PATHOPHYSIOLOGY2 Risk factors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Any person can experience obstructive sleep apnea (Jordan, McSharry, & Malhotra, 2014). However, various factors can increase the risk of developing the illness. These risk factors are: 1.High blood pressure- Obstructive sleep apnea is most prevalent with people suffering from hypertension. 2.Excess weight- Many individuals but not all experiencing obstructive sleep apnea have an issue with overweight (Franklin & Lindberg, 2015). The composition of fat around the upper airway can lead to obstruction in breathing. Nevertheless, it does not mean that obstructive sleep apnea only affects overweight persons; thin persons can experience the sickness. 3.Narrowed airway- A person can inherit narrow airways. Additionally, his/ her adenoids or tonsils may become large, which will cause a blockage on the airway. This will lead to the development of obstructive sleep apnea. 4.Chronic nasal congestion- Individuals who experience persistent nasal congestion mostly at night are more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea (Miller et al., 2015). The sickness may develop, regardless of the cause of chronic nasal congestion. 5.Asthma-Studies have shown that there is a close relationship between persons experiencing asthma to develop obstructive sleep apnea. 6.A family history of sleep apnea- An individual who has family members experiencing sleep apnea is at a high possibility of developing obstructive sleep apnea. 7.Smoking-Individuals who are smoking are at a higher chance of being diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea than non-smokers.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY3 8.Sex- In most cases, men are a high possibility of experiencing obstructive sleep apnea than women. Consequently, the likelihood of women been diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea increases after menopause. 9.Diabetes- Individuals diagnosed with diabetic conditions are at a high possibility of developing obstructive sleep apnea. Research The main objective of the research was to design, execute and assess a diet plan and an exercise that will require less strength. The design was to be used by ladies suffering from gestational diabetes mellitus during their previous pregnancy. Additionally, the women also had a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2 in the postpartum stage. Therefore, the program was designed to help the ladies to reduce their weight and eventually, their body mass index (Kamana, Shakya, & Zhang, 2015). The research was conducted in the year 2011 to 2012 at a third level maternity facility located in Brisbane, Australia. The design was carried out using a randomized controlled trial. The target was women with age 18 and above who had experienced and given treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus six to two years after giving birth (DeSisto, Kim, & Sharma, 2014). Women who were pregnant, illiterate in English, prescribed with hypoglycemic treatment, or had T2DM were not accepted to participate. The results showed that five partakers of the program had stopped participating in the duration of 3 three months for various reasons. Additionally, during the randomization, one control partaker had joined the curriculum while experiencing T2DM while two other partakers discontinue for unknown reasons. 69% of the participants in the intervention class and 80 % of
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY4 the partakers in the control class finished the program. Many participants in the intervention group lost weight compared to those in the control class. Limitations in the study were that the research was only conducted in one hospital, and the research was only conducted in one area (Melbourne). Additionally, the randomization system had flaws in selecting the participants (Moyer, 2014). Moyer, V. A. (2014).
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY5 References DeSisto, C. L., Kim, S. Y., & Sharma, A. J. (2014). Peer reviewed: Prevalence estimates of gestational diabetes mellitus in the United States, pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (prams), 2007–2010.Preventing chronic disease,11. Franklin, K. A., & Lindberg, E. (2015). Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population—a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea.Journal of thoracic disease,7(8), 1311. Jordan, A. S., McSharry, D. G., & Malhotra, A. (2014). Adult obstructive sleep apnoea.The Lancet,383(9918), 736-747. Kamana, K. C., Shakya, S., & Zhang, H. (2015). Gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia: a literature review.Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,66(Suppl. 2), 14-20. Miller, J. D., Aronis, K. N., Chrispin, J., Patil, K. D., Marine, J. E., Martin, S. S., ... & Calkins, H. (2015). Obesity, exercise, obstructive sleep apnea, and modifiable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors in atrial fibrillation.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,66(25), 2899-2906. Moyer, V. A. (2014). Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.Annals of internal medicine,160(6), 414-420.