Aviation Security and Risk Management

This assignment delves into the critical aspects of aviation security and risk management. It examines various threats and vulnerabilities facing the aviation industry, analyzes existing security protocols and regulations, and explores emerging technologies aimed at enhancing safety. The document also discusses the role of international cooperation in combating terrorism and ensuring global air travel security.

Past incidents have
caused security to be
tightened

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASKS.............................................................................................................................................1
Accidents do not happen in aviation- there are underlying factors and causes......................1
Difference between security and safety..................................................................................3
Critical evaluation of risks and existing plans to identify potential areas of weakness.........4
Role of the human and human factors in respect to aviation safety and security failings....6
Maintenance of safety and security at air-planes...................................................................7
Past incidents have caused security to be tightened...............................................................8
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Crime is an unending disease (a plague), that has been recently announced or declared by
the the centres of Disease control, and considered as a serious health problems of civilians . Law
imposing or execution, struggles as a prevention to these transgression or crimes (Ahmad,
Hadgkiss and Ruighaver, 2012). The pestilential or epidemic of crime has been and determining
new scene with which it is spreading as havoc and disturbance. Crime has pulled itself in the
most crucial link of society that is transportation. Transportation plays a significant role in the
society in both ways socially as well as economically. People depend mostly on the physical
property i.e. transit via airlines, canals and railroads in order to transport their assets. But
unluckily, mass transit is identified as most appropriate target for criminal impishness. Imports
or smuggling, act of terrorism, cargo theft, etc. are causing inexpressible damage to the safety
and security of public. One of the most unforgettable episode was that of terrorist attacks that
was made on The World Trade Centres and the Pentagon.
TASKS
Accidents do not happen in aviation- there are underlying factors and causes
Although airways is one the safest way of transport, accidents still happen. Air power
safety experts have come to know that sometimes aircraft accidents have resulted from an order
of events, such that each of them are linked with one or more factors (Zerger and Noël, 2011).
Therefore, the causes of accidents and incidents comprises of several aspects. Different
definition relating to the research of an aircraft accidents or incidents are listed below:
 Causes are acts, mistake, circumstances, conditions or a collection of thereof that leads to
any incidents or accidents.
 Accidents related to operation of aircraft are occurring from the time when people are
boarding aircraft having the aim of travelling, some of the things will occur that are
following:
 Someone gets fatal or severely injured.
 The damage or failure of aircraft's structure are happening. This is negatively
affecting the functional strength, execution or flight characteristics of the
aircraft. This generally need major repairing or replacing of the affected
components.
1

 The aircraft is missing in some inaccessible conditions.
 Incidents are happening which is different from accidents, which is linked
with the performance of aircraft that will impact on the safety of operations.
News of any fearful airways accidents immediately raises questions about aircraft safety
and the threats of terrorist attacks. But until and unless the reality is known, it is inexpedient to
hypothesize on what may really have caused such a specific crash (Yeo Pak, and Yang, 2013).
There are certain factors that may contribute in aircraft accidents. Some of them are described
below:
 Human error: As aircraft are becoming more dependable, the proportion of crashes
occurred due to pilot’s error has been increasing and this now stands at approx. 50 %.
Aircraft are tangled machines that require several types of management. This is because
pilots get actively engaged with the aircraft at each and every step of a flight, there are
different chances for this in getting wrong, imperfection to programme flight
management computer (FMC) has been miscalculated imperfection to programme
needed fuel uplift. While such mistakes are too bad, it is necessary to remember that they
(Pilot) are the last line when the things are going catastrophically incorrect. In January
2009, a flock of geese get hit by an Airbus A320 in New York City. Having no power,
the captain, Chesely Sullenberger, had to measure a number of choices and had to act
immediately on it. By using the extended experience of flying and knowledge of the
operating or handling the qualities of planes, he elected people to ditch the aircraft in
Hudson river. Passengers who are travelling are not protected through any computer or
system .On the contrary, they were saved by two pilots.
 Mechanical failure: The failure of equipment is still accountable for approx. 25 % of
aircraft losses, apart from the development in the designing and manufacturing qualities.
While engines are critically more tested in present days in comparison to half a century
ago, they still are suffering from catastrophic failures from time to time (Willis and Al-
Shahery, 2014). A disintegrated fan blade became the reason of number one engine of a
Belfast bound British Midland Boeing 737-400 for losing its power. Hard to read
instrumentation has been contributed in misinterpretation or misunderstanding of the
pilots because of which the engine lost its power. Pilots has shut off the right-handed
engine in a confusion. Due to no power, the aircraft got crashed shortly at East Midlands
2

Airport's Runway 27. And from this incident, 27 people were killed and more than 47
people involving the captain and first officer got injured. Sometimes, modern
technologies have introduced new types of failures. For instance, in the year of 1950, the
representation of high flying, pressurized jet aircraft has introduced a completely new
hazard.
 Weather: Bad weather is accountable for about 10 % of aircraft losses. Apart from a
superfluity of electronic aids such as gyroscopic compasses, satellite piloting and weather
information uplinks, aircrafts are still found stuck up in storms, cyclones, snow and fog.
One of the most disreputable bad weather incidents happened in February 1958, when a
British European Airways had crashed at the time of trying to take off from Munich Riem
Airport (Wilkinson and Jenkins, 2013). More than 23 people died on the aircraft who
were players of Manchester United Football Club. Research worker has accepted that the
aircraft had been drawn-out to such a degree by slush, that is failing in achieving take off
speed.
 Sabotage: Approx. 12 % of losses in aircraft are caused by the sabotage. As with lighting
strikes, risk possessed by sabotage is very less than that is seemed to believe by large
number of people. However, there have been many prominent and surprising or shocking
attacks by the saboteurs. On September 1970, a hijacking of three travellers jet aircraft
had happened in Jordan. This was a landmark in the history of aviation that had prompted
a reappraisal of security. Disregarding development, malcontents are still penetrating the
security wall. This can be proved by the 2001 shoe- bomber, Richard Reid.
 Other forms of human error: Other remaining losses are occurred due to different
forms of human errors. For example, mistakes made by controllers of air traffic,
dispatchers, loaders and repair engineers. Some times due to working for long period of
time, maintenance engineer might make catastrophic faults (Sokol, 2010).
Difference between security and safety
Safety and security are two different ideas yet they are confused with each other.
Aviation security is nothing but a collection or combination of measures and implementation of
resources in order to prevent malevolent act such as terrorism that are focussing to the aircraft,
their travellers and crew members. It is only one of the component that might give impact on the
safety of passengers. It is not too much relating to the airlines itself, but are connected to the
3

intelligence assemblage, pre boarding processes and airport security personnel. It is primarily
aviation security that is acquiring focus since September 11. One of the measure includes the
feeling of deliberate human involvement. For instance, X- rays and sudden trade – sensing or
catching portal instruments in airports are using so that proper security can be maintained at
airports. While aviation safety are related to the protection against each and every accidents,
mistakes, or unplanned defects in the designing, construction, management and functioning of
aircraft. Safety of aviation refers to the attempts that are taken to assure air-planes are free from
various or all factors that might lead to danger or losses. Commercial airlines and different
manufacturers such as Boeing Commercial Air-planes are adhering to each and every safety
regulations which is mandatory by the regulatory agencies (Smyth and Dillon, 2012). Air
transport is one of the safest way of transportation in the whole world, its safety has been
maintained at the heart of airway industries. In the case of security, although much of
advancement has been done since September 2001. But different things are still remaining that
has to be done as several tragic activities are occurring at current era.
The emergency procedures is also necessary in Aircraft industries. But recently done
EBAA survey suggests that under one third of the business of aircraft operators are not
consisting of any emergency plan in United Kingdom. The idea of emergency response schemes
are not only important for the industry but also assist in managing incidents like accidents, bomb
threat, natural disaster, etc.
Critical evaluation of risks and existing plans to identify potential areas of weakness
According to the Shahrestani and Anaraki (2011), various risks are linked with in the
airlines industries that are affecting negatively the passengers and the staff members too. There
are numbers of areas which requires to be addressed in relation to the airline security. Let this
discussion starts, risks are related to the failure. Some of the reasons of failure and different risks
are described below:
 Plane hijack: As per the view point of Sempere (2011) , plane hijack has been
increasing day on day. Terrorist attack are going at a faster rate where kidnapping,
hijacking, etc. are very common. On the contrary, Rekiel and de Wit (2013)says that
this have to stop and this can be done only by improving the safety and security of
people. Large number of guards are needed for that. At airport checking should be done
4

on priority basis before boarding. These all activities may minimise the fear of
hijacking.
 Mechanical failures: According to the Prokkola (2013) other factors are mechanical
failures. Some times, delay will occur at the taking off of the plane, due to some
mechanical failures. Some parts gets failed due to certain reasons and because of this
plane stop its functioning. As per the view point of Prislan(2014) this can be minimised
by using proper quality machinery. Apart from this, aeronautical engineers should
present all time in the plane who can solve this issue by themselves. This may minimise
or diminish the risk of mechanical failures.
 Climate: As per the view point of Olivares, Rivera and Mc Leod (2015) one of the
factor of risk is climate. Sudden or random change in the climate are affecting the
functioning of aeroplanes. For example, cyclone, foggy or rainy weather, etc. are
causing problems to the aircraft industries. Due to this, large number of people get died
as plane gets crashes sometimes. This is a serious problem. But the Marais and
Robichaud (2012)told that it can be minimised by taking suggestion of weather
forecasting departments. Time table of planes should be decided by taking their ideas
that whether the weather gets bad after some time.
 Death due to attack: Jackson and et.al. (2012)said that some of the people who are
travelling via plane first time, may suffer from severe heart attack due to fear. This may
cause even their death. So, if any one who have not yet travelled via aeroplanes and are
of afraid of travelling should not travel through that. This is the only solution to this
problem.
 Terrorist attacks: According to the Hali, (2012), this is one of the crucial risk of
airlines industries and has been increasing year on year. People are involved through
this having the intention to get large sum of revenue from government. In such
activities, they demand various things from government and if their demand gets not
fulfil, then they can even kill various travellers for this. But the Huang and et. al.
(2016)says that it is very important to take action against it. This can be diminished by
improving the safety and security at airports.
 Human errors: As per the view point of Everstine, Spink and Kennedy (2013)human
errors has been considered as main source of commercial aeroplanes accidents. Boeing
5

human factors professionals are working with engineers and pilots but due to some
misunderstanding becomes a cause of failures of planes or their accidents.
Role of the human and human factors in respect to aviation safety and security failings
Humans are considered as one the factor that are leading to the safety and security failing.
Certain activities of human are impacting badly on the airlines industries. This is often linked to
how people do their job. Due to lack of proper training, workers of airlines industries are
performing very badly. This is affecting the world very badly. For instance, if a pilot is not
trained properly and are flying flight then it is sure that plane will crash. This causes a loss to the
large number of human lives. If the air hostess present in the planes does not get proper training
then she will not give appropriate instructions to the passengers. This can minimised by using
following activities :
 Using Human resource management: Organisation should use practices of human
resource management so that recruitment of skilled workers can be done. They will
conduct survey of large number of areas like colleges, universities, etc. are take their
interviews. After taking interviews and testing knowledge of candidates, interview taker
decides who should be selected or who should not be (Damrongviteetham, 2013).
 Training and development programmes: After selecting a large number of skilled
person, it is the duty of human resource managers to provide them proper training. This
can be done by arranging good training and development programmes at their
organisation. Under this programmes, candidates who are elected should make learn
about the works related to their job. This must be provided for a specific period of time
like one year or six months. This will improve their skills and make them perfect
regarding their jobs and as a result the risk gets minimised.
 Motivational policies: Corporation should provide motivational policies to their
workers. This can also improve their working. In such policies, incentives plans, holiday
plans, etc. are arranged. In such plans, people who are working appropriately at the work
places should provided rewards in terms of money or appraisal (Cornell, 2011). This will
surely encourage people to their tasks more properly without any faults. Motivational
speech can also be provide to the employees in order to enhance the performance of
them.
6

 Employee testing: Before ordering to attend the job, each and every employee should be
checked properly that is whether they are drunk or not. If they are not drunk, only then
they are allowed to join their duty. But those who are drunk are not allowed to do their
jobs. In fact, they also gets restricted from taking entry into the working location.
 Medical testing: People who are selected also go through an examination of medical test.
In this testing, they are tested medically and it is determined that whether they are
suffering from any disease or not. In this their eye sight, memory power, physical and
mental fitness, etc. are also after that they can be selected for the airline job.
Maintenance of safety and security at air-planes
Safety and security can be maintained at the working location by using following ways:
 Checking of travellers: People who are travelling should be checked properly. They are
checked by using proper instruments. If any dangerous thing is found, then either they are
taken away or that person is not allowed to travel.
 Testing of their drunkenness: Each and every people who are going to travel are tested
that is whether they are drunk or not. If they are drunk then they are not allowed to travel.
But one who are not drunk are eligible to travel.
 Restriction of smoking and alcohol: At the working location, no one is allowed to
smoke and drink alcohol. One who do this, then they are not allowed to travel and also
will be punished by the government as this is illegal.
 Safety to female workers and travellers: The safety and security of female workers and
passengers should be provided at air-planes (Chalk and Hansen, 2012). One who behaves
rudely and will do any improper behaviour with them gets dangerous punishments by the
government.
 Checking of tickets and passport: All travellers who are going to travel should have
their original tickets and passport along with them. If some one do not carry that then
they will not allow to travel.
 Checking of luggage: Luggages that are going along with passengers are also checked
by the workers of organisation on priority basis (Ahmad, Hadgkiss and Ruighaver, 2012).
This is done by using proper instruments. If any dangerous things like bomb, knife, guns,
drugs, etc. gets detected in any one's luggage then those people will obstructed to travel
and a case will be registered against that. They gets hard punishments from government.
7

Past incidents have caused security to be tightened
Safety refers to protect someone from any type of danger, cause, injury and risk. It is the
responsibility of an organisation to provide safety of its customers as well as to its employees. In
United kingdom, the security has been tightened ahead of any type of events in the wake up of
the attack related to Manchester. In this attack, from the total passengers, there are 22 people was
died in which children are also included and total 119 people are injured after targeting the
youngsters for suicide after leaving a concert which is related to Ariana Grande. In case if
security will be tight then, it will not happen. From this attack many people died and injured.
There are a number of many areas which needed to be self-addressed with context of the security
of airlines. The security was unable to protect passenger and their luggage from any kind of
threats or attack. In the threats consist many weapons like for an instance airborne pathogens,
guns, cutting devices etc. Behind all the incident, the airport and the security is responsible.
There is an another area included and that was the infrastructure areas of structure or
infrastructure of the actual security ( Ahmad, Hadgkiss and Ruighaver, 2012). From the
collaboration of the local authorities and the Metropolitan polices, there will be the more
operational security for the upcoming celebrations, programmes or the events. From maximising
the security standard people will safe. For enhancing the security, police of United Country
check all people, cars and then monitor all the incidents and planning. To reduce the impact,
government made many plans and strategies and after made it monitored.
The attract was happen in the airports where there are many passengers or airport staff
members was working. If in case there will be tight security in airport, then in this case there was
not a big affect on the downturn and the economy of tourism. From attract, many passengers or
visitors were killed and also from this reason, there will be decrement in the tourism. The
solution of the tighter security is only Brand- Aid. There is a requirement to make an effective
and efficient policies. The security can be tight if the airports are multi layers or many layers and
in it includes foot patrols, many expert and capable army specialists, armed mobile, static
guarding and the armed mobile.
The human factors refers to the more and fastest growing as a commercials aviation
organisation that accomplished the many errors or mistakes of human being. In today's time
there are many accidents are happen. In the human factors included to collecting
information and data, limitations of humans or their abilities and there are many other
8

features and then fix it to the systems, jobs, tools, environment, machines etc. Under
aviation, there are some human factors which are totally devoted to the good understanding
and in what manner people will safe the machinery as well as the use of new and latest
technology in an efficient or in effective manner.
From the terrorist attack the industry and the travelling agencies are badly
impacted. For tight the security, government of this country should not cheer up the events
(Jackson and et.al., 2010). The government should also aware about the all activities and
events which are held in country. In regards of this, military of Swedish sured about the
details or information of the its staff members, defence, vehicles and the planning which is
related to the contingency had been involved in breach, on the other hand the there is no
any type of data of military and the also no any type on indication from which information
and the data can be spread in an improper way. From the attack, the president faces many
issues and problems from media. There are some weaknesses related to safety such as:
 Government did not appoint proper army person.
 Their training was not appropriate and complete.
 The soldiers have a less focus on their work.
It is the responsibility of government is to take care about the safety of people and
appoint trained solders who are expert in their field and also motor the security and safety of
people. The tighten security means to protect or safe any person, a business firm, country,
building against any type of attract through another country (Wilkinson and Jenkins, 2013). In
the United Kingdom country, there are some of the incidents are happen in many days for
emerging people that have been more emerged. If there are any type of government components
are included to spread the actions inside country and then expose it. From tighten the security,
many people can save and also the economy of country will not be impacted badly. The industry
of airline has developed as comparison to the past years. The security of the aircraft industry was
gesture after the attack of 9/11. It is necessary for government to to keep the security and safety
of people on the most priority basis. After the attack, most of the business firms want to upgrade
or increase its security of its building and also of its employees who are already working in an
organisation (Shahrestani and Anaraki, 2011).
According to the Wicks and Embree,'' from protecting the persons or employees and
developed the assets, it is necessary to protect the assets controlling and monitoring to it.” It can
9

be happen in the many ways such as from using the cameras at the workplace, upgrading or
increasing the security of company as well as top its employees. This type of attack is not good
for the development or the productivity of business. From this attract many employees leave
their job and go to another country from this reason the work of company stopped and its
profitability also affected. So it is the responsibility and the duty of government is to take care
about the safety of people and give them protection.
CONCLUSION
From the above based report, it has been concluded that airlines industries are considered
to be most secured in the field of transportation but this is not correct. As this is full up of risks
and dangers. A large number of lives are depending only on few pilots so it is necessary to hire
skilled people in the organisation of air ways. There are several factors that are responsible for
the failure of jets and air-planes like mechanical failures, climates, terrorist attacks, hijacks,
human errors, etc. Terrorist attack of September 11 are registered in the history of airlines. Lots
of people get killed in this. So, it is the duty of UK government to improve the security and
safety measures so that this can be minimised at greater levels.
10

REFERENCES
Books& Journals
Ahmad, A., Hadgkiss, J. and Ruighaver, A.B., 2012. Incident response teams–Challenges in
supporting the organisational security function.Computers & Security.31(5). pp.643-
652.
Chalk, P. and Hansen, S.J., 2012. Present day piracy: scope, dimensions, dangers, and causes.
Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 35(7-8). pp.497-506.
Cornell, A., 2011. Five key turning points in the American space industry in the past 20 years:
Structure, innovation, and globalization shifts in the space sector. Acta Astronautica,
69(11), pp.1123-1131.
Damrongviteetham, J., 2013. Narratives of the “Red Barrel” Incident: Collective and Individual
Memories in Lamsin, Southern Thailand. In Oral History in Southeast Asia (pp. 101-
117). Palgrave Macmillan US.
Everstine, K., Spink, J. and Kennedy, S., 2013. Economically motivated adulteration (EMA) of
food: common characteristics of EMA incidents. Journal of food protection. 76(4).
pp.723-735.
Hali, S.M., 2012. IEDs: bane for humanity1. Defence Journal. 16(1/2). p.F1.
Huang, C., Liu, J., Fang, Y. and Zuo, Z., 2016. A study on Web security incidents in China by
analyzing vulnerability disclosure platforms. Computers & Security. 58. pp.47-62.
Jackson, B.A and et.al., 2012.Efficient Aviation Security: Strengthening the Analytic Foundation
for Making Air Transportation Security Decisions. RAND CORP ARLINGTON VA
HOMELAND SECURITY AND DEFENSE CENTER.
Marais, K.B. and Robichaud, M.R., 2012. Analysis of trends in aviation maintenance risk: An
empirical approach. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 106. pp.104-118.
Olivares, R.D.C., Rivera, S.S. and Mc Leod, J.E.N., 2015. Database for accidents and incidents
in the fuel ethanol industry. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 38.
pp.276-297.
Prislan, K., 2014. Efficiency of Corporate Security Systems in Managing Information Threats:
An Overview of the Current Situation. Varstvoslovje. 16(2). p.128.
Prokkola, E.K., 2013. Technologies of border management: Performances and calculation of
Finnish/Schengen border security. Geopolitics. 18(1).pp.77-94.
Rekiel, J. and de Wit, J., 2013. The security system at European airports—Tour d’Horizon.
Journal of Transportation Security. 6(2). pp.89-102.
Sempere, C.M., 2011. A survey of the european security market (No. 43). Economics of Security
Working Paper.
Shahrestani, H. and Anaraki, N.K., 2011. Protectivity Versus Productivity And Economic
Growth: Empirical Evidence From Selected Countries.International Business &
Economics Research Journal (IBER).7(10).
Smyth, S. and Dillon, S., 2012. Common Causes of Bus Fires (No. 2012-01-0989). SAE
Technical Paper.
Sokol, D.P., 2010. Issues in homeland security.New Directions for Institutional
Research.2010(146).pp.3-9.
Wilkinson, P. and Jenkins, B., 2013.Aviation terrorism and security(Vol. 6). Routledge.
Willis, H.H. and Al-Shahery, O., 2014. National Security Perspectives on Terrorism Risk
Insurance in the United States. Rand Corporation.
11

Yeo, G.T., Pak, J.Y. and Yang, Z., 2013. Analysis of dynamic effects on seaports adopting port
security policy. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 49. pp.285-301.
Zerger, B. and Noël, M., 2011. Nuclear power plant construction: What can be learned from past
and on-going projects?. Nuclear Engineering and Design. 241(8). pp.2916-2926.
Online
Aviation Industry. 2017. [online]. Available through:
<http://www.randoxtestingservices.com/aviation/>. Accessed on 16th August 2017.
Aviation Law and Regulations Training Courses. 2017. [online]. Available through:
<http://www.iata.org/training/subject-areas/Pages/law-regulations-courses.aspx>.
Accessed on 16th August 2017.
12

13