The Bento Rodrigues dam disaster

Part 3
Introduction
The Bento Rodrigues dam disaster which happened on 5th November 2015. This incident
involved a catastrophic failure of the iron ore tailing of a dam in Miriana. The incident led to
flooding in the area and destroyed the whole village of Bento Rodrigues. The disaster is
considered to be the worst environmental disaster to have hit Brazil. In the disaster, more than 60
million cubic meters of iron ore sludge and wastes polluted river Doce. Displacements, water
pollution, environmental pollution and deaths are some of negative impacts which were able to
happen due to the disaster. In addition, other neighboring villages which were in the valley were
also hit with minor damages. Due to the incident, the main road access to the municipality was
rendered impassible. It was noted that leakage failure was the main cause of the incident. The
disaster led to different reactions from the nationals and international parties. Moreover, the
disaster also led to different effects to the companies involved.
The incident
Bento Rodrigues dam disaster is considered as one of the worst catastrophic environmental
disaster in Brazil1. In this disaster, about 60 million cubic meters of iron wastes were able to flow
into Doce River. This flow was able to cause toxic brown mudflows and therefore led to high
pollution of the river. In addition, humanitarian crises happened around this time due to the
disaster. Displacement of the people after the dam failure was one of the major humanitarian
crises to happen. In this project, the tailings of the Fundao and Santarem dams were constructed
1 Uilson Ricardo Venâncio Aires, Soares Matos Santos Bismarck, Dias Coelho Clívia, David da
Silva Demetrius, and Lúcia Calijuri Maria. "Changes in land use and land cover as a result of the
failure of a mining tailings dam in Mariana, MG, Brazil". Land Use Policy. (2018). 70: 63-70.

and owned by Samarco Mineracao SA, which was a mining company. The company was located
in Mariana municipality which is about 67 kilometers south east of Belo Horizonte in Minas
Gerais state in Brazil2. The main aims of the tailing were to accommodate the wastes which
resulted from the extraction of the iron ore from the extensive Germano mine. The incident of
the failure occurred at around 3:30 pm in the afternoon of 5th November 2015. The dam started
with experiencing a leak and some employees were sent to rectify the problem. They tried
rectifying and maintaining the leak by deflating part of the reservoir. Rapture was able to occur
at around 4:20 pm whereby a large volume of toxic sludge was released into Santarem river
valley. The Bento valley which is located about 2.5 kilometers away below was completely
flooded with the toxic sludge from the dam and mud3. In addition, during the investigation, it
was noted that Samarco and the neighboring communities did not have the contingency plan or
even the evacuation routes to avoid and mitigate such problems4. This meant that the firefighter
and rescuers could not access the scene with road. The only option which was available was to
access the scene through the use of helicopters5. During the incident, around 600 people were
2 Silva, Reis Claudia, Maria Schwarz Andreas, and ungnickel. Katrin J Environmental Crisis and
Social Media A Content Analysis of Bento Rodrigues Dam Disaster Videos on Youtube. (2017).
3 Silva Junior da, Antonio Carlos, Dias Coutinho Andressa, Francisco de Oliveira-Júnior José,
Eduardo Teodoro Paulo, Lima Mendelson, Shakir Muhammad, de Gois Givanildo, and Adriani
Johann Jerry. "Analysis of the Impact on Vegetation Caused by Abrupt Deforestation Via Orbital
Sensor in the Environmental Disaster of Mariana, Brazil". Land Use Policy. 76: (2018) 10-20.
4 Costa, Karen da.. "Corporate accountability in the Samarco chemical sludge disaster". Disaster
Prevention and Management. 26, no. 5. (2017) 540-552.
5 Christofaro Silva Alexandre, Luis Carlos Duarte Cavalcante Silva, Domingos Fabris José,
Franco Júnior Roberto, Morais Barral Uidemar, Mágno de Melo Farnezi Múcio, José Silva Viana
Abraão, ... Carlos da Silva Luiz .. "Chemical, Mineralogical and Physical Characteristics of a
Material Accumulated on the River Margin from Mud Flowing from the Collapse of the Iron Ore
Tailings Dam in Bento Rodrigues, Minas Gerais, Brazil". Revista Espinhaço. 5, no. 2: (2016).
44-53.

evacuated. The incident was able to be classified as the worst environmental disaster in Brazil
from the effects and impact it had in the environment and people’s livelihood.
Impacts
The incident had several negative impacts, ranging from the environmental effects of livelihoods
of the people. First, the dam was used as a waste and sludge storage and this meant that its burst
was able to pollute the environment with the toxic chemicals. The first impact of the dam failure
led to the toxic chemicals flowing into the Rio Doce River6. The river basin was reported to have
a drainage basin of about 86,715 kilometers. This river was able to cover about 230
municipalities. This meant that all the people in these municipalities were able to depend on this
river for their survival. The wastes and sludge from the dam were able to flow into the river and
this led to its pollution. The impact of affecting the marine and people livelihood was
experienced from this kind of pollution. In addition, according to scientists and biologists who
studied the impact and effect of this pollution concluded that a decade will be taken in order to
have the toxic substances diluted in the river7. The people had to stop the water intake from the
river due to the impact of the pollution. Water shortages in major towns and municipalities were
experienced when the pollution was reported to be toxic. It was noted that the mud contained
high and greater number of heavy metals than the accepted levels. Arsenic, lead and mercury are
some of the heavy metals which were harmful to health and were reported to be present in the
water and mud after the pollution. In addition, contamination of other rivers such as the Rio
6 Mongabay. "Rio Doce: The Murder of an Already Dead River (Commentary)". Mongabay
News. 2016-11.
7 Fernando,Scherner, Bastos Eduardo, Rover Ticiane, de Medeiros Oliveira Eliana, Almeida
Rafael, Gabriela Itokazu Ana, Laurita Bouzon Zenilda, Rubi Rörig Leonardo, Maria Barreto
Pereira Sonia, and Antunes Horta Paulo.. "Halimeda Jolyana (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)
Presents Higher Vulnerability to Metal Pollution at Its Lower Temperature Limits of
Distribution". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 25, no. 12: (2018). 11775-11786.

Gualaxo Do Norte was also noted and this meant that increased population was hit by the
population and water shortages.
In addition, the pollution did not stop at the river. Contaminated water was able to flow all the
way to the southern Atlantic Ocean. On November 22, the contamination was reported to reach
the Atlantic Ocean. This meant that increased population and marine lives were affected due to
the dam failure8. The toxic mud was able to be reported spreading out across the Espirito Santo
coat. This did not only affect the water usage also led to the closure of the business and beaches.
The economic impact was felt since the people in this region could not continue with their
businesses and the tourism sector was highly affected. The impact was used due to the pollution
on this area, which depended on the tourism section. In addition, the wastes were reported to
have reached Bahia Littoral zone on 7th January 2016. The spreading of the toxic mud meant that
increased populations were feeling the impact of the dam failure9. In addition, environmental
population and impact to the wildlife in Abrolhos Marine national Park is another impact which
has been keenly observed. This is an important park for Brazil ecosystem10. It is able to host the
major marine biodiversity in southern Atlantic Ocean. The toxic mud and minerals from the dam
are considered too much harmful such that they can be able to wave away the marine ecosystem
in this region.
In addition, the displacements and deaths were also experienced. About 17 people were reported
dead due to the failure of the dam. In addition, the dam was able to lead to the displacement of
the people downstream. People’s homes were completely destroyed and people had to be
8 Jalees Rehman, "Let Them Make My Cake: Exporting Burden, Importing Convenience in the
Externalization Society". The Next Regeneration. (2017) 04.
9 Greenpeace. "One Year Later and No Justice: Communities Affected by Dam Disaster Speak Out". Making Waves.
(2016) 11.
10 Mongabay. "Rio Doce: The Murder of an Already Dead River (Commentary)". Mongabay
News. (2016)11.

displaced from the region11. Humanitarian crises due to the displacement and lack of water after
the pollution were highly reported. Around 200 homes in two villages were completely destroyed
rendering the population homeless. Moreover, the vegetative cover downstream was also able to
feel the impact of the dam failure. The toxic metals and mud is not able to support the vegetation
life and thus the dam’s failure was a bad news to the environment and vegetation. The
environmental pollution is another key major impact was experienced when the dam failed. The
whole region downstream was colored red with the sludge which had toxic metals12. In addition,
negative reputation of the mining industry and companies is another key impact which was
reported. Lack of proper mitigation measures of the resource disposal was evident in the dam
failure in this case.
The aftermath
After the incident, investigations on the possible causes of the dam failure started. Commissions
were created in order to follow up and determine what was able to cause the incident. The
commissions were able advocate for donation in order to carry out their duties and determine
what happened. Nevertheless, concerned were also raised on the biasness which existence
between the deputies who headed the commissions. 14 weeks after the incident, an internal
document was leaked out which showed that Samarco had been warned about the dam and did
not take any precaution13. Joaquim de Avila was contracted by the firm to design and oversee the
construction of the Fundao dam between 2008 and 2013. From 2013, he was a part time
11 Jalees Rehman, "Let Them Make My Cake: Exporting Burden, Importing Convenience in the
Externalization Society". The Next Regeneration. (2017) 04.
12 Fernando,Scherner, Bastos Eduardo, Rover Ticiane, de Medeiros Oliveira Eliana, Almeida
Rafael, Gabriela Itokazu Ana, Laurita Bouzon Zenilda, Rubi Rörig Leonardo, Maria Barreto
Pereira Sonia, and Antunes Horta Paulo.. "Halimeda Jolyana (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)
Presents Higher Vulnerability to Metal Pollution at Its Lower Temperature Limits of
Distribution". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 25, no. 12: (2018). 11775-11786.

consultant in the inspection of the dam. According to his report, major structural problems on the
dam were reported in 2014 when doing his inspectorate report. He noted availability of major
cracks on the dam and provided the construction of buttress as a measure to mitigate them.
Samarco claimed to have implemented all the recommendations offered from Avila. The
company also claimed that the dam was in the process of being heightened when the landfill
reached its maximum level and the reservoir began to leak14. Additionally, during the
investigation, Samarco failed to offer any comment on the buttress and claimed that it was never
about the severity of the structural damage. In addition, the firm also indicated that it was never
warned about imminence of a catastrophic failure happening.
After the disaster, Samarco Company was suspended from undertaking any further activities. In
addition, due to the disaster, the Brazilian government fined Samarco a fine of R$250 million
due to the occurrence of the incident. The incident was described as an ignorant activity of the
company to take any preventive mechanism of the failure yet they had been warned about the
status of the dam15. In addition, this fine was described to be preliminary and it may be increased
if the two companies were found guilty of water pollution and damages. In addition, in January
2016, the Brazilian government and Samarco were able to reach an agreement of fine worth
R$20 billion. This penalty was imposed on the company and did not include the compensation to
the affected people nor the cost of recovering the polluted area. In addition, in October 2016, it
13 Brennan T. Asunskis, Ryan J Jordan,. Eliana E Barker. Santos, and Ernesto G. R. Schaefer.
Carlos. "Post-Catastrophe Analysis of the Fundão Tailings Dam Failure in the Doce River
System, Southeast Brazil: Potentially Toxic Elements in Affected Soils". Water, Air, & Soil
Pollution : An International Journal of Environmental Pollution. 228, no. 7 (2017) 1-12.
14 Jalees Rehman, "Let Them Make My Cake: Exporting Burden, Importing Convenience in the
Externalization Society". The Next Regeneration. (2017) 04.
15 Fabiana Roberta, Segura, et al.. "Potential Risks of the Residue from Samarco's Mine Dam
Burst (Bento Rodrigues, Brazil)". Environmental Pollution. 218: (2016 ) 813-825.

was reported that the Brazilian prosecutors were reported to have filed a homicide charges
against 21 people who included the top executive officials of Samarco owners BHP Billiton and
Vale SA. These are the co-owners of Samarco in a joint venture and each company is considered
to have a 50% stake on Samarco. The prosecution was able to help demand for the justice of the
people who were affected by the disaster and the environmental pollution which was able to
happen to the area.
Reactions
National and international parties had different reactions to the disaster happening. First after the
incident, the nationals reacted by starting with campaigns to collect donations for the homeless
and those affected by the disaster. All manner of donations were advocated for and even bank
accounts were opened in the aim of helping the affected people16. The matter was considered as
an urgent and emergency. In addition, after the disaster, all the municipals activities till 16
November were cancelled. The days were dedicated to the rescue activities and support to those
hit by the disaster. In addition, the federal government was able to place the federal forces for its
disposal for the rescue activities. In addition, the churches were not left and messages of
consolation to those affected were offered. The church urged the other to help those affected in
anyway. The nation was in solidarity with those affected and the nationals were sympathizing
with the affected people. In addition, in order to continue with the collection of resources to help
the affected, a football match between Cruzeiro and Sao Paulo was organized on 8th November17.
The national was seen to be united and looking to help those affected. In addition, the nation was
16 Giulia Paggiola, , and Paggiola Giulia. "Minas Gerais: The Mining Disaster in
Brazil". GreenSTEMS: Connecting Sustainable STEM and Social Scientists at University of
York. (2015)12.
17 Sarah Ferguson, Knight Ben, and Hitchens Clay. Four Corners: Catastrophic Failure. (2016).

seen to demand the justice for those affected by the disaster. Calls from the citizens to help look
on the matter and determine what happened were also heard.
In addition, the international community was not left behind when the news of the disaster broke
out. Report was issue from the United Nations, which was seen to be contracting the report
which the Brazilian government was able to issue. The report contradicted the Brazilian
government that the companies involved in mining and releases of chemicals which were
harmless18. The report by the UN experts indicated that the mud had high levels of toxic heavy
metals and other toxic chemicals. The report also was able to critics to the slow release of
information. Nevertheless, although heavy metals were found, the report did not have much
contradiction with the report which was issues 2010 geological survey, which showed that the
tailing that entered Rio Doce River was composed of clay and silt containing iron ore19. France
and Romania were also able to offer their consolation to the Brazilian nation and those affected
by the disaster. In addition, well-wisher such as North American band Pearl jam, which
performed in Horizonte on 20th November promised to donate the proceedings of their concert to
the victims of the disaster. In addition, singer Eddie Vedder also gave a speech where he called
for harsh punishment to be imposed on Samarco and those involved in the disaster. The
international communities as well as the nationals were all concerned with the justice for the
victim. The parties were able to sympathize with the victim and all agreed that someone had to
be accountable and pay for the disaster caused20. Donations and consolations messages were
18 Brennan T. Asunskis, Ryan J Jordan,. Eliana E Barker. Santos, and Ernesto G. R. Schaefer.
Carlos. "Post-Catastrophe Analysis of the Fundão Tailings Dam Failure in the Doce River
System, Southeast Brazil: Potentially Toxic Elements in Affected Soils". Water, Air, & Soil
Pollution : An International Journal of Environmental Pollution. 228, no. 7 (2017) 1-12.
19 Fabiana Roberta, Segura, et al.. "Potential Risks of the Residue from Samarco's Mine Dam
Burst (Bento Rodrigues, Brazil)". Environmental Pollution. 218: (2016 ) 813-825.
20 Letícia Couto Garcia, Bandini Ribeiro Danilo, Oliveira Roque Fabio, Manuel Ochoa-Quintero
Jose, and F. Laurance William.. "Brazil's Worst Mining Disaster: Corporations Must Be

offered from all angles sympathizing with the victims. Company neglect was seen to be
aggravating international people for their failure to take actions to care for the population leaving
in the surrounding of the dam and near the rivers.
Social reputation impacts
The Samarco reputation was highly affected and led to the suspension of the company to operate.
The leaking of the report that the company had been warned about eminent danger of the dam
was able to increase a negative reputation of the company socially and its concentration on the
lives of the people. Not only the reputation of Samarco through the owner companies was
affected socially but the public changed their view on the different mining companies. Much of
the blame in this incident was placed on the mining company Samraco21. This meant that a lot of
focus was therefore placed on mining company’s and the way they are able to dispose their
metals to the environment and water resources. This affected the lives of the people and this was
able to change the way the public socially felt about the mining companies.
The two major companies which are main owners of Samarco include the Vale SA and BHP
Biliton. The social reputation of these companies was largely affected with different people
calling for them to take up for their negligence and compensate the victims. Many people were
able to lay the blame of the disaster on these companies22. In addition, court injunctions were
Compelled to Pay the Actual Environmental Costs". Ecological Applications.( 27, no. 12017) :
5-9.
21 Sarah Ferguson, Knight Ben, and Hitchens Clay. Four Corners: Catastrophic Failure. (2016).
22 Brennan T. Asunskis, Ryan J Jordan,. Eliana E Barker. Santos, and Ernesto G. R. Schaefer.
Carlos. "Post-Catastrophe Analysis of the Fundão Tailings Dam Failure in the Doce River
System, Southeast Brazil: Potentially Toxic Elements in Affected Soils". Water, Air, & Soil
Pollution : An International Journal of Environmental Pollution. 228, no. 7 (2017) 1-12.

issued and filed suing the companies for the disaster happening. The suing are able to affect the
companies negatively and changing the public view of the companies. BHP had been considered
has the leader in environmental responsibility before the incident. The social reputation was
highly affected more when information of the toxic metals and minerals were considered to be
deposited into the river. As a social disaster, the Samarco is able to affect the reputation of the
company involved. The effects on the lives and social effect of the people is able to live long.
This means that the mention of the companies will remind the public of the disaster which will
contribute negatively to the social reputation of the companies. Lack of focus on the human
rights by the companies considering failure warning had been issues was able to contribute
negatively to the social reputation of the companies. The disaster is considered by many as an
ignorance of the company to rectify a mistake which had already been identified. This meant that
the companies did not care much about the public health and welfare but more on their own
production. The UN experts reports were able to show that the rivers within were testing positive
for the iron ore metals and chemicals. This means that the companies were not properly
controlling the release of the metals and chemicals to the resources nearby23. This was able to
affect the social reputation of the companies. It painted the picture that the companies were
killing the people through the disposal of the toxic metals. In addition, failure of the company to
explain on the construction of the buttress as recommended was able to paint a negative social
image of the companies. This showed that the company had not taken full measures to control
the failure of the dam as recommended by the experts.
Lessons from the disaster
23 "Bird's Eye View of the Samarco Mine Disaster". Skytruth. (2016) 06

After the incident, laws and regulations to control the disposal of mining wastes were developed.
One of the key lessons from the disaster is that the disposal laws were too weak to protect the
public and environment from harm. After the disaster, the Brazilian government was able to
submit the National Congress bill of law which was setting new legal framework for the mining
activities. The disaster was able to show that the available legal laws to control the mining
activities were weak and disasters could happen anytime24. The disaster showed there is need to
have a controlled environment where companied have to check their mining systems in order to
prevent such disasters. Provision of human rights protection was seen to be an essential part of
the legal framework in the mining activities and disposal of mining effluents. In addition, the
disaster was able to offer the lesson on the need to have the balance between economic interest
and human protection. The incident was able to show that a lot of focus was being done on the
economic interest and leaving the human protection behind. The disaster showed that there is
need to have the two sectors balanced since the dangers and disasters can happen and cause a lot
of harm to the public.
In addition, other key lessons were able to show that environmental regulations were weak and
needed strengthening. The environmental pollution even before the disaster was found to have
been happening on the rivers around the mines. This showed that there is need to have increased
control of the mine pollution to the environment (Guerra et al., 2017). In addition, in order to
control such disasters in future, a key lesson was that continuous assessment of the mines and
their disposals is important. Preliminary investigation shows that the disasters warning had been
issues considering the identification of dam structural failures. Nevertheless, another lesson is
that it is important to carry full implementation of the recommendation offered. The lack of
24 Sarah Ferguson, Knight Ben, and Hitchens Clay. Four Corners: Catastrophic Failure. (2016).

proper explanation of buttress construction as recommended can be attributed to the failure. The
Samarco management did not take the full recommendation and this led to the failure of the
dam25. It is therefore important to involve experts and implement their recommendation to the
fullest in order to avoid such disasters in future. Lastly, another key learning from the disaster is
that it is important to consider the design requirements and capacity of the facility. The initial
design and leakage are seen to the main causes of the dam failure. If the design would have been
perfectly done, the failure could not have occurred.
Conclusion
The Samarco disaster led to adverse effect both in economic and environmental factors. The
Samarco project was a joint venture between Vale SA and BHP Biliton. The project involved
disposal of iron ore wastes from Germano mine. The failure of the dam tailing resulted to over
flooding in the valley leading to displacements and environmental pollutions. The rivers nearby
and villages were able to experience the adverse effects of the dam failure. Water pollution was
considered to be one of the major environmental pollution effects which were felt due to the dam
failure. The possibility of the dam collapse had been issued according to the leaked document
and it was clear that the company did not action and mitigates the failure. The managements was
issued with a report showing the failure weaknesses and recommendations to rectify them.
Failure to take the recommendation serious was able to lead to the failure and management was
hit with a fine for the occurrence of the disaster. The disaster was considered as a key lesson
which was offered for the mining and dam construction industries.
25 Fabiana Roberta, Segura, et al.. "Potential Risks of the Residue from Samarco's Mine Dam
Burst (Bento Rodrigues, Brazil)". Environmental Pollution. 218: (2016 ) 813-825.

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