Parental Involvement in Relation to Children Education – Cultural Differences on Choices of Out of School Activities
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This research proposal aims to identify the impact of parents belonging to different cultures on the educational and social development of children. The proposal report discusses the selection of various research related techniques such as the type of data, data collection techniques, research method and much more.
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Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL Parental Involvement in Relation to Children Education – Cultural Differences on Choices of Out of School Activities (Example Maths Science Dancing Football) Name of the student: Name of the university: Author note:
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1RESEARCH PROPOSAL Abstract: The research proposal is based on proposing a research work to identify the impact of parents belonging to different cultures on the educational and social development of children. The facts sought in the proposal is being constructed with the help of a literature review considering a few theoretical facts and also some facts relating to the parental behaviour in the UK, the USA, and South Africa. The proposal report has discussed the selection of various research related techniques such as the type of data, data collection techniques, research method and much more. All the mentioned techniques will be used in the proposed research work. The proposal report also makes a conclusive section where expected results are being discussed.
2RESEARCH PROPOSAL Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................4 1.0 Introduction of the chapter:...................................................................................................4 1.1 Background of the study:.......................................................................................................4 1.2 Aims & Objectives:...............................................................................................................5 1.3 Research questions:...............................................................................................................6 Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................6 2.0 Introduction of the chapter:...................................................................................................6 2.1 Theoretical understanding of the chosen topic:.....................................................................6 2.2 Parenting styles in UK, USA and South Africa:....................................................................8 Chapter 3: Research Approach & Methodology:..........................................................................10 3.0 Introduction:........................................................................................................................10 3.1 Research philosophy and approach:....................................................................................10 3.2 Types of data:......................................................................................................................11 3.3 Research strategy:................................................................................................................12 3.4 Research technique:.............................................................................................................12 3.5 Preparation for data collection:............................................................................................12 3.6 Data analysis and limitations:..............................................................................................13 3.7 Ethics:..................................................................................................................................13 Chapter 5: Time Horizon (Gantt Chart).........................................................................................13
4RESEARCH PROPOSAL Chapter 1: Introduction 1.0 Introduction of the chapter: The chapter introduces the aims & objectives and a set of research questions for the proposed dissertation. This is a proposal report in support of the chosen research topic that specifically covers the differences in cultures in parenting styles in different countries such as UK, USA and South Africa. The chapter specifically covers a brief background of the chosen topic to support and justify why that is being selected as the research topic. It also covers the aim of the research. Additionally, it presents a set of few objectives that must be tried to attain at the end of the proposed research. Moreover, the section also covers a few research questions to understand the topic in more depth. 1.1 Background of the study: Parental involvement means how they deal with everything which is related to their kids and their early childhood development. Kids spend their ample amount of time with their parents only. Hence, the way parents are involved with their kids in their early life matter a lot to those kids and their early life development. The involvement could be in various forms like their role in sending their kids to schools and also supporting them on other than school activities (Murray et al.2014). The proposed research is actually focused on the difference in perceptions of parents in UK, USA and South Africa for activities outside the school. Different forms of parent involvementhavebeenidentifiedwhichareasfollows(Sigel,McGillicuddy-DeLisiand Goodnow 2014): Establishment of a supportive growth environment at home Promoting effective communication between schools and home
5RESEARCH PROPOSAL Supporting students in their school activities and also on out of the school activities Working with other stakeholders like community, students, school staff etc. Learning environment at home Basically, parent involvement activities can be divided into two categories like home-based and school-based parent involvements. Notably, positive attitudes of parents in both school and other than school activities may foster a positive development of kids. A positive development is indeed necessary at their early ages as an unsupportive home based environment may certainly hamper their actual progress. A positive progress from the very start of the age is indeed important for a healthy professional career ahead. Such kids are more certain to have a positive frame of mind which is a valuable quality and also helpful in different challenging situations at the different stages of life (Domènech Rodriguez, Donovick and Crowley 2009). 1.2 Aims & Objectives: Aims: To analyse the level of contribution of parents in selecting options for their school activities Objectives: To test the different aspects that the different cultures carry in regards to making selection on extra-school activities To know the factors which parents consider while making choices on such extra activities To evaluate the reasons which parents give for their selections
6RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1.3 Research questions: What are the cultural differences in parenting styles across UK, USA and South Africa in regards to making choices on out of school activities for their kids? Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.0 Introduction of the chapter: The chapter analyses the importance of the topic in the light of both the theoretical backgrounds and also reviewing the pattern of parenting behaviours in UK, USA, and South Africa. This chapter mainly focuses on the few selected theories to understand the importance of the chosen research topic. The chosen topic is actually very important from the perspectives of kids. Their early development is not just confined to school studies. Rather, there is a need to explore them to other activities also which may or may not necessarily be related to the academics. The chapter tries to produce solid evidence in support of the chosen topic, so that, the proposal is viewed as an urgency. 2.1 Theoretical understanding of the chosen topic: Vygotsky:The main assertion of the theory was that kids are explored to different socio-cultural context and also that their cognitive development is progressed through social interaction with a wide range of skilled individuals. The theory believes that children build up knowledge actively and have a sharp memory than their elders (Summerbellet al.2012). Hence, they are more certain to become a skilled and socially oriented personality if being co-operated by their parents in extra activities that kids prefer to. However, ethicality of the desired extra activities must be checked to avoid their kids becoming a character boycotted by the society they are a part of.
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7RESEARCH PROPOSAL Bourdieu’s: Pierre Bourdieu is a Marxist sociologist which is closely attached to developing the concept of cultural capital and making this applicable to education. Bourdieu argues that each class has a distinct set of beliefs and has cultural frameworks. They are more likely to behave according to the cultural framework that they follow. This is according to Bourdieu is called the habitus. The habitus is a set of assumptions regarding what is good or bad. Such assumptions do influence their social life and the leisure styles of living through the kind of selection that they make in regards to the places to visit, people to meet, television programmes to watch and the activities to take part in (Yilmaz 2011). The theory indicates that different cultural capital may have distinguished views on out of school activities. Hence, the socio-cultural development of children will also differ from others. Kids belonging to a middle-class family may have limited exposures to extra activities that kids belonging to higher-income groups (Morgan 2010). Dr. Joyce Epstein: Epstein is another important name that provides useful ways to help parents involve in the development of their kids. According to Epstein, there are six ways through which parents can help their kids to develop effectively (Renzulli 2012). One of such ways is creating a learning environment at home. This can be done if parents have some time for their kids to spend with them during their studies times. Children will feel valued and engaged also which is necessary also for a successful career in academics. A two way communication between school and parents is another effective way through which both parents and the school administration can become the supporting factors in the development of the kids. This will help parents understand the importance of extra activities (Stern 2013). Parents can also help their kids in various other activities if they have good understanding and cooperation from the school. They may help their kids in certain difficult tasks like making a project. They may also be with their kids on the field trip which will sufficiently help parents
8RESEARCH PROPOSAL understand the importance of extra activities. The fourth stage of Epstein’s framework is about fosteringapositivelearningenvironmentathome.Apositiveandsupportivelearning environment at home may be an encouraging move for the kids. A positive learning environment according to Epstein can be created through parental involvement in different tasks like helping kids in doing their homework (Shabani, Khatib and Ebadi 2010). Parental involvement in decision making process is another effective stage in the Epstein’s framework. It means parents need to be called upon by schools and ask for their views on the certain matter. Their decision making will not only make kids happier but, also parents will get to know the importance of supporting their kids in extra activities. Community related activities are the last of the Epstein's framework of Six Types of Involvement. School in collaboration of community and the parents can promote engaging activities like cultural, recreational and athletic programs. Moreover, parents will also get to know the other interest that their children have (Shwalb, Shwalb and Lamb 2013). James Samuel Coleman: According to Coleman, social capital means the individual or collective actions. Hence, in the light of the theory, parents can co-operate their kids by going extra miles and supporting them on out of school activities. Parents may be a good resource for their kids in their social development. However, they must be aware of the importance of social capital. They also need to find ways to promote their kids at the different levels of society through extra activities (Langhout and Thomas 2010). 2.2 Parenting styles in UK, USA and South Africa: There are cultural differences in parents in the different parts of world. The parenting style in the Asian countries is evidently different to that in the United Kingdom, the United
9RESEARCH PROPOSAL States of America and South Africa. The difference is in their views for successful careers. Differences also exist in how they approach to different actions apart from their kids schooling. Parents in the United States of America have very low concerns for their kid’s successful careers as only one fifth of the parents in America consider successful career as a definitive goal. In the United Kingdom, the rate is further lower as only less than one fifth of the parents are concerned for successful career as the ultimate goal (). Parents have differing rules or beliefs for their kids and their extra study activities. Parents as stated earlier have very low regards for their kids attaining a successful career. They actually have a very different meaning of success. To theUKparents, their kids are more satisfiedandsuccessfulwhentheypossessthecountry’straditionalandculturalvalues. Parenting style in UK is also focussed on leisure times and believes that their kids must be aware of the traditional norms of spending their leisure times (). Playing or learning the different sports is one of the traditional interests that parents encourage their kids for. Some of the highly popular games in UK are Cricket, Football, Golf, Rugby, and Lawn Tennis. Kids are encouraged to spend their leisure time as playing cricket or even joining the cricket clubs to become a national level player. Football is a highly popular game in the United Kingdom. Parents encourage their kids for playing football as an option to spend their leisure time. Kids are also being encouraged to make football as an option to build-up their career (Cloonan 2016). Parenting styles in theUnited States of Americais very much the similar; however, they encourage their kids for being the best in competition. They are often found as being competitive with their own achievements. Parents encourage their kids for competition in whatever they do like study, play and work. Parents love sports and give good emphasis on the same. There are many games like Football, Basketball, Hockey and Baseball. However, parents
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10RESEARCH PROPOSAL are more in favour of Baseball. Kids in the US are being motivated to spend their leisure time by playing the Baseball (Teague and Beechey 2013). Parenting style inSouth Africais quite different to those in the United States and the United Kingdom. Arts, dance and music are the essential characteristics of South African parents. Since, educational conditions are still poor in this country; parents believe that by being creative their kids can actually prove their values. Hence, parents encourage their kids to take part in Art, dance and music (Beck 2013). Chapter 3: Research Approach & Methodology: 3.0 Introduction: The chapter introduces the research method and all the associated techniques which will be followed in the dissertation work. It starts with research philosophy and the approach. It is followed by research method and the research strategy. Then research technique is being described. The chapter further speaks of the data collection process followed by data analysis and the research limitations. Research works often come across some ethical considerations which are to be dealt with utmost responsibility and inappropriate guidelines. The guidelines will be those that are approved by the relevant legislation. 3.1 Research philosophy and approach: Research philosophy: Researchers have a wide range of philosophies that they may consider in distinguished research works. It depends on the kind of research work and also on the quality of the study. If larger samples are required then philosophy will accordingly change. On the other hand, if samples are smaller, a different philosophy will then be used. There are different types of philosophy such as pragmatism, positivism, realism and Interpretivism. The
11RESEARCH PROPOSAL proposed research will consider aninterpretivestudy focussing to explain culture as an influence to choice making (Wilson 2014). Justification for the selection: This philosophy is useful for small samples; however, for making the in-depth analysis of the topic. It is about investigating a fact based on qualitative data. The topic is very important from a perspective that early educational or other development in a child is influenced by an ineffective parenting involvement in the development of their kids. The chosen philosophy will provide a clear picture. Hence, this will leave a place for more future works in the chosen research area (Wilson 2014). Research approach: There are mainly two kinds of research approach like deductive and inductive. For the proposed research, adeductivestudy will be considered (Jonker and Pennink 2010). Justification for the selection: A deductive study revolves around the existing theory. Hence, there will not be the creation of any new theory. The explanation of the chosen topic will be done from the relevant theory. Specifically,culturetheory will be used for a detailed explanation of what is happening in regards to extra activities (Jonker and Pennink 2010). 3.2 Types of data: On a broader prospect, there are two kinds of data the qualitative and the quantitative data. For the proposed research,qualitativedata will be selected (Patten and Newhart 2017). Justification:Quantitativedatainvolvesthecollectionofnumericdatawhereas qualitative data focuses on quality data in the form of relevant theories and the other factual data (Patten and Newhart 2017).
12RESEARCH PROPOSAL 3.3 Research strategy: As the proposed research will focus on qualitative data, the research strategy will be to conduct a survey with parents in the playgrounds when they spend few times with their kids. The survey will be a questionnaire both open ended and close ended. Parents will be clarified on the subject matter prior to appearing in the questionnaire survey. The focus will be to administer the questionnaire to a large number of parents. Hence, a large sample may quickly be attained in a very less time. The analysis will also be easier. It is less time consuming which is another good factor (Wahyuni 2012). 3.4 Research technique: Data techniques are mainly of two kinds such as primary and secondary. In the proposed research work, both primary and secondary techniques will be used. For primary resources, a questionnaire survey will be used. For secondary resources, a Case study will be used. The Case study will be about a case which will show a decision being made by parents from different cultural backgrounds. Both primary and secondary methods will be triangulated to consider both the resources together while explaining the findings (Murchison 2010). 3.5 Preparation for data collection: The preparation for the data collection will start with identifying the area where sufficient data could be accessed to. This will be followed by filling up the ethical form and seeking the approval from the participants. The next step will be to establish the kind of questions to be asked of the selected participants. Once it is prepared, it will be checked twice to refine it if needed. The last stage will be to contact the respondents (Mukul 2011).
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13RESEARCH PROPOSAL 3.6 Data analysis and limitations: Data analysis will be done through a thematic analysis. For the thematic analysis, themes will be derived from the relevant theoretical underpinnings. Themes will be clearly outlined. Findings will also be given. Limitations of the study will also be mentioned. Possibilities are there for participants withdrawing from the survey. Hence, 20 participants will be investigated; however, even 10 participants could have been sufficient. The researcher will be biased during the longitudinal studies. This can have both positive and negative impacts on the participant (Ingham-Broomfield 2014). 3.7 Ethics: Applicants will be asked to approve the duly filled ethical form. Honesty will be maintained while interacting with the applicants. The participant’s data will be kept protected from any infringement or unethical use of it under the Data Protection Act 1998. Confidentiality will be highly maintained. People will be allowed to withdraw from the research at any point in time. Formulation of the question will be realistic in nature (Taylor 2011). Chapter 5: Time Horizon (Gantt Chart) ActivityMonths M Jan M Feb M Mar M April M May M June M July Finalizing the topic Collectingdatafromsecondary
14RESEARCH PROPOSAL sources Forming a layout of the research work Conducting Literature review Forming the research plan Selectingappropriateresearch methodologies Collectingdatafromprimary sources Analysis of collected data sets Interpretation of collected data sets Concluding the Study Designing a rough draft
15RESEARCH PROPOSAL Submitting the Final Work Table 1: Time Horizon of Research (Source: created by author) Conclusion: Therefore, the proposed research is expected to yield few important findings in relation to the cultural differences in parents in regards to extra activities. The proposal has already covered a few theories to understand the importance of social capital and the acquaintance with extra activities apart from the school activities. The few facts have been covered by the parental involvement in regards to children development in different countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and South Africa. The proposal has already found a few distinct cultures in terms of parenting behaviour. Such differences mean a difference in influence on the educational and social development of kids. It is expected that the proposed research work will fetch some more findings probably in the line of what has been covered so far. The plans such as considering a qualitative data with the help of questionnaire both open ended and the close ended will expectedly be bringing facts like there are influences of cultural differences on child development. The decision to go with the open ended questionnaire will expectedly fetch detailed information on the chosen field. The findings will expectedly encourage more research works in future.
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16RESEARCH PROPOSAL References: Beck, R.B., 2013.The History of South Africa. ABC-CLIO. Cloonan, M., 2016.Popular music and the state in the UK: culture, trade or industry?. Routledge. Ingham-Broomfield, R., 2014. A nurses' guide to quantitative research.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,32(2), p.32. Jonker, J. and Pennink, B., 2010.The essence of research methodology: A concise guide for master and PhD students in management science. Springer Science & Business Media. Langhout, R.D. and Thomas, E., 2010. Imagining participatory action research in collaboration with children: An introduction.American Journal of Community Psychology,46(1-2), pp.60-66. Morgan,P.,2010.Towardsadevelopmentaltheoryofplaceattachment.Journalof Environmental Psychology,30(1), pp.11-22. Mukul, G., 2011.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Murchison,J.,2010.Ethnographyessentials:Designing,conducting,andpresentingyour research(Vol. 25). John Wiley & Sons. Murray, K.W., Finigan-Carr, N., Jones, V., Copeland-Linder, N., Haynie, D.L. and Cheng, T.L., 2014. Barriers and facilitators to school-based parent involvement for parents of urban public middle school students.SAGE open,4(4), p.2158244014558030. Patten, M.L. and Newhart, M., 2017.Understanding research methods: An overview of the essentials. Taylor & Francis.
17RESEARCH PROPOSAL Renzulli, J.S., 2012. Reexamining the role of gifted education and talent development for the 21st century: A four-part theoretical approach.Gifted Child Quarterly,56(3), pp.150-159. Shabani, K., Khatib, M. and Ebadi, S., 2010. Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development: InstructionalImplicationsandTeachers'ProfessionalDevelopment.Englishlanguage teaching,3(4), pp.237-248. Shwalb, D.W., Shwalb, B.J. and Lamb, M.E. eds., 2013.Fathers in cultural context. Routledge. Sigel, I.E., McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A.V. and Goodnow, J.J. eds., 2014.Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children. Psychology Press. Stern, Y. ed., 2013.Cognitive reserve: Theory and applications. Psychology Press. Summerbell,C.D.,Moore,H.J.,Vögele,C.,Kreichauf,S.,Wildgruber,A.,Manios,Y., Douthwaite, W., Nixon, C.A. and Gibson, E.L., 2012. Evidence‐based recommendations for the developmentofobesitypreventionprogramstargetedatpreschoolchildren.Obesity reviews,13(s1), pp.129-132. Taylor, E., 2011. UK schools, CCTV and the Data Protection Act 1998.Journal of Education Policy,26(1), pp.1-15. Teague, G. and Beechey, A., 2013.USA-Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Kuperard. Wahyuni, D., 2012. The research design maze: Understanding paradigms, cases, methods and methodologies. Wilson, J., 2014.Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage.
18RESEARCH PROPOSAL Yilmaz, K., 2011. The cognitive perspective on learning: Its theoretical underpinnings and implications for classroom practices.The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas,84(5), pp.204-212.