contains ventures made in hardware, extensive furniture
and real machines. Repairs were considered for these items interestingly with short life cycle
items, alluded to as "up and coming" items in the previously mentioned report, for example,
garments, inside extras and hardware. 3DP will in a roundabout way expand the toughness of an
item, since 3DP makes repairs less demanding while repairs augment the sturdiness of an item.
Save parts can be created generally shabby notwithstanding for out-of-generation merchandise.
In any case, it is impossible 3DP will expand the sturdiness straightforwardly surpassing that of
ordinarily made items, because of procedure insecurities. In this way it can be accepted items
that have a short life cycle are more appropriate for 3DP. Serviceability concerns the velocity,
kindness, skill, and simplicity of repair. At the point when an item separates, a snappy and
responsive repair is wanted (Sacharen, 2014). 3D printers offer an on interest answer for the
unpredictable extra parts market. Rather than keeping stock for a wide assortment of extra parts,
an organization can simply have a 3D printer that can create every one of those parts.
The U.S. military for instance is now doing this in the field. This will significantly decrease
stock expenses and build proficiency. Repair is coveted for venture items that have a long life
cycle. It can be expected 3DP will benefits items that require administration and upkeep. Style
concerns how an item looks, feels, sounds, tastes, or smells and it is unmistakably subject to an
individual's close to home judgment and inclination (Signe Brewster, 2014). Despite the fact that
this measurement resembles a subjective matter, there has all the earmarks of being an example
in purchasers' positioning of items on the premise of taste. Additionally, a late overview among
931 thinkers demonstrates that 41% acknowledge stylish worth to be objective, 34,5%
subjective, and 24,5% other. Here it will be dealt with as a target quality measurement.
Numerous insightful speculations exist that attempt to characterize and assess 'style'. Engineers
and modern architects use 'tasteful configuration qualities' to assess manifestations, for example,
imaginative expression, auxiliary genuineness, moderation, natural structures, or agelessness
(Simmons, 2015). People have perceptual sorting out propensities that drive us to distinguish
basic relations. Furthermore, it is this trademark when we do discover these relations, it will
berewarding and give us a stylish ordeal (Hekkert, 2006).
3DP offers architects and specialists an expanded configuration opportunity as stylish outline
decisions will scarcely include some significant downfalls, accordingly it can be accepted it will
offer most items an expanded tasteful execution. On the other hand, 3DP will less reasonable for
items with no tasteful necessity, for example, a wrench. Seen quality is for the most part
controlled by an organization's notoriety (Garvin, 1987). Customers normally don't have
complete data around an item, for instance toughness can seldom be watched specifically.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 28
Outward signs, for example, marking, showcasing, and past experience, impact the apparent
quality. Organizations can utilize 3DP to show their imaginative ability since the procedure is
still considered generally new. However most writing today call attention to 3DP still offers
absence of dependability and consistency in quality (Stratsys, 2015). This may change soon as
the innovation develops. So, saw quality is an exceedingly subjective measurements and is
reliant on the organization advertising system and the observations or desire of people, along
these lines it won't be considered in this examination.
3D printing and Supply Chains
Today's items are once in a while made and conveyed by one gathering. Regularly it is the
community oriented work of various authorities all including esteem in a mind boggling
inventory network. For example, the logistics business that gives a particular administration in
encouraging the stream of products between those distinctive gatherings. Along these lines
producing requires a relating inventory network keeping in mind the end goal to be compelling.
In a continuous globalizing world, in which firms are confronting a more focused worldwide
business sector, future assembling should be exceptionally adaptable, versatile, and quick
concerning association of creation and inventory network administration (Sun et al, 2013). With
the ascent of 3DP innovation, how can it influence assembling and supply chains? The objective
of this section is to evaluate how 3DP identifies with current assembling and production network
hypotheses, and therefore build up a score model to measure the present effect of 3DP on
assembling and supply chains. In Segment 3.1, current assembling and store network hypotheses
are investigated and evaluates how 3DP relates.
Organizations can accomplish two fundamental sorts of upper hand: cost preferred standpoint or
separation. In view of this hypothesis, the three bland business procedures, to be specific cost
initiative, separation, and core interest. It can be questioned whether "center" is a non-specific
methodology as it alludes to the smaller extent of the business movement, but on the other hand
depends on either cost administration or separation (Tatham et al, 2014). Some have brought up
firms are effectively utilizing a mix of both systems, the purported "cross breed technique". For
organizations to succeed, the upper hand methodology needs to adjust to the item attributes,
assembling and inventory network methodologies. Taken a toll initiative is connected with an
"effective" inventory network, and separation procedure with a "responsive" store network.
Useful items require an effective inventory network and creative items require a responsive
production network. Likewise he decided the recognizing qualities of the two items. The
proficient inventory network relates with the "incline worldview", and the responsive store
network with the "coordinated worldview". A blend of an incline and dexterous store network
has been named "leagile" (Van Assen et al, 2000). Others have portrayed the arrangement of the
right structure with the store network standards. A decentralized structure is basic for
accomplishing dexterity, as it permits its diverse fragments to respond to changing environment
quicker.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 29
An incline creation framework then again performs better in a steady situation; consequently a
decentralized structure is not required. Moreover, the arrangement of item attributes and store
network with the assembling procedure and methodology has been portrayed. An incline store
network compares with a make-to-stock assembling system, a lithe production network with
make-to-request methodology, and leagile with a collect to-request procedure. At long last,
supply chains have relating set of focused needs. For an incline procedure, expense is the most
vital capacity (market victor), while for the coordinated methodology this is adaptability. These
will be clarified further in the following area (Ventola, 2014). Commonly there is an exchange
off amongst productivity and responsiveness, or volume and assortment. Utilizing this system,
the relative position of 3DP innovation in connection to various businesses can be portrayed.
3DP innovation as of now has a place with the righter down corner. It is regularly suited for
items with high separation and low volume generation necessities. As the innovation advances,
picking up generation pace and effectiveness, its place in the diagram ought to extend, making it
more reasonable for items with other economic situations and qualities. The further away a
specific item is from the 3DP fringe, the less pertinent the innovation is. Organizations contend
in the commercial center by ideals of one or a greater amount of the accompanying focused
capacities: quality, time, expense and adaptability (Wang et al, 2013). The focused capacities are
the basic operational measurements a store network must have.
Different abilities have been proposed throughout the years, for example, 'advancement',
"administration" or 'assembling innovation', yet the general accord in writing characterizes the
first four aggressive capacities as the non specific parts. As proposed beforehand, an incline store
network will concentrate on Expense, while an light-footed store network on Adaptability. 3DP
effects all focused capacities (Burrus, 2013). It can be accepted organizations will probably
convey 3DP, on the off chance that it decidedly affects their focused capacities, as it will build
their intensity. Each focused ability has distinctive measurements. The (target) nature of an item
is controlled by the execution of the accompanying measurements: Execution, highlights,
unwavering quality, conformance, solidness, serviceability, and style. 3DP can enhance some of
them, additionally reduce others. Execution alludes to an item's essential working qualities
(Garvin, 1987). For the most part 3DP can be utilized to expand the item execution by
"lightweighting" the structure through an interior honeycomb structure, if light weight is a
prerequisite. Elements are every one of the "shrieks and ringers" the item offers that supplement
its essential working. 3DP can for the most part be utilized to expand the ergonomics (or fit) of
an item through simple individual customization, if ergonomics is a necessity, expecting it is
viewed as an element (Caglino et al, 2010). Unwavering quality is the probability of an item
deformity or breakdown inside an era. 3DP will for the most part decrease the unwavering
quality of an item because of procedure shakiness. Dependability is satisfactory utilizing costly
modern evaluation hardware. In this way 3DP is more appropriate for items without a wellbeing
prerequisite.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 30
Conformance is the extent to which an item adjusts to details or is created accurately. 3DP will
by and large decrease the conformance of an item due to constrained procedures vigor.
Subsequently it is more appropriate for items with a low exactness prerequisite. Strength can be
characterized as the measure of use one gets from an item before it separates and repair is not
great. 3DP will for the most part decrease the toughness of an item because of procedure
flimsiness, in this way it is more reasonable for short life cycle items. Serviceability concerns the
rate, cordiality, fitness, and simplicity of repair. 3DP can be utilized to expand the serviceability
through on-interest save part generation (CBS, 2007). 3DP will benefits items that require
administration and upkeep. Style concerns how an item looks, feels, sounds, tastes, or smells and
it is reliant on an individual's close to home inclination. 3DP will profit items with an tasteful
prerequisite as it offers higher outline flexibility. The quantity of cost measurements are
excessively expansive, making it impossible to all be considered, along these lines the most
urgent expense, to be specific generation expense, will be considered. Whether 3DP can be sent
to build the cost execution (i.e. diminish creation cost) relies on upon the accompanying
variables: Generation volume, part estimate, (geometric) multifaceted nature, and material use
(CBS, 2008).
Generation volume is the aggregate units of an item variation delivered every year. Contrasted
with traditional assembling, 3DP by and large has lower altered expense (e.g. gear cost) and
higher variable expense (e.g. material cost), which makes 3DP more financially savvy at lower
creation volumes. Part estimate incredibly influences the 3DP creation cost because of its low
form speed. Bigger parts take essentially more to work than littler parts, i.e. higher efficiency can
be accomplished with littler parts. In this way a littler part size is more reasonable for 3DP.
Multifaceted nature somewhat influences 3DP expense, yet extraordinarily influences routine
assembling cost (CBS, 2013). Geometrically mind boggling items require all the more tooling,
however not with 3DP as "many-sided quality is for nothing". Subsequently more mind boggling
items are more reasonable for 3DP. Material of the item influences the expense, as they decide
the Assembling Availability Level in 3DP. Higher MRL for a 3DP procedure connected to
material means it is more prepared towards full creation, and in this way is less expensive to use.
It will be accepted items made of plastics are the most reasonable for 3DP, then metals, and
afterward different materials. Conveyance speed concerns the lessening in lead time from the
receipt of a client request to the item conveyance. It is a more imperative matter for tweaked
items than for standard items, as the previous can't be supplied. 3DP rates up customization
through reconfiguration of the creation procedure (Coletti and Aichner, 2011). It will be
expected 3DP will build the conveyance pace of items that require customization. The
advancement rate is the rate of presenting other items. 3DP can be utilized to abbreviate the
improvement stage through quick prototyping. It will chiefly profit items in imaginative
segments.
Organizations require adaptability in their operations to manage instabilities. Adaptability can be
separated into the accompanying measurements: Customization, assortment, and volume.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 31
Through customization, a firm can fulfill the interesting needs of every client by adjusting item
plans. Because of the toolless way of 3DP, it is profoundly reasonable for customization and low
volume creation. Items that require customization will profit by 3DP. Assortment concerns the
treatment of a wide combination of items. Makers make assortment with restricted intricacy in
the inventory network through deferment (Copeland, 2013). 3DP ought to have the capacity to
help makers in the customization stage. In this way it can be expected 3DP can helpful for items
that require assortment. Adaptability in volume is the capacity to conform procedures to handle
request changes. Items with an anticipated interest will probably receive an assembling and
inventory network setup that augments cost effectiveness, rather than adaptability. In this manner
items with dubious interest are more appropriate for 3DP. The supposition is the more aggressive
capacities that can be enhanced, the more aggressiveness is accomplished, the more probable
3DP will be conveyed for a specific business sector, along these lines the higher the 3DP
business sector infiltration. Contingent upon the item and business sector attributes, positive or
negative effect can be made on the aggressive capacities of that firm. We will name it as the 3D
Intensity Score Model (3DCSM). Every measurement is separated into three levels, to be
specific potential for negative effect, no impact, or positive effect. So as to approve that the 3D
Intensity Score Model (3DCSM) can deliver numbers that can foresee the level of business
sector infiltration in a specific industry, it will be tried with a few items from enterprises that are
known for sending 3DP (Cornell University, 2014). We will test three gatherings in view of 3DP
business sector entrance: medium-high 3DP reception, low-medium 3DP selection, and none-
existent-low 3DP appropriation (as control gathering).
3DP arrangement for the immediate generation of dental crowns and listening devices is by all
accounts turning out to be fairly regular and the 3D printed variations are supplanting ordinarily
made items, so the 3DP business sector infiltration has been critical. Accordingly it is normal
they will score emphatically utilizing the 3DCSM. The arrangement of 3DP to make parts on a
normal auto today is available yet at the same time entirely constrained. Opportunity lies in the
union of parts to lessen cost, and lightweighting for a higher quality. 3DP has been utilized to
fabricate cell phone models, however most printed articles in this division are outside parts (e.g.
frill) (De Groot et al, 2004). Coordinate part generation is more normal for gems, as it is utilized
by a few diamond setters and 3DP administration suppliers to make one of a kind pieces. For
these three enterprises, most 3DP application is essentially utilized for prototyping, and to a little
degree coordinate part generation. So it is normal, 3DCSM ought to create scores lower than the
scores from the restorative business. 3DP arrangement in the tires and elastic and glass
compartment industry is generally none-existent, to an exceedingly restricted sum for
prototyping. The 3DCSM ought to deliver the least number contrasted with the past business
sectors (Deloitte, 2014).
The 3DCSM scores that the 3DCSM appears to be ready to deliver scores that mirror the
business sector potential (relative accomplishment) of 3DP in a specific industry, as higher
scores demonstrate higher 3DP business sector infiltration. Be that as it may, given the high

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 32
scores for most ventures, the scores likely don't mirror the genuine 3DP business sector entrance.
Medicinal industry items scored the most elevated, car, gadgets, shopper merchandise industry
items scored normal, and tires and elastic, and glass industry scored the least. More items ought
to be tried utilizing the 3DCSM for a superior legitimacy. Because of the time imperative, the
quantity of items to be tried has been constrained to these seven items. As items today get more
progressed and complex, so will the supply chains. The making of a profoundly complex item,
similar to a cutting edge auto, includes the coordinated effort of numerous suppliers and
merchants (Denison, 2014). In assembling, ordinarily two sorts of structures can be recognized,
in particular incorporated or decentralized assembling. Unified assembling (CM) concentrates on
creation effectiveness as opposed to responsiveness, and depend on mass transport, for example,
compartment transport, to move their merchandise to local wholesalers over the world. With
decentralized assembling (DM) the generation setup is more spread-out over the globe and is
nearer situated to the buyer, which upgrades the responsiveness to the business sector. It can be
said that CM has the creation site nearer to the supply side, while DM has the generation site
nearer to the interest side. For a more nitty gritty clarification about CM, DM, and mixture
structures. 3DP can be conveyed in both sorts of structures. Truth be told, in light of business
sector investigations, for the most part five sorts of structures with 3DP sending can be
recognized.
A correlation can be drawn with the non-specific store network, to survey the effect of 3DP. The
degree will be constrained to the logistics setup between the maker and the end client, as the
supplying side can be tremendously unpredictable and is less inclined to convey 3DP. The
inventory network can be viewed as customary, which works through a brought together setup,
with territorial circulation, and neighborhood retailing. The inventory network is unaffected by
the 3DP sending, subsequent to just the configuration procedure is quickened, yet the genuine
assembling and conveyance time is not lessened. An assembling organization that adjusts its
store network, won't change the current logistics arrangement. Merchandise will in any case
stream from the supplier, to the producer, to the wholesaler and retailer.
Higher decentralization levels result in shorter transport separation of materials between the
maker and the buyer, yet a more extended separation between the supplier and the producer. In
DM, crude materials and segments are transported to numerous neighborhood places, rather than
one focal area (Dental Products Report, 2011). In this manner a DM setup rearranges the vehicle
on the producer purchaser side (interest side), however confuses the supplier-maker side (supply
side) transport of the producer. Sea transport is for the most part implied for long separation
transport. Along these lines,, it is likely DM and semi-DM don't require oceanic transport
between the maker purchaser side, however just requires sea transport for the supplier-producer
side. Taking after the thought that the aggregate sum of material transported in a framework must
stick with it, paying little mind to changing the setup from CM to DM, the accompanying
suspicion can be made: On the off chance that assembling shifts from CM to DM, material move

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 33
through sea transport at the producer purchaser side will be supplanted by the same measure of
material move through oceanic transport at the supplier-maker side.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 34
Research Methodology
This section tries to understand the various alternative research methodology that are apt for this
research methods.
Primary and Secondary Research
Primary research and second research are the two class of information accumulation. In light of
various variables, there are broadened way to deal with gather information. From one viewpoint,
primary information ascribes to self-report information through gathering information by
perception, experience, or reporting by social event themselves. Moreover, this sort of
information show specific reason for researchers towards examines range and additionally
allowing interesting information gathering to rank the research destinations for accomplishing
reliable strategy. While as indicated by the perspective of, it needs a ton of time and restricted to
the reason for research in the meantime. The secondary information raised from the rest of the
asset. It is fundamentally gotten from sites, books and daily papers. It can lessen cost and spare
time and also noting questions through breaking down expansive scale data. This sort of
information can't acquire quality towards dependable assets. Taking into account the reason and
research questions, it will utilize the primary research. As per the reason, this research needs to
perceive the point of view of respondents so the direct asset specifically from the specimen
quality the dependable of entire study.
As indicated by these two reasons, primary research can be a superior decision in the study.
Primary research is concerned with the collection of unique data by the researchers. This is
usually embraced after researchers have gained some understanding of the situation by
investigating secondary research or by breaking down the data concerned with primary
information. Some of the methods that are applied while gathering the primary data are
providing the questionnaire to the respondents in the form of the surveys, calling the candidates
using the phone or involving into the exploration of the information by observing the individuals
under experiment. The researchers should be completely aware of the methods they are applying,
either primary or secondary but must understand both the approach clearly and legibly.
Secondary researches are concerned with the rundown, assemblage and combination available
data against the primary research, in which information are brought in from the respondents, for
instance, through surveys or investigations. While making selection from both the form, it is
mandatory that the researchers understand the utilization of the both. One of the aspects that
should be considered while using the secondary research is that the data collected by the other
parties should be clear and concise.
Moreover, the collection methodology should suit the current researcher. The secondary data is
generally considered right when taken from good agencies as their credibility stay attached. The
vital approach in secondary research is the orderly auditing, generally usage of investigative
factual methods, however different techniques for amalgamation, similar to realist surveys and

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 35
meta-account surveys, have been created as of late. Such secondary research uses the primary
research of previous researches ordinarily as research productions and report.
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
The quantitative and the qualitative research approach are used in various researches. This paper
has also considered the assessment of the quantitative and the qualitative research and then it will
try to assess the best possible option for this paper. The quantitative research is concerned with
the collection of sample from the market in the metric form and then with application of the
statistical tools, the data are analyzed further to reach certain conclusion. The quantitative
analysis focuses on the preparation of the questionnaire that collects the data in the numeric
form. On the other hand, the qualitative research is concerned with the collection of the
qualitative data that is the data that are in non-metric form and on which the statistical tools
cannot be applied to understand the future implications. The qualitative research has an
important requirement that the researcher should be able to analyze information provided by the
respondents. The analysis of the qualitative research requires the respondents to have experience
in the field of interview and assessment.
It helps the researcher to understand the requirement of the research and then realize the
questions from the respondents in similar fashion. Some of the qualitative research requires the
researcher to be able to gather the past researches that have been conducted in the same field in
theoretical form and then understand the historical and present aspect and then reaching an
informed result. These results might have or might not have substantial future implication but it
can support the other researchers if done well. Quantitative research is also concerned about the
collection of the information that are of the qualitative in nature that is the statements made by
the respondents which cannot be placed on quantified terms. Moreover, the questions that are
asked in the qualitative research are of open ended and allow the respondents put forth any
opinion they wish to. Moreover, the questions are designed in a manner that the researchers feel
probing deeper into the matter with the respondents. It helps the researchers in getting the clear
picture on the subject about which the information is being gathered. If the qualitative research is
concerned with the analysis of the historical information then it entirely depends on the
researchers’ ability to gather and analyze the information. Some of the information collection
requires assessing the controlled group. The researchers also use focus group discussions to
conduct these studies.
Deductive and Inductive Research
The fundamental contrast amongst these two research approaches is that the deductive approach
is concerned with the consideration of the hypotheses. On the other hand, the inductive approach
is concerned with the hypotheses that can come up while the research is in progress. The
deductive research is opposite to the inductive research. The deductive research initializes with
the assessment of the various theories which leads to the development of the various hypotheses.
These hypotheses are then approved or verified using the various observations of the data or

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 36
further analysis. The structure is of the waterfall format where the last stage is concerned about
the confirmation of the hypotheses that have been defined in the earlier stage. The deductive
approach considers various hypotheses that are at work and the movement of the approach is
from the generalized form to the specific aspects of the study. The deductive approach is
generally referred to the top down method in informal manner. The conclusions that are
developed in the deductive approach are based on the boundary that is defined in the initial phase
of the research. The inductive approach initializes the study with the consideration of the
observation of the respondents or the various data sets.
These observations are then converted into the pattern. These patterns help the researcher to
define the hypotheses that have been concluded from the observation. The hypotheses that are
identified are then converted into the theories that are further used by the other researchers to
either conduct their study further or assess the current theory in accordance to the other various
observations that might have been missed by the previous researchers. The inductive research, as
stated, begins with the consideration of the observations and then moves towards the theories.
The informal nomenclature of the inductive approach can be stated as the bottom up where the
ground study is conducted prior to moving up the ladder towards the theory formation. However,
the inductive approach has some level of uncertainty involved in it.
The utilization of the inductive approach is generally towards the movement from the general to
the specific, while the deduction is quite opposite of the same. The deductive reasoning utilizes
the arguments that have been put forth by the other researchers. It also considers the rules and
laws that are put forth by the previous researchers. It is of the believe among the academicians
that the logical consideration is the inherent nature of the studies concerning the scientific aspect,
but it is not the usual situation.
Empirical and Theoretical Research
Theoretical research is speculative. The researcher does not utilize experimental information, for
example, open-finished meetings or surveys to fabricate the hypothesis, however utilizes
theoretical illustrations. Neither does the researcher dissect concrete and particular works.
Theoretical research can be contended to be deductive yet not as a matter of course along these
lines, i.e. it is top down and draws upon/coordinates an assortment of hypothetical structures to
clarify particular wonder in humanities. Empirical research utilizes observational proof.
Experimental research begins from particular solid illustrations/perceptions to make a model and
in this way, a hypothesis. Exact research is subsequently inductive, i.e. it is base up, yet not as a
matter of course so. Exact research will be research utilizing observational proof.
Based on these assessments, it has been decided that the archival research will be used along the
secondary data. The archival research is the section within the qualitative research.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 37
Results and Discussion
Indeed, even industry pioneers now and then experience serious difficulties what's to come.
While each presumption made in this report is precisely thought, numerous instabilities still
remains. Situations will be utilized to investigate the scope of conceivable fates. In the past part,
it has been set up that decentralized assembling diminishes the vehicle need at the producer
buyer side, and expands the vehicle need on the supplier-maker side. By what means will this
portion of transport streams affect the world compartment transport later on? To conjecture the
future 3DP effect on the world holder transport, a displaying methodology is utilized as
approach. To start with, various levels of innovative advancements in the 3DP segment will be
expected to frame the situations. Second, the current oceanic transport and its product streams
will be surveyed to clarify the relationship between decentralization level and item streams. At
last, the World Compartment Model will be presented and how its information is incorporated
will be clarified. The model will frame the premise for evaluating the future effect of 3DP on the
world compartment transport. 3DP appropriation later on will principally rely on upon
mechanical upgrades in the field that defeat its obstructions today.
As 3DP innovation propels, it will change the 3D Aggressiveness Score Model and the scores it
produces, as the decided effects just mirror today's circumstances. Five situations will be
exhibited. Three will have a low, medium and high innovative headway rate. The fourth situation
will be a medium situation consolidated with the Worldwide Development File. A fifth
compelling situation is displayed to test the upper bound of the 3DP effect. The medium 3DP
future situation for 2035 will be founded on the 3DP innovation's development guide, which as
of now shows figures for the innovation until 2025. The Sc. M will accept proceeded with
political and monetary steadiness that right now exists. Other outer elements are not viewed as,
for example, social, ecological, and mechanical variables, because of restricted extent of this
paper. An expanded creation speed implies that higher generation volumes or greater part sizes
can be accomplished. The normal creation velocity will have quadrupled by 2023, accepting a
normal generation rate of around 40 cm3/h today.
This implies in 2023 >4.000 units for every year and >4.000 cm3 are the new meanings of
individually "high generation volume" and "huge part measure". We will expect that at a creation
volume of 100.000 units/year 3DP has coordinated the generation velocity of traditional creation
techniques. This implies if 1.000 units/year speak to a punishment of 1 in the 3DCSM today,
then 7.000 units/year compares to a punishment of 0,93 in the 3DCSM with respect to today's
punishment. The same thinking for "enormous part size" is accepted. A high procedure strength
is thought to be a remarkable prerequisite for 3DP business sector entrance later on. It is misty
how much the present normal procedure security level is, probably above 0,5%. In examination,
infusion shaped parts have a deviation of between 0,5-0,07%. The procedure steadiness is a

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 38
necessity that probable influences the unwavering quality, solidness, and conformance
measurements.
Higher procedure security diminishes the measure of mistakes underway and along these lines
builds the conformance level, which thusly ought to expand the unwavering quality and strength.
By 2021, 3DP procedures will have achieved process dependability of <0,1%, practically
identical to the procedure steadiness of infusion trim today. Along these lines in the 3DCSM for
2035, it is expected this advancement will diminish the punishment for item attributes "high
exactness", "wellbeing significance" and "long life cycle". Rather than a punishment of 1, a
lessened punishment of 0,25 is accepted. Most normal business materials for 3D printing today
are photopolymers, thermoplastics, metal powders and different powders (gypsum, earthenware
production, sand, glass, and so on.). In 2013, of the aggregate 2500 tons of materials delivered,
plastics represented 98%, metal represented 1,4%, and different powders 0,6%. The business
sector for metal powders will encounter the most astounding development underway, as of now
at under 30 tons/year. Additionally a decrease in material costs is anticipated by different
sources. The aggregate 3D printing materials business sector is required to worth $409 million in
2018 of which 51% is contributed by plastics, and the rest generally by metals. The aggregate
materials business sector is relied upon to be worth more than $600 million by 2025 (Kneissl,
2013). It will be expected by 2035, metal procedures will have achieved the same generation
effectiveness as plastic procedures. In this way in the 3DCSM, rather than a punishment, metal
procedures will be changed to unbiased same as plastic procedures.
3D Printing Competitiveness and its Future
3DP reception later on will essentially rely on upon innovative changes in the field that
assistance conquer its obstructions today. As 3DP innovation progresses, it will change the 3D
Intensity Score Model and the scores it produces, as the decided effects just mirror today's
circumstances. Five situations will be introduced. Three will have a low (Area 4.1.2), medium
(Segment 4.1.1) and high mechanical headway rate (Segment 4.1.3). The fourth situation (Area
4.1.4) will be a medium situation fused with the Worldwide Advancement List. A fifth
compelling situation (Segment 4.1.5) is introduced to test the upper bound of the 3DP effect.
Most regular business materials for 3D printing today are photopolymers, thermoplastics, metal
powders and different powders (gypsum, earthenware production, sand, glass, and so forth.). In
2013, of the aggregate 2500 tons of materials delivered, plastics represented 98%, metal
represented 1,4%, and different powders 0,6% (Kneissl, 2013). The business sector for metal

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 39
powders will encounter the most astounding development underway, right now at under 30
tons/year. Additionally a decrease in material costs is anticipated by different sources.
The aggregate 3D printing materials business sector is required to worth $409 million in 2018 of
which 51% is contributed by plastics (Taylor, 2013), and the rest for the most part by metals
(AM Stage, 2014). The aggregate materials business sector is relied upon to be worth more than
$600 million by 2025 (Kneissl, 2013). It will be accepted by 2035, metal procedures will have
achieved the same generation effectiveness as plastic forms. Along these lines in the 3DCSM,
rather than a punishment, metal procedures will be changed to impartial same as plastic
processes. The World Container Model (WCM), created by TNO in association with Delft
College of Innovation and TML, models the worldwide holder streams between most ports on
the planet. It is the most complete regarding variables and measurements utilized.
It consolidates a predictable portrayal of overall exchange streams, holder streams and
transportation administrations on a worldwide scale, consolidated with a port and multimodal
course decision model. The WCM will shape the premise for surveying the effect of 3DP on
future holder transport. In this area, how the WCM works (Segment 4.3.1) and how what's to
come info information for the WCM is accumulated (Area 4.3.2) will be clarified. Every nation

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 40
is viewed as a zone spoke to by a centroid situated at the capital, expecting it speaks to the
monetary focal point of a nation. 437 ports are spoken to by port hubs on areas of existing ports.
Administration suppliers is recorded including their frequencies, travel times, speed and number
of boats. The hinterland system is rearranged to a connection with altered cost and speed
between the port and the nation.
The WCM utilizes a basic logit decision model to figure a course and port decision, taking into
account the presumption that shippers go for benefit augmentation while knowing all the course
choices. The logit model has been reached out with a way measure logit model to join course
covers. Allude to Informative supplement N for the recipes. The decision set courses are
controlled by a most limited way calculation for each port pair of the administration. Decision
sets are produced for each O/D pair. A course between two ports is characterized by one or more
sea administrations with potential transhipments between administrations. Future 3DP reception
chiefly relies on upon the mechanical advancement in the following decades. Changes ought to
decrease the mechanical hindrances found in 3DP procedures today. Five 2035 situations have
been proposed, situation L with a low mechanical headway rate, situation M with medium
innovative progression rate, situation H with high headway rate, situation Mi fuses the
Worldwide Development Record, and situation X with an amazing high progression rate to test
the upper bound of the 3DP effect. Seaborne exchange remains the top as far as cargo volume

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 41
and quality transported. Current aggregate TEU exchange contains 160 million TEUs. The
Transpacific, Europe Asia, and Transoceanic are the most conspicuous exchange paths.
3D Printing Impacts in the Next Decade
In the past section, situations have been gathered and it is clarified how the info information has
been changed for the World Holder Model. In this part, the outcomes from the WCM will be
exhibited.
It ought to give the last reply on how the 3DP innovation will affect the world holder transport.
It the innovation at present overhyped or does it have its declared problematic force? Area 5.1
explains on the port throughput and Segment 5.2 on the port tot port compartment streams.
Amplified throughput and port to port streams can be seen in Informative supplement Q.
Screenshots of the created compartment streams and port throughputs can be seen in Informative
supplement Q. The aggregate throughput for all nations increments to above 231% for every
single future situation (Figure 5-1) from 2006, with less increment seen in higher 3DP headway
rate situations. Less distinction is seen for Sc. L, M, Mi, and H contrasted with 2006 worldwide
throughput, running between a development of 269% to 267%.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 42
Contrasted with the base 2035 future (Figure 5-2), again the Sc. X is the most eminent with an
aggregate decline of 10,2%. Different situations range between a distinction of 0,297% and
0,583% contrasted with 2035 base. Additionally for the main 10 ports with most astounding
throughputs (Figure 5-3), moderately little transform from the 2035 base is watched for the
situations L, M, Mi, and H. Again Sc. X appears to redirect the most from the other situations. At
the point when contrasting the 3DP affected situations and 2035 base (Figure 5-4), the biggest
change is watched for the port of Long Shoreline with very nearly 22% less throughput for Sc.
X, and the minimum change for the port of Antwerp with 7% less throughput. For different
situations, the distinction from 2035 base is relative little, with most elevated from Long
Shoreline with - 1,1%. For the Port of Rotterdam, 15% less throughput is watched for the great
situation. For different situations a lessening extending between 0,85% also, 0,44% is watched.
The worldwide compartment stream increments no less than 239% for every single future
situation (Figure 5-5) from 2006, with less increment seen in higher 3DP headway rate
situations. Likewise here, less contrast is seen for Sc. L, M, Mi, and H contrasted with 2006
worldwide holder stream, extending between a development of 275% to 278%.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 43
Contrasted with the base 2035 future (Figure 5-6), the Sc. X demonstrates an aggregate reduction
of 10,2%, while the different situations range between a decrease of 0,299% and 0,583%
contrasted with 2035 base. The rate decrease of worldwide holder streams is just about the same
as the change in worldwide throughput. In Segment 5.2, the outcomes demonstrate that 3DP
effects the worldwide throughput in the event of higher mechanical propelling rate. The effect of
3DP on the worldwide throughput is for the most part immaterial. Because of the high estimated
development of worldwide exchange, the most reasonable situations introduce no danger of
interruption, with a deviation from the base future throughput with not exactly a percent. Indeed,
even in the amazing situation, which incorporates a decentralization rate of very nearly 90% for
large portions of the NSTR 9 merchandise, an occasion which is very unrealistic to happen inside
the following 20 years, the lessening in throughput development is 10,3% max.
Summary
All in all, 3DP represents no noteworthy danger for the worldwide oceanic compartment
transport. Holder transport will encounter a high development until 2035 even with a compelling
instance of 3DP-enlivened decentralization of assembling. The designation of NSTR 9
(completed products) to other NSTR bunches will adjust the lessening of transport need on the
interest side with transport need on the supply side. A decrease in all out transport stream or
compartment throughput can be clarified by the diverse containerization rates of NSTR
gatherings. While made products are frequently found in holders, merchandise for example, sand
or oil are all the more regularly transported utilizing mass vessels. This implies a littler measure
of material allotted from NSTR 9 gathering will wind up in a compartment on the supply side
transport. With respect to the ports, on the off chance that they have a specific spotlight on the
treatment of certain NSTR bunches, due to their topographical closeness to the shopper business
sector or crude material fascination/preparing site, it is conceivable they will encounter a slight
movement sought after. It is more probable this won't be seen by major ports as they are likely

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 44
more enhanced regarding NSTR sorts taking care of, and in this way they ought to experience a
moderately little change that 3DP brings, particularly joined with the high anticipated
development in the worldwide holder transport. Little ports that are by and large less enhanced,
could experience detectable change sought after. For the remote ocean transporters, it is
conceivable they will witness an adjustment in courses taken in 2035 looked at to 2006. Rather
than frequenting courses between the Western nations and creating nations, which is common for
now's globalized world with off-shoring as a standard assembling rehearse, it could be in 2035
they will visit a more enhanced dispatching course. This is confirm by the positive change of
holder stream between a few connections and negative change of compartment stream in
different connections, which proposes an adjustment in the significance or engaging quality of
various courses. This change is be that as it may still fairly little as indicated by the model
results. The cargo proprietors are a vast yet exceptionally divided partner bunch in the
association of worldwide transport. While they by and large start the vehicle request, they don't
share in the course of action of cargo transport themselves. Later on, if 3DP decentralizes a hefty
portion of the supply side fabricating, it is conceivable cargo proprietors of crude materials may
see an expansion of littler requests from various areas. This could prompt an expansion of work
to organize transport. Concerning the Port of Rotterdam, it will stay in the main 11 biggest ports
on the planet as far as compartment throughput for the following 20 years. The port may
encounter a slight decrease or stagnation in the holder stream in a few connections until 2035,
yet as an enhanced significant port, this is likely adjusted by an expansion of transport stream on
different connections. In a great instance of decentralization rate, this could be countered by a
higher interest in mass taking care of as crude material will probably turn out to be more
transported NSTR bunch. Once more, this is likely pointless while considering the generally
little 3DP sway on the worldwide holder transport.
Conclusion
The objective of this research was to examine the effect of 3D printing innovation on the world
holder transport. It is trusted it is a problematic innovation for future assembling, supply chains
and consequently transport when all is said in done. The improvement of the innovation and its
potential has been broadly inspected. Utilizing this learning five situations were shaped to be
demonstrated. With the outcomes created from the model, we can answer the principle research
question. The sub research questions gave a stepwise way to deal with answer the last and
fundamental inquiry.
To what extent 3D printing has developed till now?
3DP is still generally in its outset. Just essential plastic procedures are at the most exceptional
level, prepared for creation execution. Excellent plastic and metal procedures are most of the
way the MRL scale around the pre-generation stage, while other material procedures are as yet
experiencing tests. The business sector and its specialized abilities will unquestionably become

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 45
relentlessly in the following decades. A few upgrades can as of now be normal in wording
process changes, speed, quality control and materials for the coming decade.
How 3D printing technology impacting manufacturing?
3DP gives producing firms a one of a kind arrangement of traits. As firms go for expanding
intensity, they will do as such by redesigning their focused capacities. 3DP impacts these
abilities in an unexpected way (contrasted with ordinary assembling) contingent upon the item
that the firm makes and the business sector in which the firm works. 3DP demonstrates the most
potential for expanding a association's Chance and Adaptability ability. 3DP permits a superior
Time ability as it gives speedier advancement speed for inventive items and speedier the
conveyance speed for modified items. It gives more Adaptability through simple customization,
accordingly permitting more assortments, and is more adaptable in wording stock administration
as it permits on-interest generation for items with interest instability. 3DP expansions the Quality
capacity by expanding the execution through light weighting, by giving more components, for
example, ergonomics, expanded serviceability for items that need support/repair, and gives more
outline flexibility and hence permitting an expanded stylish execution. However 3DP can
likewise diminish the Quality ability as the low procedure security decreases the unwavering
quality of items, which is inadmissible for wellbeing related items. Additionally the
reproducibility is low, which implies the conformance and strength of items can be decreased.
3DP can lower or build the generation cost contingent upon the creation volume, part estimate,
geometric intricacy, and the material piece of an item.
How 3D printing technology impacting supply chains?
The area of 3DP arrangement affects the inventory network and its logistics. Five sorts of 3DP
arrangement have been recognized and it has been demonstrated that lone decentralized 3DP
sending sways the inventory network, through wiping out the need of transport on the interest
side (producer buyer). As the aggregate material stream in a system ought to stay unaltered,
notwithstanding the production network setup, it could be accepted that going from an
incorporated to a decentralized assembling setup will supplant the sea transport on the interest
side, with material transport of the crude material on the supply side. Case studies demonstrate
that 3DP empowers the decentralization of assembling.
What impact 3D printing will have on logistics sector in the years to come?
3DP is not prone to bring about a risk, as huge throughput or transport stream diminishment, for
the worldwide compartment transport in the following two decades. As the Gross domestic
product and world populace is most certainly not prone to decrease the following 50 years, the
worldwide exchange will probably keep on generating a high worldwide transport request,
including compartment transport. This incompletely kills the danger of lessening in compartment
transport request. Any lessening will be covered by the more grounded development of holder
transport action. As the containerization rate will probably proceed additionally for crude

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 46
materials, the allotment of NSTR 9 item transport to crude material NSTR bunch transport
adjusts the decrease of transport need on the interest side. Real ports will probably not see any
huge change as far as holder throughput nor compartment stream. Because of their size and
differences as far as cargo taking care of, the total transport movement will not sufficiently stray
to be taken note. Any sensible change because of 3DP is under 1% contrasted with a future base
without 3DP effect. Remote ocean transporters may see a slight change in courses taken later on
contrasted with today, as there are slight changes in the significance or engaging quality of
various courses. It is likely a more broadened courses are asked. Notwithstanding this is likely
too little to ever be taken note. Cargo proprietors of crude materials may see an expansion of
littler requests from numerous areas because of the decentralized way of makers (their
customers). This could prompt a slight increment of work to orchestrate transport. The Port of
Rotterdam will stay among the main 11 of the biggest ports on the planet as far as compartment
throughput for the following 20 years. As said some time recently, as a noteworthy port, the
change of holder stream in a few connections brought on by 3DP is likely remunerated by an
expansion of transport stream on other joins, and the high worldwide development of holder
transport request. For the coming decades, it will probably keep on driving deals for "special"
items, which are low in volume and high in quality. Economy of scale will probably never
achieve the same level of large scale manufacturing. The similarity for the paper printer can be
utilized. 65 years after the landing of the primary home advanced printer, individuals still
purchase books, instead of printing them. Possibly following 50 years it could begin to diminish
the transport stream all the more essentially.
Recommendations
It has been presumed that 3DP by and large does not bring on any noteworthy decrease of
compartment transport that could contrarily affect the partners. Along these lines the
accompanying proposals mean to suit amazing instances of 3DP effect or counter any (slight)
3DP effect. By staying broadened in sorts of cargo taking care of, it will diminish the danger of
having over-or undercapacity to suit sudden change of transport interest for a specific cargo.
Restrict administration to Asian ports, as these ports are anticipated to have the most grounded
development for the following 20 years. Consider collaboration with dissemination places for a
more effective satisfaction of littler requests for conceivable littler makers later on. As a
noteworthy port, the same proposal of broadening can be given.
Existing 3-D printers perform numerous undertakings self-sufficiently. In any case, a few
printers at the specialist end require that printheads be cleaned intermittently, that beds be
legitimately leveled, and that a human tinker and manage to minimize mistakes. "These printers
all need impressively more individual upkeep than individuals are acclimated to with machines,"
Pearce says. The possibility to diminish or kill this human component is genuine and will be a
key zone of development throughout the following couple of years.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 47
Robotizing the elements that cause a significant number of the normal mistakes and
dependability concerns, for example, bolster structure era, part introduction, and others, will
probably propel the usability in specialist printers. Case in point, a print run can be squandered if
the assemble stage is not level. Numerous printers, for example, those from Robox, XYZ
printing, and MakerBot, incorporate autoleveling where the printer adjusts itself to the stage.
Expected later on is a criticism framework that gives continuous checking of the printing
procedure, that distinguishes imperfections or deviation from the outline (as indicated in a 3-D
model produced by a computer aided design [computer-helped design] apparatus), and that
permits suitable intercession. Together, such elements will probably enhance the unwavering
quality and repeatability of the printing procedure.
More distant is the capacity to print complete frameworks or subsystems. Rising multimaterial
capacities will help, subsequent to most completed items are produced using more than one
material. Nonetheless, challenges reach out to the capacity to implant segments, for example,
sensors, gadgets, and batteries, so everything can be imprinted in one form. Research and
development endeavors are under path in various zones, including materials, printing strategies,
and consolidating added substance and customary techniques for assembling.

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS SECTOR 48
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