Association between gender and employment in Ireland

Part A: Association between two qualitative variables
In Ireland, about 46% of the labor force consists of women while the remaining 54% are male
(Coombs, 2008; V., 2014; Rephann, 2013). The aim of this task is to investigate whether there
exists a relationship between gender and employment in Ireland. The research question to be
answered is;
Is there a correlation between gender and employment in Ireland?
Based on the research question, the following hypothesis is formulated;
H0: there is no association between gender and employment in Ireland.
H1: There is an association between gender and employment in Ireland.
For this task, we examine citizens’ employment data available at https://data.gov.ie/dataset. We
pick a random sample of 100 individuals from the Ireland employment data. A total of 52 males
are sampled while the number of sampled females is 48. Of the sampled individuals, 61 were
employed while 39 were not. The data is as represented in the below 2 by 2 contingency table.
Using excel, we perform a chi-square test of independence.
Association between gender and employment
Gender
Employed
Yes No total
Male 32 20 52
Female 29 19 48
Total 61 39 100
Results
employed
yes no
male
(expected) 31.72 20.28
(O-E) 0.28 -0.28

(O-E)^2 0.0784 0.0784
(O-
E)^2 /E
0.00247
2
0.00386
6
0.00633
8
employe
d
yes no
female
(expected) 29.28 18.72
(O-E) -0.28 0.28
(O-E)^2 0.0784 0.0784
(O-
E)^2 /E
0.00267
8
0.00418
8
0.00686
6
chi
0.01320
3
D.f 1
p-value 0.09085
Decision
Since the p-value is greater than 0.05, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion
We fail to justify the claim that there is an association between gender and employment in
Ireland.
1
‘
11. Coombs, C. K., 2008. “Recent Evidence on Factors Influencing the Female Labor Force Participation Rate.”
2.REPHANN, T. J., 2013. “Gender Differences in Labor Force Participation: Is there an Appalachian Effect?. “
3. V., D. S., 2014. “Estimation of quality enterprise''s labor force.”

Part B: Association between two quantitative variables
Several researchers have shown that people’s spending are directly proportional to their earnings
(Lind, 2017; Cunningham, 2011; D’ambrosio, 2011). The aim of this task is to investigate
whether there is an association between household income and food expenditure. The research
question to be investigated is;
Is there an association between household income and expenditure on food?
Based on the research question, the following hypothesis is formulated;
H0: There is no association between household income and food expenditure.
H1: There is an association between household income and food expenditure.
Data is analyzed using excel.
Results
Scatter plot
100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Household income
Food expenditure