Types of Violence and the Importance of Working with Men and Boys to Prevent Intimate Partner Violence

This article discusses the different types of violence, including self-directed, collective, and interpersonal violence. It also emphasizes the importance of working with men and boys to prevent intimate partner violence and the role of nurses in prevention strategies.

Part A
Violence refers to the utilization of physical force to injure, abuse; damage, or even
destroy. It is the intentional use of force to threaten oneself, another person or against a
particular community whose outcome is an injury, death, psychological harm, or deprivation
(Jina & Thomas, 2013). There several categories of violence as classified by the World
Health Organization. The latter include self-directed abuse, interpersonal violence, and
collective violence among others.
Firstly, self-directed violence refers to the violence that a person inflicts to himself or
herself. This kind of violence is divided into suicidal conduct and self-abuse. Deadly conduct
comprises suicidal thoughts, attempted suicides, and completed suicides. On the other hand,
self-abuse includes behaviors such as self-mutilation (Shorey, Febres, Brasfield, & Stuart,
2012). Suicide is one of the leading causes of death globally (Holmes, 2013). Self-directed
violence is the fourth leading cause of death and the six causes of ill-health and disability.
Suicide is a criminal act that is punishable by law. The predisposing factors to this violence
include alcohol and drug abuse and psychiatric problems among others (Holmes, 2013).
Secondly, collective violence which is divided structural and economic violence.
This kind of violence suggests likely motives that trigger violence which is committed by
groups of people or by nations. Collective violence which is committed to carrying out a
particular agenda may include, for instance, crimes by terrorists, organized groups, or mob
violence (Nathanson, Shorey, & Tirone, 2012). Economic violence, on the other hand, entails
attacks done by larger organizations for economic benefits. The latter includes attacks which
are carried out to disrupt economic activities which limit access to social services and
therefore creating divisions in the economy and economic fragmentation. Economic violence
affects the availability of commodities (Holmes, 2013). The latter can be caused by theft,
scams, fraud, and anything that illegally impacts negatively on our finances. This typology is

imperfect and far from being universally accepted.it does not offer a framework for the
comprehension of the complex patterns of violence that take place around the world
(Karakurt, Smith, & Whiting, 2014). The risk factors for violence may be caused by the
longstanding tensions amid groups’ research show that the 20th century was one of the most
violent periods in the human history .It is a period when over 350,000 people died due to
violent conflicts (Karakurt, Smith, & Whiting, 2014). Conflicts disrupt trade and other
businesses and hence causing diversions of resources from other sectors. The impacts of
collective violence on health are sometimes conflicting in terms of mortality and disability
(Gold, Singh, Marcus, & Palladino, 2012) The increased mortality rates to the civilians in this
case are caused by injuries, decrease in access to food, increase in the risk of communicable
disease and psychological distress. The risk factors that trigger collective violence include;
lack of democratic process, social inequalities, control by a single group and rapid
demographic changes that makes it hard for the government to provide essential services and
jobs among others (Karakurt, Smith, & Whiting, 2014).
Lastly, there are many types of interpersonal violence and all of these lead to selfish
gains to the person practicing them. Political violence includes the actions that a political
party does against the interests of people. Examples include when a political party uses the
local people as a tool to disrupt peace. When one is used as a victim of the corrupt political
class, then this turns to be political violence (Sugaya, Hasin, Olfson, & Lin, 2012). On the
other hand, sexual violence in most cases, happens to women. Although we are in a
developed world with strict rules against sexual violence, violence against women is still
evident. There are increased cases of sexual abuse in most communities, and the violence is
gender-motivated. Men inflict violence on a particular woman or women because they do
what the person doing violence wants, which is against the will of the woman or women
being deprived off their right of consent. Men also fall victim to sexual and emotional abuse

(Felitti, Anda, Nordenberg, Spitz, Edwards, & Marks, 2019). Some women or fellow men can
propagate this violence. In most cases, men experience prejudice because they are men.
Research shows that the rate of sexual abuse by children has gone high in the recent past
(Karakurt, Smith, & Whiting, 2014).
There also exist several religious groups in the world today that are fighting for power,
fame, and followers. Some of these religious groups are an expression of faith. However, the
interest of the leaders in these religious groups is to gain financial breakthrough (García-
Moreno , Hegarty, d'Oliveira, Federa, & Colombini, 2015). The leaders in this matter do not
follow the teaching from the doctrines but dictate and manage the commandments of faith,
and they do not manipulate the hope of their followers. The leaders use the fear and
confusion of the followers to acquire wealth. The latter is practiced directly and also
indirectly. The leaders convey dark messages about the end of times and the destruction of
the human race (Gold, Singh, Marcus, & Palladino, 2012). Through infliction of fear, the
leaders can obtain what they desire from leaders. The advancement in technology has a lot of
harassment since it offers anonymity to the cowards. There are no laws in different countries
concerning cyber bullying and in the countries where they exist; they are not clear (Zeanah,
2018). This means that much of the incidences of violence go unpunished. Every person is
allowed to save and share images, and as a result of this, most people take advantage of this
opportunity, and this can lead to a form of violence. A person can make another person's
video and upload it on social media, and they can easily use that image humorously to pass
the impression that some incidence defines you. When the person whose picture had been
uploaded views it, it has many views, and the viewers end up making their conclusions
towards someone’s character (Van Dorn, Volavka, & Johnson, 2012).
In addition, programing of various social media outlets comprises a large amount of
violent news. The more attractive the information, the more it attracts people. Once a person

opens TV or reads a newspaper, they get a slew of information that skews their thinking of
reality (Trevillion, Oram, Feder, & Howard, 2012). The media, in most cases, use this type of
news since the demand for such is high. Since the media is forever in the hunt for new stories,
they can be said to be the cause of the recent torture and deaths caused by information
violence (Moyer, 2013).
Violence and trauma involving youth misuse, sexual brutality, and personal
accomplice viciousness have been regular cases in any nations (Moyer, 2013). There exist
two kinds of intimate partner violence (IPV) which include family and intimate partner
violence that is, violence amid members of a family and partners. The second type of IPV is
the community violence- violence that occurs between persons who are not related at all.
Family violence includes child abuse, violence to partners or to the elderly people.
Community violence on the other hand includes violence done to the youth, rape or sexual
abuse among others (Fazel, Hayes, Bartellas, Clerici, & Trestman, 2016). Although sexual
maltreatment has been going on to the two young men and young ladies, explore
demonstrates that four out of five family rapes happen to young ladies. There is a confused
connection between injury, psychological well-being, and violence. Not all individuals who
experience youth or adulthood misuse experience mental maltreatment. Research on the
historical backdrop of youth misuse demonstrates that there are higher rates of uneasiness
issue, reliance on liquor, and introverted directs in youngsters with such history than the
individuals who do not have such a record (Testa et al., 2012).
Research shows that ladies who face physical maltreatment have up surged chances of
significant depression and abuse of illegal substance than the ladies who do not have such a
history. One of the most common effects of IPV is mood disorder. The most common form of
disorder in this case is depression. Estimates show that about 12% of women suffer
depression from exposure to violence. The latter does not exist in men (Lagdon, Armour, &

Stringer, 2014). The commonness of disorders for men is high among the individuals who
report on exposure to sexual maltreatment but just those related with liquor reliance. The
connection between a youth history of maltreatment and lifetime psychological
maladjustment and confusion fluctuates with gender. The danger of creating horrible pressure
issue among the people presented to violence is roughly twice in ladies, and these ladies
experience complex PTSD (Afifi et al., 2014). The ladies may encounter assaultive violence,
sexual orientation implying that is credited to horrendous encounters, and hormonal impacts.
People who do not get legitimate consideration for injury, emotional well-being, and
addictions end up remaining at the rehabilitation centers (Jina & Thomas, 2013). An
examination discovered that the pathways between youth viciousness and horrible criminal
conduct are diverse for people. For men, youth misuse has both a quick sway on aggressive
conduct and an indirect one, through alcohol, while for women, simply the indirect way was
taken note (Lacey, McPherson, Samuel, Powell , & Head, 2013).
According to the ABS reports 2016 survey, 2.2 million Australians experienced IPV
from their partners and underwent emotional suffering. Women in government restorative
establishments have a higher rate of self-mutilation and tried suicide than their male
accomplices (Catalano et al., 2012).
The absence of sex explicit reactions to the connected issues of violence, trauma,
substance use, and psychological wellness issues has brought about noteworthy expenses for
administration frameworks. People with trauma accounts use emergency rooms many times,
emotional wellness inpatient units, and additionally end up in the criminal equity framework
as they adapt to side effects in a setting of inert wellbeing (Organization, World Health,
2012). Research shows that ladies who detailed a background marked by youth sexual
violence were bound to visit emergency rooms and had yearly medicinal costs which were

fundamentally higher than ladies without such a history. Grown-up ladies who are victims of
sexual violence utilize more elevated amounts of therapeutic services when contrasted with
ladies who have encountered different types of viciousness (Catalano , Fagan, Gavin,
Greenberg, Ross, & Shek , 2012) The use of a sex-based analysis has helped wellbeing
frameworks and networks in creating proof-based models that give successful, sexual
orientation explicit consideration to ladies and men for violence, substance use, and
emotional wellbeing issues (Gold et al., 2012).
Part B
The value of working with both men and boys contributes much to the prevention of
intimate partner violence. Men perpetrate most cases of intimate partner violence, and
therefore it is advisable to involve men in finding the solution (Jina & Thomas, 2013). Work
of this kind is established on the comprehension of the power inequalities and norms that are
related to the gender as the factors that lead to intimate partner violence. The primary goal of
intervention is to prevent abuse, and it is one of the primary objectives of the broader
approach, as the involvement of men on sexual. Many programs work with men to promote
gender equality and stop violence against women. (Holmes, 2013).
Working with men and boys takes different forms, and nurses are highly involved in
prevention strategies. The nurses take part in community mobilization to call for fight against
IPV. They create public awareness through educating the community on the dangers of
intimate partner violence and repercussions that await men (Holmes, 2013). Nurses also
educate the affected people to change their attitudes their view on masculinity. Nurses
educate younger men that based on evidence; violence is more malleable during this time
than later in their life (Holmes, 2013).
Nurses also intervene to improve the capacity of boys while targeting to reduce
violent behavior. Nurses also encourage men to gather the courage to speak up and intervene

against violence in instances where they are not involved as victims (Jina & Thomas, 2013).
The primary goal of helping men to speak up against violence is to make sure that there is a
change in the social climate where violence is highly evident. The set of skills instilled by
nurses help men not to be silent when cases of violence happen against them or any of their
family members (Holmes, 2013).
Additionally, working with men on an individual level and in gatherings, a few
endeavors around there have incorporated a segment to address social standards. A social
standards approach utilizes correspondence procedures, for example, social showcasing to
encourage healthier norms in regards to various gender roles, connections, and violence. It
tends to be all-inclusive or focused on explicit people. Social standards approach has been
compelling in changing other attitudes and conduct (Holmes, 2013).
Social standards approach has been utilized in schools and colleges and has been fruitful in
moving dispositions and changing conduct regarding liquor and tobacco use. Various
investigations have demonstrated that numerous youngsters overestimate the adherence of
their friends to assault myths and belittle the inconvenience of their peers with comments or
activities disparaging to ladies (Karakurt, Smith, & Whiting, 2014). Misperceptions, for
example, these may encourage men's brutality against ladies and may diminish men's
eagerness to mediate as spectators (Felitti et al., 2019).
Liquor and drug misuses are situational factors that lead to cozy accomplice
viciousness and sexual brutality. The connection among liquor, personal accomplice
viciousness and sexual brutality upsurges their sternness as opposed to being the primary
driver of such violence (Catalano , et al. , 2012). The relationship is intervened by the
utilization of social standards with respect to sexual orientation, abuse of alcohol, and
aggressiveness. It probably would not be anything but difficult to decide if liquor is a
situational factor that adds to private accomplice savagery or only a method for dealing with

stress which is acquired in circumstances of progressing misuse or both. While the decrease
of destructive liquor and medication use is an imperative factor in the avoidance against IPV,
it doesn't clarify the main driver, and in this manner, it cannot prevent IPV (Lacey et al.,
2013). However, there might be considerable gains in the anticipation of cozy accomplice
savagery and sexual brutality through the use of general measures to lessen liquor related
damages. Guideline of liquor estimating and tax assessment and control of its accessibility
can prompt the aversion of personal accomplice brutality and sexual viciousness (Jina &
Thomas, 2013).
Conclusion
Violence has been a norm that has prospered in many communities around the world.
There are different forms of violence and hence has its negative impacts. People use violence
for their gain, and they end up injuring the others. Others use violence to acquire wealth
through deceit. Health has detrimental effects on the body of the infected person and
therefore, should be fought at any cost. There exist relationships between violence, trauma,
and mental health. Nurses play a significant role in the fight against violence in the
community particularly IPV. Men are the most notable contributors to violence against
women. The prevalence of IPV in women has been high in Australia. The effects of IPV have
been detrimental and have led to depression and instability in mental status. Women omen
are not lifelong victims of IPV and therefore it is important to empower them so that they
help themselves. It is, therefore, essential to involve men in decision making and strategies
that ensure the fight against IPV is maintained.
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