Meet Asherine Power Point Presentation 2022

MEET ASHERINE
Client Information
Name Asherine
Gender Female
Age 30 years
Weight 59kg, BMI 24
Disease condition Asthma
Lifestyle Balanced diet
Occupation University student
Living status Lives with the family
Exercise Plays rugby
Smoking N/A
Alcohol intake She drinks socially
Family history Father died of Cancer
Medication Salbutamol twice a day

Two major pathological changes that occur in the respiratory tract
during an asthma attack are:
• Bronchial smooth muscle contraction
• Increased mucus production
Explain
 Bronchial Smooth muscle contraction
 Asthma causes primarily causes inflammation of the lower airway mucosa. This results in
further contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle, thereby leading into a narrowing of
airways and obstruction. Bronchial smooth muscle contraction is a characteristic feature of
pathophysiology of asthma (Sugita et al., 2018). Bronchial smooth muscle contraction induces
airway narrowing, which also contributes to bronchial inflammation by releasing various
inflammatory mediators. Such inflammatory mediators may include mast cells and T-
lymphocytes (Wenzel, 2012). Bronchial smooth muscle contraction will increase when my
client has asthma. The increase in bronchial smooth muscle contraction when my client has
asthma will be as a result of the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Besides, an
increase in bronchial smooth muscle contraction will be contributed by an increase in both
cell size and number. Furthermore, asthmatic bronchial smooth muscle contraction will be as
a result of increased cell proliferation and decreased cell apoptosis (Hackett, 2012).
 Increased mucus production
 The secretion of mucus is an important part of the defense of the airways. Hyper secretion of
mucus is linked to asthma a health condition that is associated with activation of
inflammatory response. The activation of EGFR inhibits epithelial cell apoptosis, thereby
allowing IL- to stimulate the differentiation of goblet cells which secretes mucus (Hackett,
2012).

The clinical manifestations of asthma
Coughing is one of the clinical manifestations of asthma. As a result of asthmatic
bronchial smooth muscle contraction, the airways in the lungs become affected, thereby
becoming inflamed and swollen. Besides, the breathing tubes become reactive, which
makes them squeeze and tighten, which makes the lungs to be more likely to be
affected by irritants such as cold air. The body then reacts by coughing in efforts to try
to remove the irritant in the lungs (Wenzel, 2012).
The other clinical manifestation of asthma is increased respiratory rate. Asthmatic
bronchial smooth muscle contraction leads to inflammation of the lungs and narrowing
of the airways, which makes it difficult for free passage of air. This makes the air
entering in the lungs to decrease thereby making the patient take more breaths in a
shorter period of time in order to provide the body with enough oxygen required by the
body to function well. This makes the patient exhibit an increased rate of respiratory
rate. As asthma worsens, the increase in respiration rate becomes more pronounced
(Lambrecht & Hammad, 2015).

Salbutamol will be appropriate for the patient. The medication is considered
to be the most effective drug in controlling asthma when regularly used. It
manages the asthma by allowing the airways to open thus making the
patient to breath. Besides, salbutamol is highly considered as it can relieves
the symptoms of asthma such as coughing and wheezing (Margay et al.,
2015).
The mechanism of action- Salbutamol is an aerosol medication and it acts
as a short- acting beta 2 agonists in its mechanism. It binds on the active site
of epinephrine thereby stimulating the receptor. This causes the muscles in
the airways to relax thus allowing the airways to open. The opening of the
airways by salbutamol medication makes it easy for my client to breathe
thus managing the symptoms of asthma (Schofield, 2014).
Salbutamol in the management of Asthma

Salbutamol acts topically and systemically. Explain
 Salbutamol topically and systematically. Topical means that the
medication can be applied locally to a particular area such as the
body surfaces like in the skin near the affected area (Chung &
Adcock, 2015). In this case salbutamol, can be applied in the nose.
Systematic means that the salbutamol medication can be applied into
the circulatory system may be through injection where the whole
body is affected (Schofield, 2014).
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Educational advice I would give Asherine with respect to the
administration of Salbutamol
The advice that I will consider to give the Asherine will include making her aware
of how to use the drug together with its adverse effects. Some of the side effects of
salbutamol medication include headache, muscle cramps and shaky feeling.. I will
also advise the patient not to use the medication when she is pregnant as the use of
salbutamol when pregnant can cause birth defects (Margay et al., 2015). Also, I will
advise the patient to avoid using salbutamol with other medications. Salbutamol are
understood to react with over the counter drugs, thus resulting in serious adverse
effects to the patient. Furthermore, I will advise the patient to avoid using
salbutamol with some food, tobacco, and alcohol. This is because salbutamol are
understood to interact with certain types of food, alcohol, and tobacco, leading to
adverse reactions that can harm the body (Margay et al., 2015).

References
• Chung, K. F., & Adcock, I. M. (2015). Clinical phenotypes of asthma should link up with
disease mechanisms. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology, 15(1), 56-62.
• Gelb, A. F., Christenson, S. A., & Nadel, J. A. (2016). Understanding the pathophysiology
of the asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome. Current opinion
in pulmonary medicine, 22(2), 100-105.
• Hackett, T. L. (2012). Epithelial–mesenchymal transition in the pathophysiology of airway
remodelling in asthma. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology, 12(1), 53-59.
• Lambrecht, B. N., & Hammad, H. (2015). The immunology of asthma. Nature
immunology, 16(1), 45.
• Margay, S. M., Farhat, S., Kaur, S., & Teli, H. A. (2015). To study the efficacy and safety
of doxophylline and theophylline in bronchial asthma. Journal of clinical and diagnostic
research: JCDR, 9(4), FC05.
• Schofield, M. L. (2014). Asthma pharmacotherapy. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North
America, 47(1), 55-64.
• Sugita, K., Steer, C. A., Martinez-Gonzalez, I., Altunbulakli, C., Morita, H., Castro-Giner,
F., ... & Nakae, S. (2018). Type 2 innate lymphoid cells disrupt bronchial epithelial barrier
integrity by targeting tight junctions through IL-13 in asthmatic patients. Journal of
Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141(1), 300-310.
• Wenzel, S. E. (2012). Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular
approaches. Nature medicine, 18(5), 716.