Types of Violence and the Importance of Working with Men and Boys to Prevent Intimate Partner Violence

Part A
Violence refers to the utilization of physical force to injure, abuse; damage, or even
destroy. It is the intentional use of force to threaten oneself, another person or against a
particular community whose outcome is an injury, death, psychological harm, or deprivation
(Jina & Thomas, 2013). There several categories of violence as classified by the World
Health Organization. The latter include self-directed abuse, interpersonal violence, and
collective violence among others.
Firstly, self-directed violence refers to the violence that a person inflicts to himself or
herself. This kind of violence is divided into suicidal conduct and self-abuse. Deadly conduct
comprises suicidal thoughts, attempted suicides, and completed suicides. On the other hand,
self-abuse includes behaviors such as self-mutilation (Shorey, Febres, Brasfield, & Stuart,
2012). Suicide is one of the leading causes of death globally (Holmes, 2013). Self-directed
violence is the fourth leading cause of death and the six causes of ill-health and disability.
Suicide is a criminal act that is punishable by law. The predisposing factors to this violence
include alcohol and drug abuse and psychiatric problems among others (Holmes, 2013).
Secondly, collective violence which is divided structural and economic violence.
This kind of violence suggests likely motives that trigger violence which is committed by
groups of people or by nations. Collective violence which is committed to carrying out a
particular agenda may include, for instance, crimes by terrorists, organized groups, or mob
violence (Nathanson, Shorey, & Tirone, 2012). Economic violence, on the other hand, entails
attacks done by larger organizations for economic benefits. The latter includes attacks which
are carried out to disrupt economic activities which limit access to social services and
therefore creating divisions in the economy and economic fragmentation. Economic violence
affects the availability of commodities (Holmes, 2013). The latter can be caused by theft,
scams, fraud, and anything that illegally impacts negatively on our finances. This typology is

imperfect and far from being universally accepted.it does not offer a framework for the
comprehension of the complex patterns of violence that take place around the world
(Karakurt, Smith, & Whiting, 2014). The risk factors for violence may be caused by the
longstanding tensions amid groups’ research show that the 20th century was one of the most
violent periods in the human history .It is a period when over 350,000 people died due to
violent conflicts (Karakurt, Smith, & Whiting, 2014). Conflicts disrupt trade and other
businesses and hence causing diversions of resources from other sectors. The impacts of
collective violence on health are sometimes conflicting in terms of mortality and disability
(Gold, Singh, Marcus, & Palladino, 2012) The increased mortality rates to the civilians in this
case are caused by injuries, decrease in access to food, increase in the risk of communicable
disease and psychological distress. The risk factors that trigger collective violence include;
lack of democratic process, social inequalities, control by a single group and rapid
demographic changes that makes it hard for the government to provide essential services and
jobs among others (Karakurt, Smith, & Whiting, 2014).
Lastly, there are many types of interpersonal violence and all of these lead to selfish
gains to the person practicing them. Political violence includes the actions that a political
party does against the interests of people. Examples include when a political party uses the
local people as a tool to disrupt peace. When one is used as a victim of the corrupt political
class, then this turns to be political violence (Sugaya, Hasin, Olfson, & Lin, 2012). On the
other hand, sexual violence in most cases, happens to women. Although we are in a
developed world with strict rules against sexual violence, violence against women is still
evident. There are increased cases of sexual abuse in most communities, and the violence is
gender-motivated. Men inflict violence on a particular woman or women because they do
what the person doing violence wants, which is against the will of the woman or women
being deprived off their right of consent. Men also fall victim to sexual and emotional abuse

(Felitti, Anda, Nordenberg, Spitz, Edwards, & Marks, 2019). Some women or fellow men can
propagate this violence. In most cases, men experience prejudice because they are men.
Research shows that the rate of sexual abuse by children has gone high in the recent past
(Karakurt, Smith, & Whiting, 2014).
There also exist several religious groups in the world today that are fighting for power,
fame, and followers. Some of these religious groups are an expression of faith. However, the
interest of the leaders in these religious groups is to gain financial breakthrough (García-
Moreno , Hegarty, d'Oliveira, Federa, & Colombini, 2015). The leaders in this matter do not
follow the teaching from the doctrines but dictate and manage the commandments of faith,
and they do not manipulate the hope of their followers. The leaders use the fear and
confusion of the followers to acquire wealth. The latter is practiced directly and also
indirectly. The leaders convey dark messages about the end of times and the destruction of
the human race (Gold, Singh, Marcus, & Palladino, 2012). Through infliction of fear, the
leaders can obtain what they desire from leaders. The advancement in technology has a lot of
harassment since it offers anonymity to the cowards. There are no laws in different countries
concerning cyber bullying and in the countries where they exist; they are not clear (Zeanah,
2018). This means that much of the incidences of violence go unpunished. Every person is
allowed to save and share images, and as a result of this, most people take advantage of this
opportunity, and this can lead to a form of violence. A person can make another person's
video and upload it on social media, and they can easily use that image humorously to pass
the impression that some incidence defines you. When the person whose picture had been
uploaded views it, it has many views, and the viewers end up making their conclusions
towards someone’s character (Van Dorn, Volavka, & Johnson, 2012).
In addition, programing of various social media outlets comprises a large amount of
violent news. The more attractive the information, the more it attracts people. Once a person

opens TV or reads a newspaper, they get a slew of information that skews their thinking of
reality (Trevillion, Oram, Feder, & Howard, 2012). The media, in most cases, use this type of
news since the demand for such is high. Since the media is forever in the hunt for new stories,
they can be said to be the cause of the recent torture and deaths caused by information
violence (Moyer, 2013).
Violence and trauma involving youth misuse, sexual brutality, and personal
accomplice viciousness have been regular cases in any nations (Moyer, 2013). There exist
two kinds of intimate partner violence (IPV) which include family and intimate partner
violence that is, violence amid members of a family and partners. The second type of IPV is
the community violence- violence that occurs between persons who are not related at all.
Family violence includes child abuse, violence to partners or to the elderly people.
Community violence on the other hand includes violence done to the youth, rape or sexual
abuse among others (Fazel, Hayes, Bartellas, Clerici, & Trestman, 2016). Although sexual
maltreatment has been going on to the two young men and young ladies, explore
demonstrates that four out of five family rapes happen to young ladies. There is a confused
connection between injury, psychological well-being, and violence. Not all individuals who
experience youth or adulthood misuse experience mental maltreatment. Research on the
historical backdrop of youth misuse demonstrates that there are higher rates of uneasiness
issue, reliance on liquor, and introverted directs in youngsters with such history than the
individuals who do not have such a record (Testa et al., 2012).
Research shows that ladies who face physical maltreatment have up surged chances of
significant depression and abuse of illegal substance than the ladies who do not have such a
history. One of the most common effects of IPV is mood disorder. The most common form of
disorder in this case is depression. Estimates show that about 12% of women suffer
depression from exposure to violence. The latter does not exist in men (Lagdon, Armour, &