Pathophysiology: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Myocardial Infarction

Running head: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1
Pathophysiology
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2
Question 1
 Smoking
 Older age
 Inadequate physical activity
 Unhealthy regimen
 Family history of a heart attack.
 Stress
Question 2
When the plague builds up the artery, its wall thickens narrowing the channel within the
blood vessel hence declining the flow of blood. When the artery is seriously blocked, it causes
damage to a section of the heart muscle called myocardium causing a heart attack (Bentzon,
Otsuka, Virmani & Falk, 2014).
Question 3
When a portion of the heart muscle is temporarily unable to acquire sufficient blood and
oxygen because of the thinned arteries, the heart muscle fails to function properly causing
tentative chest pain.
Question 4
Low blood pressure: It is happening because of the interference of blood flow to the cardiac
muscle.
Cool and clammy facial skin: It is due to her pain, anxiety as well as low blood oxygen level.
Weak and irregular pulse: This occurs because of myocardial contractility along with conduction
loss due to the exhausted oxygen to the heart.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 3
Anxiety: It is due to her extreme tiredness, pain, and admission to the emergency department.
Question 5
The pulse of Ms. X is under the standard range but it is weak. Also, her blood pressure is
marginally low. Her diagnosis is enhanced since she is in the initial shock stages and she can
quickly be maintained prior to the fall of her blood pressure and pulse and lead to injury to other
organs. The intermitted leg pains, as well as fatigue, indicate a hardening of the arteries along
with atheromas (Sheng, Budin, Ishak, Nor & Anuar, 2019) which are plagues affiliated with
thrombi which are an elegant clinical talk for blood clots. It aggravates her diagnosis since the
elevated thickening of the blood vessels and her susceptibility for blood clotting can lead to
pulmonary embolus or a second myocardial infarction. Ms. X should be cured with thrombolytic
or anticoagulant agents to reduce the clotting. Moreover, an aspirin treatment may be used for
indelible therapy of her illness.
Question 6
Serum enzyme levels indicate the number of enzymes in the bloodstream and an increase
in these enzymes reveals that the heart tissue is injured by myocardial infarction. On the other
hand, electrolyte levels indicate the levels of potassium and sodium in the bloodstream.
Abnormal levels of sodium along with potassium also indicate myocardial infarction.
Question 7
ECG records the electrical operation of the heart. It diagnoses any anomalies of the heart
rate, structure, and performance, depolarization of the P wave, and depolarization of ventricles in
QRS wave and ventricular repolarization of the T wave.
Question 8